沙埋对六种沙生植物种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响

研究了沙埋对科尔沁沙地6种优势植物的种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响．进行0．2、4、6、8、10和12cm等7个深度沙埋处理．结果表明,在不同沙埋处理时,沙蓬萌发差异显著。而差不嘎蒿2锄埋深与其他埋深的发芽差异显著,其他4种植物0cm埋深与其他埋深的发芽差异显著;沙埋对所有植物幼苗出土均有显著影响,埋深增加,出苗率减小;繁殖体大的物种与繁殖体小的物种相比,能从更深沙层中出苗,幼苗出土最大深度排序为苦参>东北木蓼≥沙蓬>山竹子>雾冰藜>差不嘎蒿．     

沙埋对花棒种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨花棒(Hedysarum scopariium)种子萌发和幼苗生长对沙埋的响应,并为固沙造林、水土保持提供理论基础,研究了6种沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、4和5cm)对花棒种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,埋深对花棒幼苗出土率、首次出苗时间、单株叶片数、幼苗生长高度以及生物量的分配均有极显著影响(P<0.001).种子出苗率在2 cm沙埋下达到最高(95.6%),在5cm沙埋下最低(43.4%);幼苗最大高度(11.6cm)、绝对株高(13.9cm)和最大地上生物量(26.7mg)均出现在2cm的埋深,幼苗最小高度(3.3cm)、最小根长(4.3cm)和最小地上生物量(5.3mg)出现在5cm的埋深;生物量分配随沙埋深度增大而更多地分配给地下部分.2cm的沙埋是花棒种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳深度.     

沙埋和种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的影响

研究了沙埋深度和种子大小对内蒙古毛乌素沙地植被群落中占优势的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发、出苗、幼苗存活和生长的影响.结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、休眠率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量.在0.5-2cm的浅层沙埋下,种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量最高,休眠率最低;沙埋深度≥4 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量随着沙埋深度增加显著降低,而休眠率却显著升高;沙埋深度≥12 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿种子不能够出苗,幼苗也不能够存活.种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发率没有显著影响,但对出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量影响显著.在各个沙埋深度下,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子间的萌发率没有显著差异.当沙埋深度≤6 cm时,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子在同一沙埋深度下的出苗率间没有显著差异;但当沙埋深度≥8 cm时,在同一沙埋深度下,大种子的出苗率显著高于中种子和小种子的出苗率,而中种子和小种子出苗率间没有显著差异.0.5-10 cm的沙埋深度中,除6 cm和8 cm深度下中种子和小种子萌发幼苗的生物量间没有显著差异外,其余深度下,大种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量显著高于同一沙埋深度下中种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量,后者又显著高于小种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量.可能正是种子萌发对沙埋环境的忍耐或响应能力以及种子的多态性提高了柠条锦鸡儿在毛乌素沙地的适合度,为其在流动或半流动沙丘环境中成功定居并形成优势群落奠定了基础.     

沙埋和种子大小对固沙禾草沙鞭的种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响

该文研究了野外条件下不同深度的沙埋对沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响,以及温室条件下种子大小对不同深度沙埋后的种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响沙鞭的种子萌发率、幼苗出土率和种子休眠率。沙子表面的种子不能萌发。2 cm的浅层沙埋时的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率最高,1 cm 沙埋的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率次之。沙埋深度超过2 cm之后,沙鞭的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率与沙埋深度呈负相关。2 cm的种子休眠率最低。从2 ~12 cm,种子休眠率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加。在幼苗能够出土的深度(1~6 cm),幼苗首次出土所需的时间随着沙埋深度的增加而延长。种子大小对沙鞭的种子萌发率没有显著影响。但是在深层沙埋(6 cm)时,与小种子相比,大种子产生的幼苗的出土率较高。从2~6 cm,大种子形成的幼苗的茎长度都较长。     

