重庆石柱漆辽地区中、上奥陶统牙形刺序列—揭示达瑞威尔阶下部至桑比阶之间的沉积间断

本文详细描述了重庆石柱漆辽剖面奥陶系达瑞威尔阶(Darriwilian)牯牛潭组至凯迪阶(Katian)宝塔组的牙形刺序列及其对比。牙形刺序列由上而下可分为:宝塔组Hamarodus brevirameus生物带和Amorphognathus superbus生物带;大田坝组的Baltoniodus alobatus,Baltoniodus variabilis和Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带;牯牛潭组的Yangtzeplacognathus crassus生物带和Lenodus variabilis生物带。其中Hamarodus brevirameus生物带至Baltoniodus alobatus生物带上部为凯迪阶,B.alobatus生物带下部至Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带上部为桑比阶(Sandbian),而Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带下部,Yangtzeplacognathus crassus生物带和Lenodus variabilis生物带归入达瑞威尔阶。根据文中所识别的牙形刺序列,该剖面显然缺失了达瑞威尔阶中上部的牙形刺生物带如Pygodus serra生物带(即Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus和Y.foliaceus生物带),Eoplacognathus suecicus和Dzikodus tablepointensis生物带。因此,在重庆石柱漆辽剖面奥陶系牯牛潭组和大田坝组之间的地层是不连续的,存在一明显的沉积间断,缺失了相当于牯牛潭组标准剖面中上部的地层(达瑞威尔阶中上部)。而这一沉积间断所发生的时间正好与达瑞威尔中晚期全球海平面下降相吻合。     

陕西宁强—四川广元地区奥陶系“涧草沟组”和宝塔组牙形刺生物地层研究之新进展

开展陕西宁强范家沟、赵家坝和四川广元谭家沟3条剖面奥陶系牙形刺生物地层研究。在宁强地区"涧草沟组"发现了凯迪阶中部的Protopanderodus insculptus生物带,它相当于湖北宜昌地区上奥陶统临湘组之同名带;宝塔组由上而下可划分为Hamarodus brevirameus,Baltoniodus variabilis,Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis和Y.foliaceus等牙形刺带,属达瑞威尔阶上部至凯迪阶下部,可与湖北宜昌地区中-上奥陶统牯牛潭组顶部至宝塔组的同名带对比;广元地区宝塔组则见Baltoniodus variabilis和Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis生物带,属达瑞威尔阶顶部至桑比阶,可与湖北宜昌地区庙坡组或南京地区大田坝组的同名带对比。上述发现改变了先前的认识:陕西宁强地区宝塔组划分为Hamarodus europaeus和Eoplacognathus jianyeensis两牙形刺带,与湖北宜昌地区庙坡组和宝塔组地层相当;四川广元地区宝塔组归入Pygodus serra-Eoplacognathus foliaceus牙形刺带,与湖北宜昌地区牯牛潭组对比。邱洪荣(1989)建立的4个新种可能是一些老属种不同形态的组成分子,因此在本文属种描述部分把它们分别列入相应属种的同义名录。     

湖北松滋、建始地区中、上奥陶统牯牛潭组至宝塔组牙形类及其地层意义

本文针对湖北松滋响水洞剖面及建始小茶园剖面牯牛潭组至宝塔组地层进行了详细的牙形类序列分析及对比。研究结果表明,自下而上可识别7个牙形类化石带,分别是Lenodus antivariabilis带、Lenodus variabilis带、Yangtzeplacognathus crassus带、Dzikodus tablepointensis带、Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus带、Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带及Hamarodus brevirameus带。剖面牙形类序列与华南中晚奥陶世综合序列基本一致,但缺失达瑞威尔晚期牙形类生物带(Eoplacognathus suecicus带至Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus带)的完整记录,这一缺失在扬子台地多个剖面均有记录,可能指示达瑞威尔晚期存在的区域性海平面变化以及全球海洋古环境变化事件。关键词牙形类生物地层地层缺失牯牛潭组–宝塔组中–上奥陶统湖北地区     

湖北宜昌远安真金和界岭奥陶系牯牛潭组顶部的牙形刺及其地层意义（英文）

本文描述了采自湖北宜昌远安真金和界岭剖面奥陶系牯牛潭组顶部的牙形刺,它们有Baltoniodus prevariabilis,Drepanoistodus venustus,Panderodus gracilis,Periodon aculeatus,Protopanderodus calceatus,P.varicostatus?,Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus和Y.protoramosus等,确认宜昌地区牯牛潭组顶部应归属于奥陶系达瑞威尔阶Pygodus serra带之Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus亚带,并可与宜昌黄花场剖面和南京汤山外杆沟剖面同名组顶部及新疆柯坪羊吉坎剖面一间房组顶部的牙形刺带相对比。同时,它要比重庆城口大槽剖面牯牛潭组顶部的牙形刺带低3个带(Pygodus anserinus带至Baltoniodus variabilis带),这一事实也说明了牯牛潭组顶部在中国扬子地台的穿时性。     

