檀香小G蛋白Rac1基因的克隆与功能分析

植物Rac蛋白属于小分子G蛋白ROP家族,广泛参与活性氧(ROS)产生、激素信号转导和组织形态建成。檀香(Santalum album Linn.)是著名的珍贵树种,为半寄生植物,其正常生长需要根部特化的吸器从其他寄主植物摄取营养物质。该研究基于全长转录组数据,采用RT-PCR方法克隆得到了1个檀香Rac基因,命名为SaRac1。结果表明:(1)SaRac1基因全长594 bp,编码197个氨基酸,分子量21.55 kD,理论等电点9.32,为亲水性蛋白。(2)进化分析显示,SaRac1蛋白和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtRac1~6、AtRac9和AtRac11蛋白同属于典型的植物RacⅠ家族蛋白。(3)结构预测显示,该蛋白在N端为保守的G结构域,蛋白C端具有CaaL保守基序。(4)原生质体亚细胞定位试验显示,SaRac1蛋白定位于细胞核和细胞质。(5)组织特异性表达分析显示,SaRac1基因在根和吸器中表达量最高,幼叶和茎中表达量较高,在成熟叶和老叶中表达量较低。(6)用寄生植物吸器诱导因子2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌(DMBQ)处理,发现SaRac1受到DMBQ的强烈诱导,表达量在4 h达到最高。研究推测,SaRac1基因受吸器诱导因子调控进而参与檀香吸器形成过程。     

小桐子糖原合成激酶基因JcGSK的克隆与表达分析

以小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)cDNA为模版,克隆了JcGSK基因的CDS序列。序列分析表明,JcGSK基因包含1 230bp完全阅读框(ORF),编码409个氨基酸。预测其编码蛋白质的相对分子量为46.33kD,理论等电点为8.58。Blast搜索结果及进化分析结果表明,JcGSK蛋白与巴西橡胶树GSK蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性最高(94%)且亲缘关系最近;JcGSK基因编码的蛋白具有一个蛋白激酶特有的结构域。组织表达结果显示,JcGSK基因在小桐子根、茎、叶、花、果皮和种子中都有表达,且在根中表达量最高。小桐子幼苗在NaCl、ABA、PEG、低温和机械损伤处理后JcGSK基因表达量有不同程度的上调,推测其参与小桐子非生物胁迫响应和信号传导过程。JcGSK基因在种子中也有较高表达,在种子发育过程中表达量的变化与种子生长发育趋势基本一致,推测JcGSK基因也参与调控小桐子种子的生长发育。     

牡丹PoSAD基因克隆与表达分析

以凤丹牡丹(Paeonia ostii)叶片为试验材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR方法,克隆得到凤丹牡丹硬脂酰-ACP去饱和酶基因SAD的cDNA全长,命名为PoSAD(GenBank登录号为KY038819)。序列分析表明,该基因cDNA序列全长1 559bp,其中开放阅读框1 197bp,编码398个氨基酸,3′端非编码区长172bp,5′端非编码区长123bp。多序列比对结果表明,凤丹牡丹PoSAD氨基酸序列含有2个保守结构域。系统发育分析结果显示,凤丹牡丹与蓖麻处于同一分支,其亲缘关系最近。TMHMM和TargetP亚细胞定位分析得知,PoSAD蛋白无跨膜区域,可能定位于叶绿体中发挥功能。组织特异性结果分析表明,PoSAD基因在凤丹牡丹的根、茎、叶、花瓣、雌蕊、雄蕊、种子中均有表达,且在花瓣中表达量最高,雌蕊中次之,在根中的表达量最低;不同时期种子中,60d表达量最高,80d次之,10d中表达量最低。     

辣椒CaWRKY14转录因子的生物学特性研究

WRKY转录因子是植物响应病原菌胁迫最重要的转录因子之一,且参与抗病反应及信号传导通路的调控。为研究辣椒WRKY基因的生物学特征,以辣椒高抗疫病材料CM334为试材,克隆获得响应疫霉菌诱导的转录因子CaWRKY14。生物信息学分析表明,该基因DNA全长2 530 bp,cDNA全长1 662 bp,含有5个内含子,编码553个氨基酸,含有1个WRKY保守结构域,属于Group Ⅱ(b)。实时荧光定量表达分析表明,CaWRKY14不仅受ABA和疫霉菌胁迫诱导表达,且表达量分别在12 h和24 h时达到峰值,分别是对照的8.54和8.04倍,同时也受高盐、热激和干旱胁迫诱导。利用VIGS技术对CaWRKY14转录因子进行沉默后发现,抗病材料CM334接种疫霉菌后趋于发病。研究表明,CaWRKY14基因在辣椒响应疫霉菌胁迫进程中可能发挥着重要作用。     

