对黑蜗牛生物学特性的初步研究

利用对比观察法,研究黑蜗牛的形态结构、生殖特点、死亡原因,发现黑蜗牛的螺旋贝壳短,只有壳顶和两个螺层,体螺层不能完全容纳软体,螺旋贝壳中碳酸钙含量约为60．3％,易软化。体背上生长着外套膜和外壳膜,外套膜在螺旋贝壳内包裹着内脏囊,外壳膜覆盖在螺旋贝壳的表面,能向不同方向伸展。壳口处的外壳膜上有排泄孔,排泄孔与外套膜上的呼吸孔连通,具有呼吸、排泄粪便和排泄尿液的多种功能。证明黑蜗牛是一种新的软体动物——最原始的蜗牛,也是陆生软体动物贝壳退化成内壳的过渡物种。隶属于琥珀蜗牛科（Zonitidae）,夏威夷琥珀蜗牛属（Hawaiia）,沂水琥珀蜗牛种（Hawaiia yishuiusculeLi）。     

翡翠贻贝外套膜转录组及贝壳珍珠质层和肌棱柱层蛋白质组分析

贝类贝壳在生物材料学及仿生学研究中占据着重要地位。贝壳基质蛋白质是贝壳中的主要有机质成分,对贝壳的形成以及贝壳的力学性能至关重要。翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)贝壳主要由肌棱柱层和珍珠质层两种微观结构组成,其结构层次较简单,是研究贝壳基质蛋白质及其与贝壳形成关系的极好材料。为深入研究翡翠贻贝贝壳基质蛋白质的分子组成以及分布特点,首先采用扫描电子显微镜,观察翡翠贻贝贝壳内表面珍珠质层和肌棱柱层的微观结构;采用刮取法获得贝壳内表面珍珠质层和肌棱柱层的粉末;对不同层次的贝壳粉末,利用酸溶法去除碳酸钙成分,所获得的有机质组分通过离心将其分为酸可溶性组分和酸不溶性组分。采用Illumina深度测序技术对翡翠贻贝外套膜组织进行大规模测序和序列组装,在此基础上,采用LC-MS/MS质谱技术结合外套膜转录组数据库搜索,对翡翠贻贝肌棱柱层和珍珠质层贝壳基质蛋白质开展组学分析。扫描电镜观察结果表明,翡翠贻贝贝壳有两种不同形貌结构的层次,其中珍珠质层为片状堆叠结构,而肌棱柱层为柱状结构。翡翠贻贝外套膜转录组测序共计获得 69 859 条Unigene。蛋白质组学鉴定结果表明,翡翠贻贝贝壳中总计鉴定到蛋白质54种,其中38种为肌棱柱层所特有蛋白质,3种珍珠质层特有蛋白质,另有13种在珍珠质层和肌棱柱层均被鉴定到。肌棱柱层特有蛋白质的分子多样性明显强于珍珠质层。上述研究为进一步探讨贝壳不同微观层次的形成机制,以及贝壳基质蛋白质对贝壳不同结构层次的调控作用机制奠定了基础。     

椭圆背角无齿蚌贝壳棱柱层的结构

用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对椭圆背角无齿蚌Anadonta woodiana elliptica贝壳的横截面、纵截面和水平截面进行了观测。结果表明,边长为10～50μm、高度为35～47μm的多边棱柱体是贝壳棱柱层结构的基本单元。它们在贝壳的水平轴和横轴的二维空间方向逐步进行堆砌,以形成棱柱层。在堆砌时所形成的夹角,导致了贝壳在横轴和纵轴方向形成一定的弧度。在外套膜分泌形成贝壳的过程中,依次形成角质层、棱柱层、珍珠层。     

一种处理人体骨骼肌肉层各向异性导电性的数值方法

重点讨论了应用电磁场数值计算方法求解心电图正问题和逆问题中人体骨骼肌肉层的各向异性导电性的处理方法．文中应用有限元和边界元结合的方法,构造了一个包含不同的纤维方向组合的骨骼肌肉层的三维胸腔模型,并在此模型下引入了局部坐标内的各向异性导电率向整体坐标转换的方法．据此进行的模拟计算结果以图像的方式清晰地展示了各向异性导电性对体表电位图的影响．     

