小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基功能标记研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物之一,籽粒中的低分子量麦谷蛋白对于小麦面包的加工品质具有重要的作用。近年来,利用分子标记技术检测小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（low molecular weight glutenin subunit,LMW-GS）的类型和组成已成为小麦品质改良的研究热点之一。主要综述了小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因和蛋白质的结构特征、分类以及功能标记的研究进展,讨论了开发利用小麦Glu-A3、Glu-B3、Glu-D3位点LMW-GS功能标记的意义及存在的问题,并强调了LMW-GS分子标记检测技术的革新及亚基类型的完善对小麦品质改良的重要性,以期加速LMW-GS功能标记在优质小麦育种工作中的应用进程。     

一种小麦高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的提取方法

用7.5%的异丙醇和0.3 mol/L的NaI去除醇溶蛋白和其他单体蛋白, 以二硫苏糖醇(DTT)为强还原剂, 以4-乙烯基吡啶 (VP)保护巯基, 防止其重新氧化。在25%的异丙醇和0.04 mol/L的Tris-HCl (pH=8.0)缓冲液中提取小麦总麦谷蛋白亚基、在4%浓缩胶和13%分离胶的不连续分离体系中进行SDS-PAGE电泳, 结果表明, 该方法不仅能有效去除醇溶蛋白和其他蛋白对麦谷蛋白亚基电泳的影响, 且高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (HMW-GS) 和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (LMW-GS)的提取分离一步完成, 更重要的是, 利用该方法提取出的HMW-GS和LMW-GS在电泳分析中, 具有高的分辨率, 可以有效区分各电泳谱带, 为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

基因枪法转化小麦谷蛋白基因研究进展

小麦面粉品质的优劣主要取决于麦谷蛋白多聚体结构的组成,谷蛋白多聚体由高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)、低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)和醇溶蛋白以二硫键相互交联构成,其数量和结构特征直接影响面团的粘弹性,所以通过基因工程方法转化优质谷蛋白基因,增加谷蛋白数量,改善谷蛋白多聚体结构组成,进而改良面粉品质的研究逐渐引起国内外的重视,并在近年来取得了重要进展。基因枪法是目前利用基因工程改良小麦品质的主要途径,自1992年以来已在多个研究室取得了较为瞩目的成果,显示了基因工程改良小麦品质的可能性及前景。综述了迄今为止国内外利用基因枪法转化谷蛋白基因改良小麦品质的研究进展,并在受体材料的选择等方面的研究现状作了较为详细的阐述。     

小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成研究

利用改良的两步一向SDS—PAGE(two—step one—dimensional SDS—PAGE)分析了几种小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)组成。70％热乙醇提取总谷蛋白,11％分离胶进行第一步SDS—PAGE分离．电泳1h后切取顶端1cm胶条并置于巯基乙醇溶液进行还原,还原后的胶条于11%～16．5％的梯度胶进行第二步SDS—PAGE分离。结果显示。两步一向SDS—PAGE可以彻底除去清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白对LMW—GS分离的背景干扰。提高LMW—GS的分辨率。对几种小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分析表明：LMW-GS组合比HMW—GS更为丰富,每种小麦含有2～5种B亚基,2～4种C亚基．B、C亚基的总数量为4～8种。     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的遗传变异与小麦加工品质改良

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）是小麦胚乳中一种具有多态性的蛋白质组分,在面团中它们可以通过相互之间或与低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMw-Gs）之间形成二硫键来组成麦谷蛋白多聚体。由于其在小麦面粉加工所需的粘性和弹力方面具有极其重要的作用,过去几十年间在小麦加工品质相关蛋白研究方面的工作大多数集中在高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基上。近几年在高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及其编码基因的鉴定、基因的遗传变异以及不同变异在小麦加工品质中的作用方面进行了大量研究。本文对近几年在HMW-GS领域的研究进展进行综述并且重点讨论HMW-GS的变异及其对小麦品质育种的重要意义。     

小麦种子贮藏蛋白质研究进展

小麦醇溶蛋白组成可以作为小麦品种鉴定的指纹图谱,其分离方法有酸性电泳、反相高压液相色谱（RP－HPLC）和毛细管电泳（CE）等手段,3种方法相互补充,而CE分辨率最高。对醇溶蛋白酸性电泳条件的改良和完善仍在进行中,利用最新的分离技术对小麦醇溶蛋白基因进行染色体定位和遗传行为分析是近年来醇溶蛋白研究的另一领域。小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW－GS）与小麦面包烘烤质量密切相关,关于它的研究目前主要集中在3个方面;对各个迁3移率较近的亚基进行快速,准确分离方法的研究,HMW－GS与小麦面包烘烤质量关系的研究和通过基因工程来改良小麦的品质、提高面粉的加工特性等。低分子量麦保蛋白（LMW－Glutenin)影响小麦面粉的特性,截止目前已经获得了17个该基因的克隆,并对其基因结构进行了描述,有些低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW－GS）加入碱性面粉后改变了面筋的性质,报道了小麦醇溶蛋白,高分子量麦谷蛋白亚（HMW－GS）、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（LMW－GS）3个方面的最新研究进展。     