苎麻转录因子基因BnMYB3的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用RACE技术,从苎麻中克隆到1个MYB转录因子基因(BnMYB3)的全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号为MF741320.1)。生物信息学分析表明,BnMYB3基因cDNA全长为1 216bp,包括900bp编码区序列,编码含有299个氨基酸的蛋白,其分子量约为33.63kD,理论等电点为9.16;该蛋白质含有2个典型的MYB结构域,属于R2R3-MYB。从苎麻基因组中克隆了BnMYB3基因1 681bp启动子序列,该序列包含ABRE、GARE-motif、CGTCA-motif和TGACG-motif等多个逆境相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BnMYB3为组成型表达基因,在茎和叶中的表达量显著高于根;BnMYB3基因能够响应镉胁迫,且表达量随镉胁迫处理时间和处理浓度的增加而显著上升。     

毕氏海蓬子SbDREB基因的克隆与表达分析研究

以毕氏海蓬子的基因组为模板,通过PCR技术扩增到一个编码DREB蛋白AP2保守结构域的基因片段;根据该片段序列设计引物,以毕氏海蓬子经NaCl处理的植株肉质茎cDNA为模板,应用RACE技术获得该基因的cDNA全长,命名为SbDREB(GenBank登录号:JF894301)。SbDREB基因cDNA全长1206bp,包含一个编码284个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框。对氨基酸序列比对分析表明,该蛋白在靠近N端具有典型的AP2/EREBP保守结构域,且该结构域与一些高等植物DREB类转录因子的AP2区域具有高度同源性。进化树分析表明SbDREB属于DREB亚家族中的A-6亚族。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:干旱、高盐和ABA能够诱导其表达,而低温则使其表达下调,表明该基因在毕氏海蓬子植株对干旱、盐和低温等非生物胁迫的应答中起作用。     

苋菜甜菜红素合成相关基因AmMYB1的克隆及表达分析

应用RACE技术,从‘大红’苋菜中克隆到1条MYB基因cDNA全长序列,命名为AmMYB1(登录号为KU557504)。AmMYB1基因开放阅读框为723bp,可编码240个氨基酸。其基因组序列与cDNA比对后显示,AmMYB1基因含有1个内含子。生物信息学分析表明,AmMYB1具有2个连续的MYB结构域,是一个典型的R2R3-MYB;同源分析显示,该基因编码的氨基酸序列与甜菜红素相关BvMYB1的一致性最高,达到54%。亚细胞定位结果显示,AmMYB1蛋白定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,AmMYB1基因在‘大红’苋菜叶片红色部位的表达量高于绿色部位;在甜菜红素含量高的叶和茎中表达量明显高于根;在光照条件下表达量高于遮光处理;在红叶品种中的表达量高于绿叶品种。研究结果表明,AmMYB1基因可能是苋菜甜菜红素合成途径中重要的正调控因子。     

棉花抗枯萎病相关转录因子基因的克隆与表达

以枯萎病菌诱导棉花基因表达谱中获得的差异表达bZIP作为探针,采用电子克隆结合RT-PCR方法从棉花抗枯萎病品种‘中棉所12’中克隆了1个TGA转录因子基因,命名为GhTGA2.2。序列分析表明,该基因的cDNA全长1 356bp,编码451个氨基酸,预测分子量为50.04kD,等电点为5.85,含有保守的bZIP结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GhTGA2.2属于bZIP亚家族的TGA转录因子,与拟南芥AtTGA2、烟草NtTGA2.2亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析表明,经枯萎病菌诱导后,GhTGA2.2基因在抗病品种中呈上调表达,随处理后时间的推移,其相对表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,并于处理后24h表达量达到最大;水杨酸诱导后1h,GhTGA2.2基因相对表达量迅速增加;茉莉酸和乙烯诱导后GhTGA2.2基因的相对表达量明显降低,呈下调表达。研究推测,GhTGA2.2基因可能通过水杨酸信号传导途径参与对枯萎病菌的防御反应。     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

芒果SEPALAATA基因的克隆与表达分析

以芒果品种‘吕宋’(Mangifera indica L.Carabao)为试材,利用同源克隆和RACE技术从花序中获得了1个芒果SEPALAATA(SEP)基因cDNA全长,命名为MSEP1(GenBank中登录号为KP702299)。MSEP1基因的cDNA全长为921bp,包含一个长度为726bp开放阅读框,编码241个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子质量为27.7kD,理论等电点为5.79。序列比对和系统进化树分析表明,MSEP1具有保守的MADS-box及半保守的K区,属于MADS-box家族的SEP亚家族。器官特异性表达分析表明,MSEP1基因在芒果根、茎中表达量较低,在叶片、花芽中表达量较高,而在花序中表达量最高。研究推测,MSEP1基因可能在芒果生殖生长中发挥重要作用。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.