13种双壳类贝壳的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对湛江地区的丽文蛤(Meretrix lusoria)、琴文蛤(M.lyrata)、文蛤(M.meretrix)、波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、杂色蛤仔(R.variegata)、伊萨伯雪蛤(Clausinella isobellina)、格粗饰蚶(Anadara clathrata)、泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、尖紫蛤(Sanguinolaria aauta)、锈色朽叶蛤(Coecella turgida)和栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)这6科13种双壳类的贝壳形态微观结构特征进行观察。结果表明,不同种的贝壳表面和横切面微观结构有一定差异。这些差异主要表现在晶体的组成和排列方式两个方面。贝壳角质层根据表面形态特征分为5种类型:光滑平整、颗粒状、不规则多边形、蜂窝状和沟壑状。贝壳棱柱层的晶体形状有棱柱状、短柱状、片状和不规则形状。不同贝壳的晶体有两种排列方向,垂直于横切面和平行于横切面。13种贝壳珍珠层的晶体有颗粒状、砖块状、圆形、块状和不规则的多边形。不同种的贝壳角质层、棱柱层和珍珠层的厚度也不同。研究贝壳微观结构之间的差异,可以为分类提供基本资料。     

一个有关双壳贝类贝壳年轮纹可能的形成机理

在合浦珠母贝中,发现了一个边缘部分正在生长中的贝壳.该贝壳边缘部分具有独特的超微结构,在棱柱层中存在中空的尚未被碳酸钙填充的有机鞘,更为独特的是在该边缘部位发现珍珠层的存在.与正常贝壳比较,这一独特贝壳的边缘处于急速生长中.为了解释这些现象,假设了贝壳"跳跃式生长"的概念.当外套膜相对于贝壳的位置发生变化时,贝壳即进入...     

网湖水域中绢丝丽蚌贝壳形态的研究

对网湖1368枚绢丝丽蚌贝壳形态研究表明：前排小棘或棘痕数介于3－5之间,4个者居多;所排小棘或棘痕数介于1－4之间,2个者居多。壳长与壳厚的直线回归方程为：L＝7.2406T＋2．4392,贝壳的角质层最薄,呈棕褐色或者黑色;核柱层稍厚,呈黄褐色;珍珠层最厚,皎白闪亮。生长轮在棱柱层上和珍珠层外表面清晰可见。贝壳外表面背部肋嵴细弱,只在近壳顶处较明显;其棱柱层背部和后部呈黄褐色者为雌蚌。贝壳外表面背部肋嵴粗壮,且整个背部都十分显著;其棱柱层背部和后部呈红色或红褐色者为雄蚌。     

黄喉水龟繁殖期输卵管组织结构变化的研究

本文研究了黄喉水龟在繁殖期输卵管组织结构变化,得到如下结果：１．黄喉水龟输卵管组织结构由浆膜、肌层、粘膜三层组成。２．将输卵管人为分成上、中、下三段时,上段管壁最薄,中段较厚,下段最厚,肌层发达。３．排卵时,因粘膜上皮纤毛和肌肉收缩活动,将卵向泄殖腔方向推送。４．中段腺体细胞所含分泌颗粒多,表明此段比上段代谢旺盛。     

黄喉水龟繁殖期输卵管组织结构的变化的研究

本文研究了黄喉水龟在繁殖期输卵管组织结构变化,得到如下结果：１．黄喉水龟输卵管组织结构由浆膜、肌层、粘膜三层组成。２、将输卵管人为分成上、中、下三段时,上段管壁最薄,中段较厚,下段最厚、肌层发达。３．排卵时,因粘膜上皮纤毛和肌肉收缩活动,将卵向泄殖腔方向推送。４．中段腺体细胞所含分泌颗粒多,表明此段比上段代谢旺盛。     

红藻条斑紫菜R—藻红蛋白晶体的时间分辩偏振荧光研究

本文在皮秒时域内研究红藻条斑紫菜Ｒ－藻红蛋白单晶在不同晶轴取向下的偏振荧光动力学过程。荧光衰减减表现为二指数过程,即与色素之间的能量传递和激平衡有关的快过程和色素荧光跃迁过程;由于色素间的能量传递,荧光明显退偏振;由于晶体中色素的光学跃迁距取向倾向于沿主晶轴方向分布,在不同的晶轴的取向下各向异性荧光衰减过程明显不同。     

The Use of Free Vibrations to Measure Peduncle Stiffness in Triticale

The possibility of using the period of free vibrations to determineelastic modulus and flexural rigidity of plant material withcontrasting elasticity to viscosity ratios was tested. A simple,easy-to-operate method is described. Both the mature sectionsof Triticale peduncle as well as those sampled from the meristematiczone were found to behave like a lightly damped linear oscillator,providing that the excitements were of a very small amplitude.Elastic modulus calculated from the period of free vibrationsfor the meristematic zone was consistent with most data reportedin the literature for other growing tissues investigated bythe resonance technique. A high gradient of elastic modulus,from 33 MPa to 2·89 GPa per 8 cm was found within thezone of differentiation and development of strengthening tissues.The applicability of the free vibration technique to study plantrigidity as compared to other methods is discussed. Key words: Triticosecale, free vibrations, peduncle, stiffness measurement, Young's modulus     

