青藏高原东部植物种子萌发能力与其在群落中相对多度的关系

不同演替阶段的群落中植物幼苗建植特性以及幼苗建植时所处的环境都会有所不同.这些差异可能会导致种子萌发率与物种多度之间的关系随着群落的演替阶段而发生改变.目前关于不同类型群落中以及同一类型群落的不同演替阶段物种多度和种子萌发能力之间的关系的研究较少.本研究以全面收集的青藏高原东缘3种常见次生植被(鼢鼠土丘群落、人工草地群落和弃耕地群落)中植物种子为基础,沿着群落演替梯度来探明种子萌发和物种多度之间的关系.通过对结果的线性回归分析发现:在鼢鼠土丘群落和人工草地群落中,种子萌发率和物种多度之间无显著相关性;而在弃耕地群落中,种子萌发率和物种多度之间的关系有随着群落的演替呈现由正相关向负相关转变的趋势.     

山东地区盐碱土花生种子际土壤微生物群落结构的研究

【目的】以不同含盐量的滨海盐土、内陆盐碱土和中等肥力非盐碱土壤为实验对象,探讨花生种子在吸水膨胀与萌发过程中,不同类型盐碱土对种子际土壤微生物多样性变化的影响。【方法】采集不同含盐量的滨海盐土、内陆盐碱土和中等肥力非盐碱土壤,通过对各样品中细菌的16S r RNA基因的V3-V4区进行PCR扩增,利用Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术对12份V3-V4高变区PCR产物进行测序,并对测序数据进行生物信息学分析。【结果】(1)盐碱土壤的种子际细菌群落多样性高于非盐碱土壤,且以东营青坨滨海盐土种子际土壤细菌群落多样性较高。(2)不同类型土壤样本微生物群落结构在纲水平存在明显差异。4种土壤类型种子际土壤细菌共分属于6个菌纲,分别为Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Acidobacteria和Firmicutes菌纲,并均以Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria菌纲为主要菌纲。全样本菌落结构分析结果表明,4种类型土壤中不同吸胀时间内种子际微生物菌落在门、属水平上的类型和丰度差异最为显著(P0.05)。(3)beta多样性分析和各样本遗传距离(phylogenetic distances)聚类树图分析表明,4个土壤类型的12个土壤样本种子际土壤中微生物群落均可聚为2大类。【结论】土壤含盐量越高其种子际土壤细菌群落多样性较高。不同类型土壤样本微生物群落结构在纲水平存在明显差异,以Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria菌纲为主要菌纲。种子吸胀萌发时间影响种子际微生物菌落在门、属水平上的类型和丰度,但对相同土壤类型样本间遗传距离无影响。     

喜树替代紫茎泽兰过程中根际微生物群落特征

为研究我国重要经济树种喜树根际分泌物对根际微生物群落的影响, 以及喜树在控制林业有害植物紫茎泽兰生物入侵的可行性, 采用传统培养技术和分子生物学技术PCR-单链构象多态性(SSCP)、末端限制性片段长度多态性(tRFLP)和16S rDNA文库相结合对喜树(Ca)、紫茎泽兰(Ea)和二者混栽体系(CE)根际土壤中的真核微生物和真细菌微生物群落结构进行了比较. 计数结果表明, 喜树、二者混栽以及紫茎泽兰根际中的真细菌数量依次减少, 而真核微生物数量依次增多. PCR-SSCP分析显示, 紫茎泽兰根际土壤中真核微生物条带数量(多样性)远高于喜树和混栽根际, 对部分条带克隆测序表明喜树根际中Meristolohmannia spp.为主要优势种群; tRFLP对真细菌结构分析表明, 3种根际中真细菌群落多样性丰富, 但没有差别, 对喜树根际真细菌16S rDNA文库测序比较分析, 共包含了10个已分类的门, 其中Proteobacteria 门为优势菌群, 占24.71%(其中δ-Proteobacteria占17.65%), Acidobacteria门占16.47%, Bacteroidetes门占10.59%. 另外, 色谱分析发现喜树和混栽根际土壤中分别含有较低浓度喜树碱和羟基喜树碱, 而紫茎泽兰根际二者均检测不到. 由此可见, 紫茎泽兰的扩散和蔓延依赖于特有的真核微生物群落结构模式, 并不改变真细菌群落的结构, 喜树能够通过根系分泌物改变紫茎泽兰根际真核微生物群落结构模式, 进而制约其外延. 本研究为喜树在紫茎泽兰生物替代中提供了理论基础.     

