棉田生态系统中害虫、天敌群落结构与功能关系的研究

为探讨生物群落结构与功能的关系,有效地开展棉田害虫、天敌的生态调控,作者在系统调查与测定华北棉区８种不同时空类型棉田害虫、天敌群落物种丰富度、总个体数、能流量多样性指数及群落生产力的基础上,分析了各类型棉田害虫、天敌群落结构与功能的关系,总结了如下的一般规律：１）上一营养层（棉株或害虫）的生产力越高,其所支持的下一营养层（害虫或天敌）群落的总个体数和生产力增加;２）害虫群落的物种丰富度与其群落生产     

植物次生代谢物质对蓟马的行为调控作用及其在蓟马防控中的应用

蓟马是多种农作物和园艺作物上的重要害虫,通过直接取食和间接传播病毒给作物造成巨大的经济损失。植物次生代谢物质在植物-昆虫互作中起到重要的作用,通过植物次生代谢物质调控害虫行为从而达到控制害虫的目的是一种害虫绿色防控的重要措施。本文综述了对蓟马类害虫具有引诱、驱避、抑制产卵、拒食、熏蒸毒性和毒杀作用的植物、植物提取物、植物精油和化合物,并讨论了植物次生代谢物质在蓟马防控中的应用潜能。对蓟马具有引诱作用的主要包括27科54种植物的挥发物或精油、29种苯环类、17种吡啶类和13萜烯类化合物,可开发为诱集植物和引诱剂;具有驱避作用的主要包括16科40种植物的挥发物或精油、20种萜烯类和6种苯环类化合物,可开发为驱避植物和驱避剂;具有抑制产卵、拒食、熏蒸毒性和毒杀作用的主要有20科42种植物的提取物或精油、6种生物碱类、15种萜烯类和5种苯环类化合物,可开发为植物源农药和熏蒸剂。本文最后讨论了应用植物次生代谢物质防控蓟马存在的作用效果不稳定、田间应用技术缺乏、作用机制不明确等问题,并展望了未来的研究方向,对基于植物次生代谢物质的蓟马绿色防控具有重要意义。     

黄土高原苹果园植物多样性及其对昆虫群落的影响

对陕西黄土高原洛川县和黄陵县优质苹果产区不同类型的苹果园植物多样性及其昆虫群落多样性进行调查,确定不同苹果园内果树林下的植物优势种,并利用昆虫多样性指数和均匀度指数分析不同植物优势种群对果园昆虫多样性的影响,以探讨植物群落多样性与其昆虫群落的关系.结果显示:(1)果园野生植物种类丰富,共有24科53属62种,其中17科41属51种存在于果园树下,11种存在于果园内的生境岛屿,且菊科植物种类最多,达14种;(2)抱茎苦荬菜、狗尾草、丝毛飞廉、灰绿藜、刺儿菜、田旋花为该地区果园植物优势种,其重要值依次为0.36、0.22、0.22、0.18、0.17、0.14;(3)反枝苋为优势种的果园昆虫种类、数量最多;(4)刺儿菜和田旋花为优势种的果园益虫和害虫的多样性指数分别为1.073 5、0.755 0和0.879 9、0.360 2.研究表明,在果园保留刺儿菜和田旋花有助于提高果园天敌昆虫群落的多样性,有益于果园害虫的生态控制.     

植物—昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制

在植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中植物气味物质起着决定性的作用,它调控着昆虫的多种行为,诸如引诱昆虫趋向寄主植物,刺激昆虫取食,引导昆虫选择产卵场所,进行传粉和防御昆虫等。有些植物则当受到食植性昆虫危害时会释出一些引诱害虫天敌的化学信号。这些化学信号是一些挥发性萜类混合物,天敌昆虫就以此来区分受害和未受害植株。尽管目前在害虫综合治理中,昆虫信息素的应用越来越显得比天然植物气味源更受重视,但是必须指出的是,昆虫信息化合物首次成功地使用于植物保护的却是天然植物气味源。在利用植物气味源作害虫测报和防治中,近年来一种简单价廉的粘胶诱捕器已成为多种害虫的标准测报工具。在害虫综合治理中利用植物气味源的技术显然是具有不可估量的潜力。文中提出了利用基因工程技术来改造植物,使植物能释放特定的驱避剂或其它控制昆虫行为的特殊气味物质的新概念。     

植物-昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制

在植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中植物气味物质起着决定性的作用,它调控着昆虫的多种行为,诸如引诱昆虫趋向寄主植物,刺激昆虫取食,引导昆虫选择产卵场所,进行传粉和防御昆虫等。有些植物则当受到食植性昆虫危害时会释出一些引诱害虫天敌的化学信号。这些化学信号是一些挥发性萜类混合物,天敌昆虫就以此来区分受害和未受害植株。尽管目前在害虫综合治理中,昆虫信息素的应用越来越显得比天然植物气味源更受重视,但是必须指出的是,昆虫信息化合物首次成功地使用于植物保护的却是天然植物气味源。在利用植物气味源作害虫测报和防治中,近年来一种简单价廉的粘胶诱捕器己成为多种害虫的标准测报工具。在害虫综合治理中利用植物气味源的技术显然是具有不可估量的潜力。文中提出了利用基因工程技术来改造植物,使植物能释放特定的驱避剂或其它控制昆虫行为的特殊气味物质的新概念。     