两对高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基等位基因及其相互作用对小麦面筋品质的影响

小麦谷蛋白赋于面筋弹性,其亚基组成类型对加工品质有着重要的决定作用。采用一对杂交组合(烟农19×安农9914)的后代,随机选择至F3,种植871个F4穗系,分别检测了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(high molecular weight glutenin subunits,HMW-GS)、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(low molecular weight glutenin subunits,LMW-GS)组成、SDS沉降值和和面图指标,分析了麦谷蛋白等位亚基及其相互作用对品质的影响。结果表明:该群体麦谷蛋白组成仅在Glu-A1(1亚基或N亚基)与Glu-B1(14 15亚基或17 18亚基)位点有差异。Glu-A1位点1亚基的SDS沉降值显著高于N亚基,1亚基的峰高、7 min尾高显著大于N亚基,而在和面时间、7 min带宽以及衰落角(耐揉性),两亚基间差异不显著。Glu-B1位点亚基间SDS沉降值17 18>14 15/17 18>14 15,和面时间、7 min带宽两个指标17 18亚基显著高于14 15亚基,衰落角显著小于14 15亚基,峰高和7 min尾高差异不显著。对Glu-A1和Glu-B1两位点互作,除7 min带宽互作达5%显著水平外,其它四个指标均未达显著水平。1亚基相对于N亚基,17 18亚基相对于14 15亚基,虽以SDS沉降值为标准其效应相当,但两者却作用于面团的不同性能。     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因 Dx5 的克隆与生物信息学分析

小麦籽粒中高分子量麦谷蛋白的含量与小麦的品质密切相关。通过Blast检索和生物信息学分析设计小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因Dx5的特异引物,以优质小麦济麦20基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增后测序,获得长度为2 619 bp的序列。生物信息学分析表明其开放阅读框长度为2 520 bp,编码839个氨基酸残基,与GenBank数据库中的Dx5蛋白质一致性最高达到99%,且具有高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基结构域。该序列命名为JMDx5,提交GenBank数据库后被接收,登录号为KJ144185,为后续研究其表达机理及改良小麦品质奠定了基础。     

小麦低分子量谷蛋白亚基基因5′侧翼保守序列染色体组特异性DNA变异的分析及验证

根据33个低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)基因5′侧翼序列的相似性进行聚类分析, 可将其划分成8个类群, 这与基于N末端推导氨基酸序列进行的类群划分结果完全一致. 序列比对发现, 各类群基因5′侧翼保守序列间存在DNA多态性, 共发现34个多态性位点, 其中18个为潜在单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms). 除1个LMW-GS类群之外, 其余7个类群的5′侧翼序列均具有类群特异性DNA变异位点. 根据类群间的DNA多态性对这7个类群设计了特异引物, 利用普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种中国春及其第1同源群双端体系对其进行染色体定位分析, 揭示了1AS, 1BS和1DS上分别有第2, 1和4类群. 对PCR产物的克隆测序进一步验证了不同染色体组上的LMW-GS基因类群间5′侧翼序列具有特异性. 这些结果表明, LMW-GS基因的编码区及其5′侧翼保守序列可能是协调进化的. 本文报道的7对引物可对7类LMW-GS基因的完整编码区进行特异扩增, 因而能在小麦复杂的遗传背景下有目的地对某一类LMW-GS基因进行分离克隆, 这有助于弄清单个LMW-GS对小麦品质的贡献. 同时, 在小麦育种中, 这些标记对于有效地选择与品质密切相关的LMW-GS组分有一定应用价值.     

乌拉尔图小麦（Triticumurartu）lAy高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因编码区的克隆与鉴定

应用简并性引物和基因组PCR反应从乌拉尔图小麦(Triticumurartu)不同种质材料中获得并测定了表达型和沉默型lAy高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因全长编码区的基因组DNA序列。表达型lAy基因编码区的序列与前人已发表的y型高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因编码区的序列高度同源,由其推导的lAy亚基的一级结构与已知的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基相似。在细菌细胞中,表达型lAy基因编码区的克隆序列可经诱导而产生lAy蛋白,该蛋白与种子中lAy亚基在电泳迁移率和抗原性上类似,表明所克隆的序列真实地代表了表达型lAy基因的全长编码区。但是,本研究所克隆的沉默型lAy基因的编码区序列因含有3个提前终止子而不能翻译成完整的lAy蛋白。讨论了表达型lAy基因在小麦籽粒加工品质改良中的潜在利用价值以及lAy基因沉默的机制。     