植物根际微生物群落构建的研究进展

植物根际是指植物根系与土壤的交界面,是根系自身生命活动和代谢对土壤影响最直接、最强烈的区域,其物理、化学和生物性质不同于土体土壤。在这个区域里,与植物发生相互作用的大量微生物,被称为根际微生物。根际微生物在植物的生长发育和植物病虫害的生物防治等方面都具有十分重要的意义。本文总结了根际微生物群落构建的研究现状,介绍了根际微生物的经典和最新的研究方法,包括根箱法、同位素技术以及高通量测序、菌群定量分析、高通量分离培养等方法在根际微生物研究中的应用,讨论了植物根系分泌物(碳水化物、氨基酸、黄酮类、酚类、激素及其信号物质)和土壤物理化学性质对根际微生物群落的影响,概述了根际微生物-植物的互作机制,以及根际微生物群落对植物的促生作用、提高植物抗逆性和抑制作用,并对根际微生物群落研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了展望。     

入侵植物对根际土壤微生物群落影响的研究进展

入侵植物根际土壤微生物是地下生态系统的重要组成部分。外来植物入侵到新的栖息地后能够促进其根际土壤微生物群落结构的演替、改变土壤理化性质, 强化微生物群落功能的发挥, 进而创造更适合外来植物生长的土壤微环境, 促进外来种的入侵进程。从外来入侵植物根际土壤微生物的研究方法、外来入侵植物对根际土壤微生物群落影响以及从地下生态学对外来植物入侵的影响等方面进行了综述。土壤微生物研究方法主要包括微生物计数法、微生物生理生化指标方法及分子技术 3 类; 入侵植物对根际土壤微生物的影响主要体现在对其生物量、多样性以及功能微生物菌群等方面。在今后的研究中, 应当注重对同一区域外来入侵植物和近缘本土种、及其伴生种的根际土壤微生物进行比较研究; 加强入侵植物根际微生物功能机理、环境因子与微生物间关联性的研究; 同时在研究方法上应注重传统方法与生物标记法及其与分子技术的结合。     

用ERIC-PCR法研究番茄根际细菌群落结构变化*

采用单一碳源回收菌群的方法和ERIC PCR方法相结合 ,检测番茄 (Lycopersiconescu lentumMill )根际接种转基因微生物E4 (Enterobacteriacloacae)后的根际微生物的群落结构和多样性的变化。结果表明 :采用单一碳源回收菌群和ERIC PCR相结合的方法 ,可以准确、直观和清楚地检测到E4释放到环境中后对根际微生物的群落结构和种群数量的影响。这种单一碳源培养法与ERIC PCR相结合的方法 ,将有可能成为一种研究环境微生物群落结构     

植物修复石油烃污染土壤的机制

根据石油烃污染土壤植物修复的应用和研究现状,对近年来国内外植物修复机制进行阐述与探讨。植物首先通过根系直接吸收石油烃,并利用自身的新陈代谢或植物内生菌的协作将其去除。石油烃一旦被根系吸收,植物就会通过木质化作用将其储存在组织中,或通过植物挥发或植物降解将其转化成一些低毒的中间代谢产物或CO_2和H2O;而植物内生菌与植物降解、植物修复以及植物保护密切相关。其次,根际分泌物和根际微生物在石油烃污染土壤根际修复方面起到重要作用。根际是受根系活动影响的一个微生态区,因而可以认为根际修复是去除土壤中石油烃的主要方式。植物根系可以向根际释放一些分泌物和酶类。其中,酶可以直接作用于石油烃,对石油烃的降解起到关键的作用;而根际分泌物可以向根际微生物提供碳源、能源或共代谢物,使根际微生物数量和活性明显高于非根际,生物降解作用增强。今后可以从根际分泌物作用的微生态过程、功能基因的寻找和构建、厌氧氧化的过程和机制、植物内生菌的作用和应用,以及利用组学手段研究植物修复机制5个方面开展工作,以期望为未来植物修复工作提供重要的科学支持。     