五种荒漠植物幼苗出土及生长对沙埋深度的响应

研究了红砂、泡泡刺、花棒、白刺和沙拐枣5种荒漠优势植物的幼苗出土和生长对沙埋的响应,判断了幼苗的生长特征能否预测植物的定植能力。进行了0、1、2、3、5cm和8cm等6个沙埋深度处理,每个处理5个重复。结果表明：每种植物的出苗率都随着沙埋深度的增加而降低,而且遵循着指数方程关系。红砂种子的最佳沙埋深度应为0-1cm,3cm已是出苗和存活的最大沙埋深度;泡泡刺、花棒和白刺种子的最佳深埋深度为0—3cm;沙拐枣在0—8cm各个深度都有出苗现象,且出苗率没有显著差异,但8cm深度的出苗率只有4％,最佳沙埋深度约为5cm。幼苗的生长高度受沙埋深度的影响显著,在同一时间,幼苗的最大生长高度并不在0cm表层,但红砂幼苗除外。泡泡刺、花棒和白刺在0—3cm的沙埋深度的幼苗生长高度大于5-8cm沙埋深度的生长高度,但沙拐枣幼苗在5cm深度的生长高度最大。5种荒漠植物幼苗的生物量受沙埋深度的影响不显著。在同一沙埋深度下,红砂的绝对高度生长率明显低于其余4种植物,沙拐枣的绝对高度生长率高于其余4种植物幼苗;5种植物的相对高度生长率对沙埋深度的响应并不敏感。绝对高度生长率与相对高度生长率并不能预示幼苗存活成功率。     

沙埋对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种群繁殖和扩散机理,并为其防控和开发利用提供理论基础,研究了不同沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、4和5cm)对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:埋深对醉马草幼苗出土率、首次出苗时间、幼苗生长高度以及生物量的分配均有极显著影响(P<0.001);种子萌发和幼苗出土率在2cm沙埋下达到最高(92%),在5cm沙埋下最低(58.7%);幼苗最大高度(10.8cm)出现在3cm的沙埋,最小高度(6.3和7.1cm)出现在0和5cm的埋深;埋深为2cm时,地上和地下生物量最大,埋深5cm时地上和地下生物量均最小;最大根长(约5cm)和最小根长(1cm)分别出现在2～3cm和5cm的埋深。2～3cm的埋深是醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳深度。     

四种沙埋深度对羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

模拟羊草种子自然埋藏深度状况,设计了0、1、2和3cm共4种沙埋深度实验,研究了其出苗率及幼苗生长对沙埋深度的响应。结果表明,羊草种子出苗率随埋深的增加呈下降趋势,0cm时出苗率最高为89.3%,1和2cm时分别为81.5%和78.5%,3cm时最低(73.5%),与前三者具有显著差异。埋深对地上株高生长动态的影响主要表现在,播种后25d,0～2cm处理的羊草幼苗地上株高均高于3cm处理;播种后36d,4种处理的地上株高没有显著差异。此外,随着埋深的增加,羊草幼苗的根长、根数、根冠比呈先上升后下降趋势,叶片数呈下降趋势,绝对株高则呈上升趋势。表明1～2cm沙埋深度更适宜于羊草种子出苗及幼苗生长,而0或3cm埋深不利于其出苗和幼苗生长。     

毛乌素沙地4种沙生植物种子萌发及出苗对沙埋及单次供水的响应

飞播固沙作为一项快速而有效的现代化治沙措施,已成为毛乌素沙地植被恢复与重建的重要手段。但此项技术仍存在一些问题,如飞播后成苗率较低等。以毛乌素沙地优势植物柠条（Caragana korshinskii）、羊柴（Hedysarum laeve）、油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）与籽蒿（Artemisia sphaerocephala）为研究对象,人工控制7个沙埋深度和9个水分梯度,研究4种植物种子萌发和幼苗出土对沙埋和单次供水的响应,阐明多大的单次降雨才能保证种子萌发与幼苗出土及出土幼苗的维持时间。结果表明,对于柠条和羊柴质量相对较大的种子而言．种子主要在供水量10．20mm,埋藏深度为0．5．2cm的条件下出苗,但在埋藏深度为5cm时这两个物种仍有少量种子能够出苗;而对于油蒿和籽蒿质量相对较小的种子而言,种子主要在供水量10．20mm,埋藏深度为0．5cm时出苗,当埋藏深度为1．5cm和2cm时不能顺利出苗。沙埋深度0．5cm条件下,4个物种具有最高的出苗率和出苗速率。在试验期内（30d）,柠条、羊柴和油蒿出土幼苗分别在单次供水量为5、7．5mm和7．5mm时全部死亡,在单次供水量高于15mm时4个种的出土幼苗死亡率大多低于50％,且随供水量的增加出土幼苗死亡率降低。结合毛乌素沙地降雨特点与本次实验结果,0．5cm的沙埋及7．5mm以上的单次降雨是上述4种植物自然条件下出苗较好的重要条件。     