Fracture Toughness Properties of Three Different Biomaterials Measured by Nanoindentation

The fracture toughness of hard biomaterials, such as nacre, bovine hoof wall and beetle cuticle, is associated with fibrous or lamellar structures that deflect or stop growing cracks. Their hardness and reduced modulus were measured by using a nanoindenter in this paper. Micro/nanoscale cracks were generated by nanoindentation using a Berkovich tip. Nanoindentation of nacre and bovine hoof wall resulted in pile-up around the indent. It was found that the fracture toughness （Kc） of bovine hoof wall is the maximum, the second is nacre, and the elytra cuticle of dung beetle is the least one.     

Elastic constants of composites formed from PMMA bone cement and anisotropic bovine tibial cancellous bone

An ultrasonic pulse-transit time technique is used to determine the nine orthotropic engineering constants of 32 cement-cancellous bone composites as a function of volume fractions of bone ranging from 0.0 to 0.4. The composites are manufactured using well-aligned bovine cancellous bone from the proximal end of the tibia and low viscosity bone cement. Selected composites are also subjected to mechanical compression tests to compare with the ultrasonic results. There is excellent correlation between the dynamic or ultrasonically determined moduli and the static or mechanically determined moduli; the dynamic moduli are approximately twice the static moduli and this difference is thought to be due to the effect of strain rate. An orthotropic model is assumed requiring nine independent elastic constants to be determined. The dynamic Young's modulus in the direction of major trabecular alignment, E1, increases linearly from 4.9 to 10.4 GPa as bone volume fraction increases from 0 to 0.4; dynamic E2 and E3 values increase from 4.9 to 7 GPa as bone volume fractions increase from 0 to 0.4, with E2 being slightly higher than E3. The dynamic shear modulus, G12, increases from 1.8 to 3.0 GPa, and G31 and G23 increase slightly from 1.8 to 2.2 GPa as bone volume fractions increase from 0 to 0.4. The Poisson's ratios are more sensitive than the Young's moduli and shear moduli to experimental error in the velocity measurements. The mechanically tested modulus (static modulus) in the direction of major trabecular alignment, E1, increases with volume fraction of bone from 2.4 to 4.4 GPa as the bone volume fraction increases from 0 to 0.25; static E2 and E3 values are either equal to or lower than that of pure PMMA.     

Use of a Digital Image Correlation Technique for Measuring the Material Properties of Beetle Wing

Beetle wings are very specialized flight organs consisting of the veins and membranes.Therefore it is necessary from abionic view to investigate the material properties of a beetle wing experimentally.In the present study,we have used a DigitalImage Correlation (DIC) technique to measure the elastic modulus of a beetle wing membrane.Specimens were prepared bycarefully cutting a beetle hind wing into 3.0 mm by 7.0 mm segments (the gage length was 5 mm).We used a scanning electronmicroscope for a precise measurement of the thickness of the beetle wing membrane.The specimen was attached to a designedfixture to induce a uniform displacement by means of a micromanipulator.We used an ARAMISTM system based on the digitalimage correlation technique to measure the corresponding displacement of a specimen.The thickness of the beetle wing variedat different points of the membrane.The elastic modulus differed in relation to the membrane arrangement showing a structuralanisotropy;the elastic modulus in the chordwise direction is approximately 2.65 GPa,which is three times larger than the elasticmodulus in the spanwise direction of 0.84 GPa.As a result,the digital image correlation-based ARAMIS system was suc-cessfully used to measure the elastic modulus of a beetle wing.In addition to membrane’s elastic modulus,we considered thePoisson’s ratio of the membrane and measured the elastic modulus of a vein using an Instron universal tensile machine.Theresult reveals the Poisson’s ratio is nearly zero and the elastic modulus of a vein is about 11 GPa.     

Elastic moduli, yield stress, and ultimate stress of cancellous bone in the canine proximal femur

Elastic moduli, yield stress and ultimate compressive stress were determined for cancellous bone from the femoral head and neck regions of the canine femur. Unconfined compression tests were performed on 5 mm cubic samples which were cut from two femurs. Elastic moduli were measured in three orthogonal directions, and the yield stress and ultimate stress were measured along the proximal-distal axis. The results from this investigation support previous assumptions that the mechanical behavior of canine cancellous bone is qualitatively similar to human cancellous bone. The canine cancellous bone was observed to be anisotropic in elastic modulus. For two thirds of the cubic specimens tested, the elastic modulus was largest in the load-bearing, proximal-distal direction. A linear relationship between yield stress and elastic modulus was observed for canine bone, as is typical of human bone. A similar linear relationship between ultimate stress and elastic modulus was observed. Thus, for canine bone as well as for human bone, failure appears to be governed by a strain level which is position independent. The yield strain of 0.0259 and ultimate strain of 0.0288 for canine bone were both less than the yield strain of 0.0395 reported for human bone.     