黄土丘陵区草本群落演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用

为探索自然演替中植被群落结构与化感作用之间的关系,以黄土丘陵区自然演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿为研究对象,通过种子萌发试验,分析演替初期优势种群茵陈蒿浸提液(甲醇浸提液和水浸提液)对自身以及伴生种种子萌发以及幼苗生长的影响,从化学生态学角度解释演替初期群落结构形成的原因。结果表明,茵陈蒿浸提液对3种伴生种(铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子)的种子萌发均有显著化感作用,低浓度(0.002g/m L)时表现为促进或轻微的抑制作用,高浓度(0.2g/m L)时为较强的抑制作用;不同部位茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用不同,相比之下,地上部的抑制作用更为强烈,其浸提液均抑制铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的种子萌发,尤其在浓度为0.2 g/m L时,达到完全抑制;根系甲醇浸提液对铁杆蒿种子萌发的抑制作用要强于同浓度下的水浸提液,而地上部水浸提液对受体植物根芽的作用大于甲醇浸提液。茵陈蒿对于自身具有一定的抑制作用,表现为高浓度(0.2和0.02 g/m L)的水和甲醇浸提液抑制自身种子萌发和幼苗生长。研究结果说明化感作用可能是该地区在演替前期形成以茵陈蒿为优势种植被群落的重要原因之一。创新点:从化学生态学的角度解释了黄土丘陵区植被演替初期植物之间的关系以及群落结构形成的原因,为认识自然恢复的内在机理提供了新的视角。     

种子微生物生态学研究进展

植物种子微生物生态学是研究与种子相联合的微生物的组成﹑功能﹑演替、它们之间关系及其与宿主之间相互关系的科学。种子中蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,它们对种子以及植物的健康具有重要的影响。不同种类植物种子联合的微生物群落由于受到种子本身及外界环境因素的影响而有所差异。论述了种子微生物生态学的概念、主要研究方法、种子微生物生态系统中的微生物种类、相关影响因素,以及种子微生物生态学研究的发展方向。种子微生物生态学的研究对生产实践有重要意义,同时也将丰富种子生物学的内容,对种子科学的发展起到促进作用。     

盐胁迫对花生种子际细菌菌群结构的调控

盐胁迫影响种子萌发和植株形态建成,提高盐胁迫下花生种子萌发速率和成苗健苗率是盐碱地花生高产高效栽培的重要环节之一,花生种子际土壤细菌菌群结构与种子萌发关系密切。为揭示盐胁迫对花生种子际微生物菌群结构的影响,以耐盐花生品种（花育25号,HY25）和盐敏感花生品种（花育20号,HY20）为试验材料,采用盆栽实验和高通量测序技术,研究不同耐盐性品种种子萌发吸胀吸水阶段种子际细菌菌群结构的变化。结果表明,种子际土壤细菌群落以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）及芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）等为优势菌门,盐胁迫处理可以不同程度的提高厚壁菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度。在属水平上,盐胁迫可以增加有益菌芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度,增强盐胁迫下种子存活能力,提高萌发率。细菌功能预测结果显示,信号转导机制、免疫系统和防御机制等相关功能在盐胁迫处理后明显增强,可能是促进花生萌发并增强花生胁迫应答的重要原因之一。种子际优势菌群的鉴定及机理分析可为通过改良种子际土壤微生物环境,提高花生耐盐性和出苗健苗率提供重要的借鉴意义,同时为开发利用盐碱地提供参考。     

Differential inactivation of seed exudate stimulation of Pythium ultimum sporangium germination by Enterobacter cloacae influences biological control efficacy on different plant species