柠条种子萌发对不同光照强度和沙埋深度的响应

为揭示柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发对光照强度和沙埋深度的响应,在不同光强(55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS和2.2%NS)和沙埋深度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.5 cm)下,研究了柠条种子的萌发特征。结果表明:光强对柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均影响显著;沙埋深度显著影响萌发指数和活力指数;光强与沙埋深度的交互作用显著影响萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数。柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在除0 cm外的其他沙埋深度均随着光强的减弱逐渐减小;活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度随着光强的减弱表现为增大趋势,而在其他沙埋深度随着光强的减弱持续减小或波动性减小。在55.4%NS、18.9%NS和5.5%NS光强下,萌发率在1.0 cm沙埋深度最大(分别为45.0%、30.6%和27.5%),0 cm沙埋深度最小(分别为22.2%、22.1%和20.0%),萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均随着沙埋深度的增加先增大后减小,且均在0.5～2.0 cm沙埋深度最大;在2.2%NS光强下,所有萌发参数均随沙埋深度的增大逐渐减小,其中萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在1.0、2.0和4.5 cm沙埋深度均显著小于0 cm沙埋深度(P0.05),而活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度与其他沙埋深度间的差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。研究表明,光照和沙埋是影响柠条种子萌发的重要环境因子,沙埋可增大种子萌发对光照的依赖;适度沙埋在强光下促进柠条种子萌发,但在弱光下则抑制种子萌发。     

西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种子萌发特征

珍稀濒危灌木长叶红砂是我国西北干旱地区荒漠植被中的古老残遗物种,对维持荒漠植被稳定具有重要作用.本文研究了长叶红砂种子特性,及其在不同光照、温度、土壤水分和沙埋等环境因子中的萌发策略.结果表明:长叶红砂种子具有高活力、高萌发率、耐贮存的特点,在光照和黑暗条件下均能很好地萌发.种子萌发的适宜温度为恒温20 ℃～25 ℃或变温15 ℃/25 ℃,萌发率高达93%.土壤含水量为2%时,种子开始萌发;土壤含水量为12%时,其萌发率最高,达89%.长叶红砂种子适宜的沙埋深度为1 cm,＞5 cm沙埋不出苗.沙埋深度对出苗率和幼苗生长高度的影响显著,而对幼苗质量的影响不显著.水分条件和沙埋深度是制约长叶红砂种子萌发和出苗的主要因素,而种子的高萌发率增加了幼苗生存的风险,不利于其应对荒漠极端环境变化.这种特性是长叶红砂濒危的重要原因之一.     

苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长对温度、光照和埋深的响应

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是世界人工草地重要的优良牧草。研究其种子萌发和幼苗生长对温度、光照及埋深等环境因子的响应,对苜蓿草地的种植及管理具有重要的实践指导意义。采用室内控制实验,分析了紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长对恒温(10、15、20、25、30℃)、变温(6/15、10/20、15/25、15/30、20/30℃)、光照(12 h光照/12 h黑暗、24 h黑暗)以及埋深(1、2、3、4、5 cm)等环境因子的响应特征。结果表明,苜蓿种子的萌发温度范围宽,在供试的10种恒温和变温下萌发率为50%~88%,且温度处理对苜蓿种子的萌发率没有显著的影响;黑暗对苜蓿种子萌发有抑制作用,12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下,苜蓿种子萌发率为69%~88%,而24 h全暗条件下为50%~77%,其中10、15、30、10/20和15/30℃温度下,光照处理均显著高于全暗处理。埋深1~5 cm的苜蓿种子出苗率没有显著差异,且幼苗株高、干重、鲜重均没有受到显著影响;埋深对苜蓿根生长存在显著影响,埋深1~2 cm根长度及重量均显著高于其他埋深处理。以上结果表明,苜蓿种子萌发的温度范围宽,恒温和变温下都有较高的萌发率,适合播种季节要求宽泛;黑暗显著抑制紫花苜蓿种子的萌发,田间种植苜蓿的最佳埋深为1~2 cm。     

Germination and emergence of annual species and burial depth: Implications for restoration ecology