浙赣地区上奥陶统砚瓦山组的牙形刺及其地层意义*

描述产自浙江常山205国道剖面上奥陶统砚瓦山组的牙形刺,主要有Baltoniodus alobatus,B.variabilis,Periodon aculeatus,Dapsilodus viruensis,Scabbardella altipes和Panderodus gracilis等,可归入Baltoniodus alobatus带。浙赣地区奥陶系砚瓦山组自建立以来都被归入瀚江期,并与宝塔组对比。本文根据当前的发现并结合以前报道的砚瓦山组牙形刺化石,认为砚瓦山组自下而上可识别出Pygodus anserinus,Baltoniodus alobatus和Hamarodus brevirameus(=Hamarodus europaeus)等带,其时代应归为桑比早期至凯迪早期,并可与华南扬子区的庙坡组大部(或大田坝组)至宝塔组对比。其中,Pygodus anserinus带和Baltoniodus alobatus带见于浙江常山、江山地区,Hamarodus brevirameus带则见于江西武宁。在常山黄泥塘金钉子剖面,砚瓦山组底部为Pygodus anserinus带;在常山205国道剖面则见Baltoniodus alobatus带;但在江西武宁地区,砚瓦山组从底部起,几乎全都归为Hamarodus brevirameus带。因而,砚瓦山组在江西武宁与浙江常山等地之底界并不一致,有明显的穿时现象。本文牙形刺生物地层研究还表明,晚奥陶世古滕贝格的δ13 C的正偏移事件(GICE)在常山地区的起始时间不会早于B.alobatus带。     

皖南石台地区奥陶系牙形刺

本文研究了安徽省石台地区奥陶系红花园组至汤山组牙形刺的组合特征及其序列,共发现了牙形刺36属64种。文中描述其中地层意义较大的12属16种。建立了12个牙形刺化石带,其中一组合带。自上而下为: Hamarodus europacus带;Amorphognathus superbus带;Amorphognathus tvearensis带; Baltoniodus variabilis带;Pygodus anserinus-Eoplacognathus jianyeensis带; Pygodus serrus带;Eoplacognathus suecicus带;Amorphognathus variabilis带; Paroistodus originalis带; Periodon flabellum带;Oepikodus evae带; Serratognathus tangshanensis带。 本区奥陶系牙形刺的面貌属北大西洋生物地理区。这些牙形刺化石带基本上可与我国宜昌地区、宁镇地区以及西欧奥陶系的牙形刺化石带进行对比。     

塔里木中央隆起区上奥陶统的牙形刺

塔里木板块中央隆起区的上奥陶统,即巴楚露头剖面吐木休克组和良里塔格组以及塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中油田井下良里塔格组皆为灰岩相.作者对前人报道的牙形刺带作了修改,首次系统描述牙形刺动物群全貌,共计14属21种.在曾归入Pygodus serra带和P.anserinus带的吐木休克组底部和下部发现Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis,故应改为Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带;吐木休克组中部因发现Baltoniodus alobatus和B.variabilis共生,应属B.alobatus带.在Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带和Baltoniodus alobatus带之间尚未发现可靠的B.variabilis,因此是否存在B.variabilis带尚存疑问.巴楚露头区上奥陶统的牙形刺序列由下而上应为Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带,Baltoniodus variabilis带?,B.alobatus带和Belodina confluens带.塔中的良里塔格组则可识别出B.confluens带和Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis带.将中央隆起区牙形刺动物群组合与其相邻的柯坪地块进行对比,说明晚奥陶世因两个地理区水深的差异导致牙形刺带完整性的差异.     

新疆顺北油田和塔河油田中—上奥陶统牙形刺生物地层

通过对新疆顺北油田B、C两井与塔河油田D井中-上奥陶统牙形刺的研究,从一间房组上部至恰尔巴克组下部识别出Dzikodus tablepointensis,Eoplacognathus suecicus,Pygodus serra和Pygodus anserinus-Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis等4个生物带。结合塔河油田A井的牙形刺研究,进而将两个地区的一间房组上部归为中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶中上部,恰尔巴克组归为上奥陶统桑比阶中下部,良里塔格组归为上奥陶统桑比阶中上部至凯迪阶下部,桑塔木组底部归为凯迪阶中部。顺北油田和塔河油田的中-上奥陶统牙形刺生物地层序列可以与塔里木盆地的区域标准牙形刺生物带进行对比。     