This study was initiated to understand whether differential biological control efficacy of Enterobacter cloacae on various plant species is due to differences in the ability of E. cloacae to inactivate the stimulatory activity of seed exudates to Pythium ultimum sporangium germination. In biological control assays, E. cloacae was effective in controlling Pythium damping-off when placed on the seeds of carrot, cotton, cucumber, lettuce, radish, tomato, and wheat but failed to protect corn and pea from damping-off. Seeds from plants such as corn and pea had high rates of exudation, whereas cotton and cucumber seeds had much lower rates of exudation. Patterns of seed exudation and the release of P. ultimum sporangium germination stimulants varied among the plants tested. Seed exudates of plants such as carrot, corn, lettuce, pea, radish, and wheat were generally more stimulatory to P. ultimum than were the exudates of cotton, cucumber, sunflower, and tomato. However, this was not directly related to the ability of E. cloacae to inactivate the stimulatory activity of the exudate and reduce P. ultimum sporangium germination. In the spermosphere, E. cloacae readily reduced the stimulatory activity of seed exudates from all plant species except corn and pea. Our data have shown that the inability of E. cloacae to protect corn and pea seeds from Pythium damping-off is directly related to its ability to inactivate the stimulatory activity of seed exudates. On all other plants tested, E. cloacae was effective in suppressing damping-off and inactivating the stimulatory activity of seed exudates.     

Investigation on diversity and population succession dynamics of indigenous bacteria of the maize spermosphere

The spermosphere, an important habitat to the plant micro-ecosystem, has a unique significance to seed microbial ecology, but has been poorly researched. In this study, the mature seeds of reciprocal cross maize (Zea mays L., Nongda108) were collected to investigate the diversity and population succession dynamics of indigenous spermosphere bacteria at 12, 24 and 36 h into seed germination using 16S rDNA library construction. In the spermosphere of Nongda108A (Huang C × 178), the dominant bacteria genera identified were Pseudomonas and Burkholderia. The proportion of Pseudomonas increased from 59.60 to 75.00% then 82.61%; while Burkholderia decreased from 39.39 to 25.00% then 15.22% at 12, 24 and 36 h, respectively. Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Stenotrophomonas were the dominant genera in Nongda108B. The proportion of Paenibacillus after 12, 24 and 36 h into germination decreased from 68.00 to 46.15 to 13.27%, respectively. The proportion of non-Paenibacillus genera increased from 32.00 (Stenotrophomonas) to 53.85 (Bacillus) to 77.55% (Burkholderia) from 12 h to 24 h to 36 h, respectively. Some dominant bacteria genera identified from maize spermosphere have been identified as common PGPR.     

Differential Inactivation of Seed Exudate Stimulation of Pythium ultimum Sporangium Germination by Enterobacter cloacae Influences Biological Control Efficacy on Different Plant Species

This study was initiated to understand whether differential biological control efficacy of Enterobacter cloacae on various plant species is due to differences in the ability of E. cloacae to inactivate the stimulatory activity of seed exudates to Pythium ultimum sporangium germination. In biological control assays, E. cloacae was effective in controlling Pythium damping-off when placed on the seeds of carrot, cotton, cucumber, lettuce, radish, tomato, and wheat but failed to protect corn and pea from damping-off. Seeds from plants such as corn and pea had high rates of exudation, whereas cotton and cucumber seeds had much lower rates of exudation. Patterns of seed exudation and the release of P. ultimum sporangium germination stimulants varied among the plants tested. Seed exudates of plants such as carrot, corn, lettuce, pea, radish, and wheat were generally more stimulatory to P. ultimum than were the exudates of cotton, cucumber, sunflower, and tomato. However, this was not directly related to the ability of E. cloacae to inactivate the stimulatory activity of the exudate and reduce P. ultimum sporangium germination. In the spermosphere, E. cloacae readily reduced the stimulatory activity of seed exudates from all plant species except corn and pea. Our data have shown that the inability of E. cloacae to protect corn and pea seeds from Pythium damping-off is directly related to its ability to inactivate the stimulatory activity of seed exudates. On all other plants tested, E. cloacae was effective in suppressing damping-off and inactivating the stimulatory activity of seed exudates.     

Identification of aliphatic and aromatic acids in root and seed exudates of peas,cotton, and barley

Summary We detected aromatic and aliphatic acids in root and seed exudates of aseptic cultures of pea, cotton and barley plants by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. There were traces of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the root and seed exudates of all three plant species. Acid hydrolysis of pea and barley seed exudates yielded p-hydroxybenzoic, and of cotton seed exudates yielded p-coumaric acid, as the predominant aromatic acid constituents of materials exuded by the germinating seeds. Lactic was the predominant aliphatic acid detected in pea and barley root exudates whereas malic acid was predominant in cotton exudates. With the exception of citric acid in peas, malic acid was the predominant acid found in pea, cotton and barley seed exudates. The germinating seed was responsible for a large portion of the total aliphatic and aromatic acid exudation of the seedling plant grown aseptically for 14 days. Trade names are used in this publication only to provide scientific information. Their use does not constitute a guarantee of the products named and does not signify that they are approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of others of suitable composition.     