Organization pattern of nacre in Pteriidae (Bivalvia: Mollusca) explained by crystal competition

Bivalve nacre is a brick-wall-patterned biocomposite of aragonite platelets surrounded by organic matter. SEM-electron back scatter diffraction analysis of nacre of the bivalve family Pteriidae reveals that early aragonite crystals grow with their c-axes oriented perpendicular to the growth surface but have their a- and b-axes disoriented. With the accumulation of successive lamellae, crystals progressively orient themselves with their b-axes mutually parallel and towards the growth direction. We propose that progressive orientation is a result of competition between nacre crystals at the growth front of lamellae, which favours selection of crystals whose fastest growth axis (b-axis) is oriented parallel to the direction of propagation of the lamella. A theoretical model has been developed, which simulates competition of rhombic plates at the lamellar growth front as well as epitaxial growth of crystals onto those of the preceding lamella. The model predicts that disordered nacre progressively produces bivalve-like oriented nacre. As growth fronts become diffuse (as is the common case in bivalves) it takes longer for nacre to become organized. Formation of microdomains of nacre platelets with different orientations is also reproduced. In conclusion, not only the organic matrix component, but also the mineral phase plays an active role in organizing the final microstructure.     

Calcium-induced changes in bilayer membranes from oxidized cholesterol

Elastic properties of oxidized cholesterol bilayers in n-octane and membrane solvent free were studied by measuring Young modulus E perpendicular in the direction perpendicular to the membrane plane as a function of concentration of calcium ions. Interaction between calcium ions and solvent free bilayers resulted in a significant increases of Young modulus E perpendicular in the concentration range 20-40 mmol/l Ca2+. It is suggested that the hardening of the membrane is caused by some structural changes in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.     

Mineral proximity influences mechanical response of proteins in biological mineral-protein hybrid systems

The organic phase of nacre, which is composed primarily of proteins, has an extremely high elastic modulus as compared to that of bulk proteins, and also undergoes large deformation before failure. One reason for this unusually high modulus could be the mineral-organic interactions. In this work, we elucidate the specific role of mineral proximity on the structural response of proteins in biological structural composites such as nacre through molecular modeling. The "glycine-serine" domain of a nacre protein Lustrin A has been used as a model system. It is found that the amount of work needed to unfold is significantly higher when the GS domain is pulled in the proximity of aragonite. These results indicate that the proximity of aragonite has a significant effect on the unfolding mechanisms of proteins when pulled. These results will provide very useful information in designing synthetic biocomposites, as well as further our understanding of mechanical response in structural composites in nature.     

不同pH值对三角帆蚌珍珠质分泌的影响

运用多种组织化学方法和透射电镜技术,研究了５种ｐＨ水环境（ｐＨ５、６、７、８、９）对三角帆砷外套膜珍珠质分泌的影响机制,结果表明,在中性水环境中,贝体能积极地从外界水环境中吸收钙,并能旺盛地合成和分泌贝壳珍珠层及珍珠有机基质前体物质,持续的酸性水环境导致贝体的钙严重丢失,并引起珍珠质分泌细胞对有机基质前体物质的合成和分泌能力减弱,持续的碱性水环境虽能导致贝体对钙的积累,但珍珠质分泌细胞合成和分泌珍     

Determination of Young's modulus for nanofibrillated cellulose multilayer thin films using buckling mechanics

The Young's modulus of multilayer films containing nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) was determined using the strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements (SIEBIMM) technique. (1) Multilayer films were built up on polydimethylsiloxane substrates using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. At 50% relative humidity, SIEBIMM gave a constant Young's modulus of 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa for 35-75 nm thick films. Conversely, in vacuum, the Young's modulus was 10 times larger, at 17.2 ± 1.2 GPa. A slight decrease in buckling wavelength with increasing strain was observed by scanning electron microscopy with in situ compression, and above 10% strain, extensive cracking parallel to the compressive direction occurred. We conclude that whereas PEI acts as a "glue" to hold multiple layers of NFC together, it prevents full development of hydrogen bonding and specific fibril-fibril interactions, and at high humidity, its hygroscopic nature decreases the elastic modulus when compared with pure NFC films.