Functional properties of a new low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene from a bread wheat cultivar

Some allelic forms of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) can greatly influence the end-use of wheat flours, understanding the function of each allele of LMW-GS is important to wheat quality breeding. A LMW-GS gene XYGluD3-LMWGS 1(AY263369) has been cloned from bread wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6. The deduced protein contained nine cystine residues, one more than that in all other LMW-GSs reported previously, indicating that it is either a new gene or a new allele of a known LMW-GS gene. In this study, the gene was expressed in E. coil in large scale for the testing of its functional property. Reactive Red 120-Agarose resin was used efficiently to purify the expressed LMW-GS proteins from bacteria, with the lactic acid–sodium lactate buffer (pH 4.5) which contained low concentration SDS as elution solution. The purified protein (belonging to the LMW-m family, MW about 35 KDa) was supplemented into a base flour, the results of 10 g dough mixing test indicated that incorporation of the LMW-GS increased the strength of the dough, with significant increases in mixing time (MT) and peak width (PW), and decrease in breakdown in resistance (RBD) compared with the control. In addition, the dough with incorporation of the LMW-GS had more glutenin macropolyeric protein than the control, suggesting that the LMW-GS participated in forming larger glutenin polymers, and greatly contributed to dough strength. The changes in mixing parameters and the amount of glutenin macropolyeric protein were related to the quantity of incorporating subunits.     

Characterization of a Low-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit Gene from Bread Wheat and the Corresponding Protein That Represents a Major Subunit of the Glutenin Polymer

Both high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) play the major role in determining the viscoelastic properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour. To date there has been no clear correspondence between the amino acid sequences of LMW-GS derived from DNA sequencing and those of actual LMW-GS present in the endosperm. We have characterized a particular LMW-GS from hexaploid bread wheat, a major component of the glutenin polymer, which we call the 42K LMW-GS, and have isolated and sequenced the putative corresponding gene. Extensive amino acid sequences obtained directly for this 42K LMW-GS indicate correspondence between this protein and the putative corresponding gene. This subunit did not show a cysteine (Cys) at position 5, in contrast to what has frequently been reported for nucleotide-based sequences of LMW-GS. This Cys has been replaced by one occurring in the repeated-sequence domain, leaving the total number of Cys residues in the molecule the same as in various other LMW-GS. On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence and literature-based assignment of disulfide linkages, a computer-generated molecular model of the 42K subunit was constructed.     

Development of primers specific for LMW-GS genes located on chromosome 1D and molecular characterization of a gene from Glu-D3 complex locus in bread wheat

Glutenins are multimeric aggregates of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) subunits, which determine the quality in wheat. Development of locus-specific primers is an important step toward cloning specific LMW glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) by PCR method. Based on the publicly available, a pair of primer, namely primer 3 (5' TTGTAGAAACTGCCATCCTT 3') and primer 4 (5' GTCACCGCTGCAT CGACATA 3') was designed and verified to specific for LMW-GS genes located on chromosome 1D in this study. The LMW-GS gene located at the Glu-D3 locus in bread wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 was cloned using this pair of primer. The clone designated as XYGluD3-LMWGS1 (AY263369), contains the endosperm-specific-expression promoter and the entire coding region. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the XYGluD3-LMWGS1 with other reported LMW-GS genes located at different Glu-3 loci showed the degree of identity among them ranged from 59.57% to 99.78%. The LMW-GS genes at the same locus showed more similar to each other than to the gene at different locus. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the XYGluD3-LMWGS1 with the sequences of 12 group LMW-GSs of wheat cultivar Norin 61 showed that the deduced amino acid sequence was nearly the same to LMW-GS group 10 (identity 99.67%). The deduced LMW-GS contains nine cystine residues, which contained one more cystine residue in the C-terminal conserved domain than previous reported. This was the first LMW-GS gene encoding for a LMW-GS with 9 cystine residues that has been discovered so far.     

New insights into the organization, recombination, expression and functional mechanism of low molecular weight glutenin subunit genes in bread wheat