Due to the high content of viable seeds, topsoil is usually spread on ground left bare during railway and motorway construction to facilitate the regeneration of vegetation cover. However, during handling of the topsoil, seeds are often buried deeply and they cannot germinate or the seedlings cannot emerge from depth. This study experimentally explores the predictive value of seed mass for seed germination, mortality and seedling emergence at different burial depths for 13 common annual species in semiarid Mediterranean environments. We separate the effect of burial depth on germination and emergence by means of two experiments. In the germination experiment, five replicates of 20 seeds for each species were buried at depths ranging from 0 to 4 cm under greenhouse conditions. Germinated and empty or rotten seeds were counted after 8 weeks. In the emergence experiment, five replicates of four newly-germinated seeds per species were buried at the same depths under controlled conditions and emergence was recorded after 3 weeks. The effect of burial depth on percentage of germination and seedling emergence was dependent on seed size. Although all species showed a decrease in germination with burial depth, this decrease was greater for small-than large-seeded species. Percentage of emergence was positively related to seed mass but negatively related to burial depth. Seed mortality was higher for small-than large-seeded species, but there was no general effect of burial depth on this variable. Thus, the current practice of spreading 30 cm deep layers of topsoil in post-construction restoration projects is unadvisable. In this restoration scenario, thinner layers of topsoil should be used to achieve the maximum potential of the topsoil for germination and seedling establishment.     

Sand burial effects on seed germination, seedling emergence and establishment of Panicum virgatum

Studies in the field and in a greenhouse were conducted to examine the effects of sand burial on seed germination, seedling emergence and establishment of Panicum virgatum L. on the foredunes of Lake Erie. Under natural conditions, the seedlings emerged from sand burial depths ranging from 0 to 11 cm, with a mean ± SD of 4.73 ± 1.82 cm. The frequency distribution of the depth of emergence of seedlings in the field was significantly skewed to the right and platykurtic. In the greenhouse, some seedlings emerged from a burial depth of as much as 16 cm. Although percent germination of seeds was not affected by sand burial, the percent emergence and the rate of emergence of seedlings were significantly reduced by excessive sand burial. Seedling mortality was found only among seedlings that emerged from sand burial depths of 10 cm or more. In the field, all the seedlings established in one growing season had originally emerged from sand burial depths of less than 12 cm. Within this burial range, seedlings from shallower burial depths had lower chances of establishment than expected, whereas those from deeper burial depths had higher probabilities of establishment than expected.     

The sediment burial depth and salinity control the early developments of Suaeda salsa in the Yellow River Delta

Sediment deposition is a common phenomenon in the estuary area. Pot control experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction effects of sediment burial depth and salt stress on the seed germination and early seedling growth of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall., an pioneer species of tidal wetland near the Yellow River Delta. The results showed that the percentage of seedling emergence, seedling emergence rate, seedling height, branch number, shoot biomass and root biomass were all significantly affected by salt stress and sediment burial depth. While the interaction of salt and burial depth significantly influenced the branch number, leaf biomass, shoot biomass and total plant biomass. Only 5 cm burial depth without salt stress should 6.25 ± 3.61% seedlings emergence. With the increasing of sediment burial depth and salt stress, percentage of seedling emergence, seedling emergence rate and plant height decreased significantly. However, under the salt treatment of 0 and 1%, the branch number increased dramatically with the increasing of sediment burial depth from 0 to 3 cm. The ratio of leaf to total biomass increased with increasing of burial depth, on the contrary, the ratio of root to total biomass decreased. 0–1 cm sediment burial depth was proved the suitable depths for seed germination of S. salsa in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how to improve the seedling establishment of S. salsa under the dynamic changes of sediment deposition and salinity in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta.     