梨园芳香植物间作区节肢动物群落时序格局

以沙地梨园间作罗勒、孔雀草、薄荷为处理,自然生草和清耕区为对照,应用最优分割法和模糊聚类法,探讨梨园节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落发生的时序格局特征及其相互联系。结果表明:总群落、害虫亚群落以及其优势种个体数时序变化趋势呈偏态分布,而天敌亚群落以及其优势种个体数的呈正态分布,高峰期出现在6月末至7月中旬,比总群落和害虫亚群落个体数发生高峰晚。在梨树年生长周期的主要时段中,芳香植物间作区较自然生草区、清耕区害虫亚群落的发生数量(4月中至8月底)少;而天敌亚群落发生数量(4月底至6月底)多。梨园各间作区节肢动物总群落和害虫亚群落时序最优格局均可划分5个时段:发展初期、发展期、稳定期、波动期和衰退期;天敌亚群落分为3个时段:发展期、稳定期、衰退期。但处理间在发生时段的时间范围、发生数量及组成特征上存在复杂的差异。梨园节肢动物总群落、害虫亚群落、天敌亚群落时序聚类结果不同,预示着处理间节肢动物总群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落在各发生时段上的个体组成、物种丰富度、群落多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数存在着差异。     

病原菌负反馈作用促进物种共存的研究进展

植物病原菌包括真菌、细菌、病毒等,广泛存在于自然界中,可以引起各种植物病害。病原菌对植物的负反馈作用,即植物个体附近的土壤病原菌,可能反过来侵害其自身或同种个体,致死或影响生长植物的现象。植物病原菌对群落中优势种的更新有强烈的抑制作用,从而促进物种的共存。植物病原菌的负反馈作用在植物种群动态和群落演替中起着重要的调控作用。     

秦岭锐齿栎群落种类组成与区系分析

在秦岭林区的锐齿栎群落中出现的维管束植物有82科227属495种,其中乔木123种,灌木100种,草本240种,层间植物32种;非维管束植物有15科19属19种,其中苔藓植物9科13属13种,蕨类植物6科6属6种。群落中偶见种或稀有种的频度出现的百分比高,体现了群落在生境上的差异性,也说明了该群落是一个种类比较丰富、均匀的群落。其区系种类复杂、繁多。地理联系广泛,来源于多种地理成分,其中温带成分占优势,共有115属,占总属数的53．99％;而北温带成分又在其中占明显优势,共有92属,占总属数的43．19％,这些北温带成分大多是该群落各层次中的常遇植物,也是主要的建群植物和主要的伴生植物,体现了锐齿栎群落植物区系的温带亲缘性;各热带成分占有相当的比例,说明了该植物区系与热带植物区系的渊源关系及与其地理位置、气候特征相适应的过渡性特征。     

化学防治对不同类型棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响

分析比较了化学防治对8种不同类型棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响。研究结果表明,化学防治对棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数、丰富度及个体数的变化有较大的影响,尤其对捕食性天敌群落的影响显著。但这种作用依不同类型棉田或棉花不同生育阶段而异：化学防治对套作棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较小,而对单作棉田和豆间棉棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较大;晚播棉田害虫与捕食性天敌群落较早播棉田受化学防治的影响更大;化学防治对免耕棉田害虫、天敌群落的影响更大,非免耕棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落受其干扰较小;春套棉边害虫、捕食性天敌群落与其它棉田类型相比,受化学防治的影响较少;棉花害虫在棉花生育前期对化学防治较棉花生育后期敏感,而捕食性天敌在棉花整个生育期均对化学防治敏感。     

宏观生态学中的植物功能性状研究:历史与发展趋势

植物功能性状通常是指能直接或间接影响植物生长、存活和繁殖的形态学、生理学和物候学等相对稳定和可测量的特征参数。经过多年发展,植物功能性状的定义、内涵以及测量手段已经科学化和规范化,人们利用在不同地点、不同时间测定的数据,深入阐述了植物功能性状的种内与种间变异、区域乃至全球植物功能性状的空间变异规律及其调控机制、多种功能性状间的协同与权衡以及植物功能性状的演化等。随着20世纪90年代开始的大尺度和全球整合型植物功能性状数据库的逐步建成,植物功能性状的研究已经不再局限于个体、特定群落和局域尺度:一方面,区域和全球的植物功能性状生物地理学研究蓬勃发展;另一方面,植物功能性状研究也逐步被拓展到群落物种共存机制、生态系统功能形成与变异等的机理解释。随着植物功能性状研究逐步深入到复杂的自然群落或生态系统,科研人员发现传统“零星数据收集性数据库”难以很好地满足相关数据要求,迫切需要考虑与群落复杂性和植物不同器官功能性状相匹配的新型数据库,该数据库的基本要求和特色是基于原位群落调查和多种功能性状协同测量。随着科学概念和新型数据库的发展,相关研究呈现出如下发展趋势:1)进一步强调了植物不同器官间功能性状...     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.