The bread-making quality of wheat is strongly influenced by multiple low molecular weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) proteins expressed in the seeds. However, the organization, recombination and expression of LMW-GS genes and their functional mechanism in bread-making are not well understood. Here we report a systematic molecular analysis of LMW-GS genes located at the orthologous Glu-3 loci (Glu-A3, B3 and D3) of bread wheat using complementary approaches (genome wide characterization of gene members, expression profiling, proteomic analysis). Fourteen unique LMW-GS genes were identified for Xiaoyan 54 (with superior bread-making quality). Molecular mapping and recombination analyses revealed that the three Glu-3 loci of Xiaoyan 54 harbored dissimilar numbers of LMW-GS genes and covered different genetic distances. The number of expressed LMW-GS in the seeds was higher in Xiaoyan 54 than in Jing 411 (with relatively poor bread-making quality). This correlated with the finding of higher numbers of active LMW-GS genes at the A3 and D3 loci in Xiaoyan 54. Association analysis using recombinant inbred lines suggested that positive interactions, conferred by genetic combinations of the Glu-3 locus alleles with more numerous active LMW-GS genes, were generally important for the recombinant progenies to attain high Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV), an important indicator of bread-making quality. A higher number of active LMW-GS genes tended to lead to a more elevated ZSV, although this tendency was influenced by genetic background. This work provides substantial new insights into the genomic organization and expression of LMW-GS genes, and molecular genetic evidence suggesting that these genes contribute quantitatively to bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat. Our analysis also indicates that selection for high numbers of active LMW-GS genes can be used for improvement of bread-making quality in wheat breeding.     

Structure,variation and expression analysis of glutenin gene promoters from Triticum aestivum cultivar Chinese Spring shows the distal region of promoter 1Bx7 is key regulatory sequence

In this study, ten glutenin gene promoters were isolated from model wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) using a genomic PCR strategy with gene-specific primers. Six belonged to high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) gene promoters, and four to low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS). Sequence lengths varied from 1361 to 2554 bp. We show that the glutenin gene promoter motifs are conserved in diverse sequences in this study, with HMW-GS and LMW-GS gene promoters characterized by distinct conserved motif combinations. Our findings show that HMW-GS promoters contain more functional motifs in the distal region of the glutenin gene promoter (> − 700 bp) compared with LMW-GS. The y-type HMW-GS gene promoters possess unique motifs including RY repeat and as-2 box compared to the x-type. We also identified important motifs in the distal region of HMW-GS gene promoters including the 5′-UTR Py-rich stretch motif and the as-2 box motif. We found that cis-acting elements in the distal region of promoter 1Bx7 enhanced the expression of HMW-GS gene 1Bx7. Taken together, these data support efforts in designing molecular breeding strategies aiming to improve wheat quality. Our results offer insight into the regulatory mechanisms of glutenin gene expression.     

Diversity of Novel Glutenin Subunits in Bread Wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Glutenin is a major determinant of baking performance and viscoelasticity, which are responsible for high-quality bread with a light porous crumb structure of a well-leavened loaf. We analyzed the diversity of glutenin genes from six wheat cultivars (Korean cvs. Keumgang and Jinpum, Chinese cvs. China-108 and Yeonnon-78, and Japanese cvs. Norin-61 and Kantou-107). Glutenins contain two types of isoforms such as high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS). Glutenin fractions were extracted from wheat endosperm using Osborne solubility method. A total of 217 protein spots were separated on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with isoelectric focusing (wide range of pH 3–10). The proteins spots were subjected to tryptic digestion and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. HMW-GS (43 isoforms) and LMW-GS (seven isoforms) are directly responsible for producing high-quality bread and noodles. Likewise, all the seed storage proteins are digested to provide nutrients for the embryo during seed germination and seedling growth. We identified the diverse glutenin subunits in wheat cultivars and compared the gluten isoforms among different wheat cultivars according to quality. This work gives an insight on the quality improvement in wheat crop.     

PCR-based isolation and identification of full-length low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GSs) are encoded by a multi-gene family and are essential for determining the quality of wheat flour products, such as bread and noodles. However, the exact role or contribution of individual LMW-GS genes to wheat quality remains unclear. This is, at least in part, due to the difficulty in characterizing complete sequences of all LMW-GS gene family members in bread wheat. To identify full-length LMW-GS genes, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was established, consisting of newly designed conserved primers and the previously developed LMW-GS gene molecular marker system. Using the PCR-based method, 17 LMW-GS genes were identified and characterized in Xiaoyan 54, of which 12 contained full-length sequences. Sequence alignments showed that 13 LMW-GS genes were identical to those found in Xiaoyan 54 using the genomic DNA library screening, and the other four full-length LMW-GS genes were first isolated from Xiaoyan 54. In Chinese Spring, 16 unique LMW-GS genes were isolated, and 13 of them contained full-length coding sequences. Additionally, 16 and 17 LMW-GS genes in Dongnong 101 and Lvhan 328 (chosen from the micro-core collections of Chinese germplasm), respectively, were also identified. Sequence alignments revealed that at least 15 LMW-GS genes were common in the four wheat varieties, and allelic variants of each gene shared high sequence identities (>95%) but exhibited length polymorphism in repetitive regions. This study provides a PCR-based method for efficiently identifying LMW-GS genes in bread wheat, which will improve the characterization of complex members of the LMW-GS gene family and facilitate the understanding of their contributions to wheat quality.