沙埋与水分对科尔沁沙地主要固沙植物出苗的影响

蒿属半灌木乌丹蒿(Artemisia wudanica)、白沙蒿(A. sphaerocephala)、差不嘎蒿(A. halodendron)是科尔沁沙地的主要固沙植物。其中乌丹蒿和差不嘎蒿是科尔沁沙地的本土植物,白沙蒿为来自于库布齐沙漠、毛乌素沙地的飞播植物。设置了 5个沙埋深度(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和3.0 cm)和 4个水分梯度(86、171、257和 342 mL,分别模拟每月25、50、75和100 mm的降雨量),以探讨3种植物幼苗出土对沙埋和水分的响应。结果表明,沙埋与水分均显著影响着3种蒿属植物的幼苗出土(P < 0.001)。3种植物最适沙埋深度在0.5-1.5 cm范围内,萌发出土时适宜水量要高于当地种子萌发期的平均降水量(50 mm/月)。两种固沙先锋植物乌丹蒿和白沙蒿的种子出苗率均显著高于差不嘎蒿,乌丹蒿较白沙蒿也明显为高,尤其在水分缺乏时,表现出两种先锋植物种子出苗对干旱有更好的适应性。协方差分析表明,乌丹蒿幼苗死亡率显著高于白沙蒿和差不嘎蒿(P < 0.05),在达到75 mm/月降水量时,3种植物的出苗较好,但不能满足乌丹蒿幼苗生长对水分的需求,而实际种子萌发期的降水量平均只有50 mm/月。因而降水的缺乏导致乌丹蒿种群更新出现问题,加之飞播植物的竞争,使得近几年科尔沁沙地较多乌丹蒿种群出现衰退。     

鄂尔多斯高原4种主要沙生植物种子萌发与出苗对水分和沙埋的响应

 羊柴 (Hedysarum leave)、柠条 (Caragana korshinskii)、籽蒿 (Artemisia sphaerocephala)与油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)为鄂尔多斯高原广泛分布的植物种,也是该地区飞播选用的主要植物种。由于飞播为鄂尔多斯高原植被恢复的重要手段,而飞播后植物种子的出苗率与土壤水分及沙埋密切相关。因此,上述植物种子萌发与出苗对水分和沙埋反应的研究对当地退化生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。通过温室控制实验,对4种植物萌发特性及出苗与水分和沙埋深度的关系进行研究,阐明了种子萌发最适合的水分条件和沙埋深度。结果表明,4种植物种子萌发与出苗最适宜的供水量都接近于当地种子萌发时期的平均降水量, 最适宜的沙埋深度为0.5～1 cm, 过多的水分和过深的沙埋会降低种子萌发与出苗,反映了4种植物对沙区环境的生态适应。4种植物最适宜的供水量均为123 ml,羊柴、柠条、籽蒿和油蒿的最适沙埋深度分别为：0.5、1.0、0.5和0.5 cm。根据实验结果及当地气候特点,鄂尔多斯地区的飞播时间应由6月初提前至5月中下旬,以提高飞播植物的出苗率。     

Effects of sand burial depth and seed mass on seedling emergence and growth of Nitraria sphaerocarpa

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the effects of sand burial depth and seed mass on seedling emergence and growth of Nitraria sphaerocarpa. Seeds of Nitraria sphaerocarpa were sorted into three size-classes (large, medium, small) and artificially buried at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cm depths in plastic pots filled with unsterilized sand. In the seven treatments, the percent emergence, seedling mass and seedling height, significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm burial depth, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0–3 cm. In each seed size-class, with increasing burial depth, both root-mass ratio and aboveground stem-mass ratio decreased, while belowground stem-mass ratio increased. In each burial depth, with decreasing seed size, belowground stem-mass ratio increased, while root-mass ratio decreased.     

Seed mucilage improves seedling emergence of a sand desert shrub

The success of seedling establishment of desert plants is determined by seedling emergence response to an unpredictable precipitation regime. Sand burial is a crucial and frequent environmental stress that impacts seedling establishment on sand dunes. However, little is known about the ecological role of seed mucilage in seedling emergence in arid sandy environments. We hypothesized that seed mucilage enhances seedling emergence in a low precipitation regime and under conditions of sand burial. In a greenhouse experiment, two types of Artemisia sphaerocephala achenes (intact and demucilaged) were exposed to different combinations of burial depth (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 mm) and irrigation regimes (low, medium and high, which simulated the precipitation amount and frequency in May, June and July in the natural habitat, respectively). Seedling emergence increased with increasing irrigation. It was highest at 5 mm sand burial depth and ceased at burial depths greater than 20 mm in all irrigation regimes. Mucilage significantly enhanced seedling emergence at 0, 5 and 10 mm burial depths in low irrigation, at 0 and 5 mm burial depths in medium irrigation and at 0 and 10 mm burial depths in high irrigation. Seed mucilage also reduced seedling mortality at the shallow sand burial depths. Moreover, mucilage significantly affected seedling emergence time and quiescence and dormancy percentages. Our findings suggest that seed mucilage plays an ecologically important role in successful seedling establishment of A. sphaerocephala by improving seedling emergence and reducing seedling mortality in stressful habitats of the sandy desert environment.