Evidence for a role of β-1,3-glucanase in dicot seed germination

Class I β-1,3-glucanases are antifungal vacuolar proteins implicated in plant defense that show developmental, hormonal, and pathogenesis-related regulation. The expression was studied in germinating tobacco seeds of a chimeric β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fused to 1.6 kb of the 5' flanking sequence of the tobacco class I β-1,3-glucanase B (GLB) promoter. Histological staining for GUS activity showed that expression of the GLB promoter is highly localized in a specific zone of the endosperm in germinating seeds. The temporal and spatial patterns of GUS and β-1,3-glucanase activity found, suggest a novel function for class I β-1,3-glucanases during seed germination in a dicotyledonous plant.     

Measuring the spermosphere colonizing capacity (spermosphere competence) of bacterial inoculants

Spermosphere establishment by bacteria which were coated onto seeds was studied using soybean seeds treated with four bacterial strains at levels of log10 1 to 4 colony-forming units (cfu) per seed planted in a field soil mix, and incubated 48 h. Each strain at every inoculum level developed spermosphere population densities of log10 4 to 8 cfu/seed, demonstrating an average multiplication of log10 3 cfu/seed. An alternative method was developed to differentially rank bacteria for spermosphere colonizing capacity, based upon incorporation of bacteria into a soil and monitoring the resulting spermosphere population densities around noninoculated seeds after 4 days at 14 degrees C. Fifty-seven bacterial strains which were isolated from soybean roots or from water samples, including Pseudomonas putida, P. putida biovar B, P. fluorescens, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Bacillus spp. were tested in the spermosphere colonization assay. Average spermosphere population densities for the 57 strains ranged from 0 to log10 7.0 cfu/seed. Strains of a given taxon demonstrated marked diversity with ranges from 0 to log10 6.0 cfu/seed for Bacillus spp. and from log10 1.4 to 7.0 cfu/seed for Pseudomonas putida. The relative ranking of representative strains was consistent in repeating experiments. The potential usefulness of the assay for efforts to develop competitive bacterial inoculants for crop seeds is discussed.     

Exudation of low molecular weight organic acids by germinating seeds of two edaphic ecotypes of Silene nutans L.

Two parapatric ecotypes of Silene nutans, exhibiting distinct allozyme patterns, morphology and autecology were investigated for differences in exudation of low molecular weight organic acids from germinating seeds, and for differences in seed phosphorus content. The calcicolous ecotype is restricted to calcareous soils, and the silicicolous one predominantly occurs on acid soils, and sometimes, although less frequently, on neutral to alkaline soils. No clear difference was found between ecotypes. However, within the silicicolous ecotype seed samples showed marked differences in exudation pattern and seed phosphorus content depending on origin along the soil acidity gradient. Seeds of low-pH origin exuded more dicarboxylic acids (malic + succinic acid, oxalic acid) and had a lower phosphorus content than seeds of high pH origin. The exudation of dicarboxylic acids from seeds of low pH origin is probably an adaptation to adverse conditions (aluminium toxicity) on acid soils. The pattern is similar to that found among different cultivars of wheat. It is contrasted to the pattern found on comparison of a suite of calcifugous and calcicolous species, where exudation of di- and tricarboxylic acids is associated with solubilisation of recalcitrantly bound phosphorus and iron in calcareous soils.     

Synthesis and secretion of alpha-amylase by rice callus: evidence for differential gene expression

Rice seed callus expressed and secreted alpha-amylase at high levels. Twenty percent of the protein secreted by the callus was alphaamylase. The callus secreted about 840 mug alpha-amylase with 10.9 x 10(3) units of activity per gram dry weight callus per day. The alpha-amylase from callus exhibited a more complex isoform pattern than the germinating seed alpha-amylase. In addition, the level of mRNA expression by the five alpha-amylase gene groups was markedly different between callus and the germinating seed. The rice callus culture has features which it attractive as a potential system for expression proteins in plant cell fermentation systems.