内蒙古乌海大石门奥陶系牙形刺和Histiodella动物群发现的意义

本文描述了内蒙古乌海大石门剖面奥陶系的牙形刺动物群:下克里摩里组主要有Histiodella kristinae,H.holodentata,H.wuhaiensis sp.nov.,Polonodus newfoundlandensis和Paroistodus horridus等,应归属于中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶(Darriwilian)之Histiodella kristinae带,并在同一剖面上与笔石Pterograptus elegans带和Didymograptus murchisoni带下部相当;下克里摩里组顶部产Histiodella kristinae,Baltoplacognathus cf.reclinatus,Periodon aculeatus和Protopanderodus rectus等,所以大石门剖面的Histiodella kristinae带顶部可能已与北欧Pygodus serra带之底部相当;乌拉力克组底部的砾状灰岩透镜体产有牙形刺Pygodus anserinus?,Protopanderodus liripipus,Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus和Dapsilodus viruensis等,其中Pygodus anserinus?Pa分子(器官种的一组成分子)的口面瘤齿列的瘤齿比较粗糙,与典型的Pygodus anserinus稍有不同,且在牙形刺十分丰富的样品中仅有一枚此种之Pa分子,所以本文尚有疑问地把这层砾状灰岩归入Pygodus anserinus带,同时不能排除把它归入Pygodus serra带顶部Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus亚带的可能。由于此剖面牙形刺化石与丰富的笔石共生,为牙形刺带与笔石带的精确对比提供了直接证据。Histiodella动物群在此剖面的发现,不仅具有十分重要的地层意义,而且具有明显的岩相古地理意义。本文详细描述了新种Histiodella wuhaiensis并讨论了Histiodella属5个种之区别。     

甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗世植物群地质时代及植物区系探讨*

湘西–鄂西地区具有中–晚奥陶世连续过渡、出露良好的地层序列, 并产出大量头足类化石。我们选择了位于该地区的湖北宜昌陈家河剖面和湖南桃源茅草铺剖面开展头足类研究工作, 采集化石标本1000余块, 鉴定出了24属46种。本文描述了其中6个新种, 归属于3目3科5属。在中–晚奥陶世头足类动物群研究基础上, 本文在湖北宜昌陈家河剖面宝塔组和临湘组自下而上识别出Sinoceras chinense带和Richardsonoceras simplex带两个头足类化石带; 在湖南桃源茅草铺剖面牯牛潭组、大田坝组和宝塔组下部识别出4个头足类化石带, 自下而上分别是Proterovaginoceras incognitum带、Ancistroceras undulatum带、Cyclolituites带以及Sinoceras chinense带。在此基础上, 结合前人已发表的数据, 本文厘定了中扬子地区牯牛潭组到宝塔组的5个头足类化石带, 自下而上分别是: Proterovaginoceras incognitum带、Meitanoceras-Ancistroceras带、Lituites–Cyclolituites带、Sinoceras chinense 带和Richardsonoceras simplex带, 为该地区生物地层划分对比提供了头足类信息。     

CHANCE,PURPOSE, AND PROGRESS IN EVOLUTION AND CHRISTIANITY

Evolutionary biology has a complex relationship with ideas of chance, purpose, and progress. Probability plays a subtle role; strikingly, founding figures in statistics were motivated by evolutionary questions. The findings of evolutionary biology have been used both in support of narratives of progress, and in their deconstruction. Likewise, professional biologists bring to their scientific work a set of preconceptions about chance and progress, grounded in their philosophical, religious, and/or political views. From the religious side, questions of purpose are ever‐present. We explore this interplay in five broad categories: chance, progress, intelligence, eugenics, and the evolution of religious practices, each the subject of a semester long symposium. The intellectual influence of evolutionary biology has had a broad societal impact in these areas. Based on our experience, we draw attention to a number of relevant facts that, while accepted by experts in their respective fields, may be unfamiliar outside them. We list common areas of miscommunication, including specific examples and discussing causes: sometimes semantics and sometimes more substantive knowledge barriers. We also make recommendations for those attempting similar dialogue.     

THE MORPHOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF RHODEA,TELANGIUM, TELANGIOPSIS,AND HETERANGIUM

This study deals with four form or organ genera from the Upper Mississippian (Chester Series) of the Illinois Basin, and provides evidence that they were produced by a single natural genus with gymnospermous affinity. The plant remains—compressions, impressions, petrifactions, and specimens that combine compression or impression with petrifaction—allow examination of both external morphology and internal anatomy. The specimens include foliage corresponding to Rhodea, stems and petioles corresponding to Heterangium, and synangiate fructifications corresponding to either Telangium or Telangiopsis. The stems and foliage are considered parts of the same plant because of the identity of the anatomical and cuticular features of petioles attached to stem and those petioles with attached foliage. The fertile material is regarded as part of the same plant because: (1) The anatomy of axes of the fertile specimens is like that of the sterile specimens. (2) A single specimen may contain both sterile Rhodea-type axes and fertile regions. (3) Axes bearing synangia have the same size and patterns of divisions as the sterile foliage. Features that indicate lyginopterid affinities include: (1) Equal forking of the petiole. (2) Presence of fiber bands in the outer cortex and sclerotic nests in the inner part of the cortex. (3) Crowded circular bordered pits on the lateral walls of the metaxylem tracheids. (4) The presence of a small amount of secondary xylem. A variety of structural details of the stem and petiole suggest the genus Heterangium. The phyletic position of the plant that produced Rhodea, Telangium, Telangiopsis, and Heterangium is reviewed in light of such discoveries as the presence of a planated frond that lacks a lamina and the presence of both monolete and trilete microspores in a single synangium.     

ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HIBERNATION AND OVERWINTERING AMONG FRESHWATER FISHES, TURTLES, AND SNAKES

1. Freshwater fishes are the most northerly of freshwater ectotherms, followed by frogs. North American freshwater snakes, turtles, and salamanders do not range farther north than southernmost Canada. 2. Freezing and desiccation are the main challenges during terrestrial hibernation of ectotherms. Oxygen depletion, water balance, and ionic balance are the major problems for air breathing ectotherms that hibernate underwater. 3. The importance of accumulation of energy stores for overwintering among fishes depends upon the length and severity of the winters, whether or not there is springtime reproduction, body size, latitude, and the availability and use of food during overwintering. 4. Fishes can decrease energy demands during the winter by reductions in activity, metabolic depression, and entrance in semi-torpidity. 5. Adaptations for coping with hypoxia and anoxia among overwintering freshwater fishes may include metabolic depression, a decrease in blood O₂ affinity, microhabitat selection, air breathing, short-distance migration, biochemical modifications aimed at adjusting glycolytic rates, and alcoholic fermentation. 6. Freshwater turtles have a worldwide northern limit of approximately 50° N, which means that some species spend about half of their lives hibernating. 7. Aquatic turtles normally hibernate underwater, although occasionally they hibernate on land. In water they usually hibernate in a hypoxic or anoxic (mud) environment and in relatively shallow water. Wintertime movements of unknown frequency occur in some species. 8. The hatchlings of many turtle species can overwinter in the nest. Among northern species this behaviour is most common among painted turtles, whose hatchlings can withstand freezing. 9. Mortality among adult turtles is probably highest during the hibernation cycle. 10. Temperature appears to the most important cue for entry and exit from hibernation among freshwater turtles. 11. Little is known of the energetics of overwintering turtles. Energy stores for overwintering may be more important at lower latitudes than at higher ones, due to the higher metabolic rates of overwintering, but non-feeding, southern turtles. 12. The ability of turtles to tolerate submergence is a function of temperature, degree of water oxygenation, latitude of origin, efficacy of extrapulmonary respiratory pathways, and metabolic rate. 13. For turtles that hibernate in an anoxic hibernaculum, and for those without sufficient extrapulmonary uptake of O₂ to allow metabolism to be completely aerobic, the most important physiological perturbation is an acidosis developed from a continuing production of lactate. If sufficient O₂ can be obtained, the most likely factors limiting hibernation time are water balance and ion balance. 14. Mechanisms of turtles for coping with acidosis include metabolic depression, integumental CO₂ loss, bicarbonate buffering, and changes in ion concentrations that minimize the decrease in SID (strong ion difference). The most important among the latter are a decrease in plasma [Cl^-] and large increases in plasma calcium and magnesium. 15. Turtles are unique among reptiles in their ability to maintain both cardiovascular and nervous system function during prolonged anoxia. 16. Turtles gain weight from water uptake during submerged hibernation, but apparently maintain some kidney function; however, osmoregulation is one of the least known areas of the physiology of hibernation. 17. Recovery of turtles upon emergence commences with a rapid hyperventilatory compensation of pH, followed by a slower adjustment of ion levels. Basking speeds recovery greatly. 18. While hibernation of turtles in the northern parts of their ranges is most likely very stressful physiologically, northern range limits are more likely to be determined by reproductive restraints than by the rigors of extended hibernation. 19. The superior ability of turtles to tolerate anoxia may be more the result of an annual hibernation than of their diving habits during active periods of the year. 20. Freshwater snakes usually hibernate on land. However, they appear to be capable of aquatic hibernation and may not do so because of the risk of death from anoxia. 21. Some species of terrestrial snakes are known to hibernate underwater, and are able to do so in the laboratory for months. In the field, this behaviour is considered opportunistic, as there is no evidence to suggest that any snakes can tolerate extended anoxia.