籼型黑米粒形性状的遗传效应及其与矿质元素含量的遗传相关性

采用禾谷类作物种子数量性状的遗传模型,分析了灿型黑米稻品种双列杂交F1和F2种子的粒重,粒长,粒宽和粒长／粒宽等粒形性状的遗传效应及其与米粒中矿质元素Fe,Zn,Mn和P含量的遗传相关性,结果表明：4种粒形性状同时受制于种子直接遗传效应,母体效应和细胞质作用影响,其中种子直接遗传效应比母体效应和细胞质效应的作用更大,且种子直接遗传效应以加性效应占主导,粒重,粒宽和粒长／粒宽的种子直接遗传率较高,杂种早代单粒选择效果较好,粒长的种子直接遗传率和母体遗传率均属中等,较高世代的杂种进行单株选择和单粒选择均有一定效果,4种粒形性状与其米粒中矿质元素Fe,Zn,Mn和P含量表现较强的种子直接加性相关,直接显性相关,细胞质相关,母体加性相关和母体显性相关,在特种稻育种实践中,可以通过粒形性的间接选择,达到改良其矿质元素含量等营养品质性状的目标。     

普通玉米籽粒性状的遗传效应分析

采用二倍体种子遗传模型及其分析方法,研究了５个玉米籽粒性状的直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应．分析结果表明,各性状的遗传同时受种子直接效应和母体效应的影响,细胞质基因对百粒重和粒宽具有极显著影响．除粒长、粒厚的直接显性效应与母体显性效应间的协方差外,直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著．因此,通过母体植株的表现可对这些性状进行有效的选择．Ｓ_２２和 ８７－１是改良粒重的优良亲本．选择粒较宽的自交系作母本有利于提高后代选系及Ｆ_１的百粒重．     

玉米籽粒性状的遗传模型研究

用１０个遗传上和籽粒形态性状上具有差异的玉米自交系,依多种可能的交配方法获得亲本Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｆ１（Ｐ１× Ｐ２）、Ｆ２、Ｂ１（Ｆ１×Ｐ１）、Ｂ２（Ｆ１× Ｐ２）及其相应反交ＲＦ１、ＲＦ２、ＲＢ１、ＲＢ２共１０个种子世代。种植２年。依广义遗传模型建立包括种子胚乳加性、胚乳显性、母体加性、母体显性和细胞质效应的遗传模型,运用种子数量性状的精细鉴别法［１］和混合模型分析法［２,３］,对粒长、粒宽、粒长宽比、粒厚及百粒重作了性状表达遗传机制的鉴别与探讨。单个组合的遗传模型精细测验表明,５个籽粒性状的遗传主要受母体显性和胚乳基因型（包括加性和灵性）的控制,一个组合的粒宽、粒厚和百粒重上还检测到细胞质效应。对２５对 Ｆ１正反交组合世代均值依ＭＩＮＱＵＥ法分析的结果表明,５个籽粒性状的遗传方差中,母体遗传方差占６０％以上,胚乳基因型方差低于４０％,粒长和百粒重还有细胞质效应,约占１０％～３０％。可见,籽粒性状的遗传特点是受多套遗传系统控制,其中以母体基因型的作用最大。     

玉米籽粒性状的遗传效应分析

采用二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳种子遗传模型及其分析方法,以5个玉米自交系及其配制的F1,F2,BC1,BC2世代为材料,研究5个玉米种子性状的胚直接效应、胚乳直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应。分析结果表明,除粒宽外,各性状的遗传同时由细胞质效应和胚、胚乳、母体基因效应所控制,百粒重主要受胚乳和母体效应的影响,粒长的遗传以母体效应为主,粒宽和粒厚以胚乳效应为主。各部位籽粒百粒重的胚乳直接加性效应与母体加性效应的协方差达到显著或极显著水平,其余性状的胚、胚乳直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著,通过母体植株的遗传表现可以对这些性状进行有效的选择。S22 是改良百粒重的优良亲本。 Abstract：The embryo,endosperm and cytoplasm effects of seven seed traits were studied by genetic model for diploid embryo and triploid endosperm plant seeds using five inbreds and their F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations. The estimates of genetic variance components indicated that the inheritance of all other kernel traits was controlled by the four effects except kernel width. The 100?kernel weight was mainly controlled by endosperm and maternal effects , and kernel length was controlled by the maternal effects,while endosperm conrrolled kernel width and kernel thickness. Except the significant or highly significant covariances between the endosperm direct additive and maternal additive effects for 100－kernel weight,all other traits between the embryo or endosperm direct effect and the maternal were not significant. So,maize inbreds could be developed by direct selection based on maternal plants for these traits. S22 was the best inbred of the improvement for kernel weight in this study.     

水稻粒形遗传的研究进展

水稻（Oryza sativa）粒形性状包括粒长、粒宽、粒厚、粒重和长宽比等,是构成水稻产量的重要因素之一。因此,阐明水稻粒形遗传控制的机理,对提高水稻产量具有十分重要的意义。水稻粒形的遗传是多基因共同作用的数量性状遗传,相对于单一基因控制的性状,研究要相对复杂。该文综述了水稻粒形的遗传特点、QTL定位和基因克隆,并展望了粒形遗传的研究前景。     

黑米中矿质元素铁、锌、锰、磷含量的遗传效应研究

采用禾谷类作物种子胚乳数量性状模型,分析黑米稻品种双列杂交Ｆ１和Ｆ２种子的Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｐ含量的遗传效应。结果表明,４种矿质元素含量同时受制于种子直接遗传效应、母体效应和细胞质作用影响。其中,Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ含量的种子直接效应比母体效应和细胞质效应的作用更大;Ｐ含量则主要受种子直接加性、母体加性和显性效应共同作用。Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ含量的种子直接遗传率较高,在杂种早代分别结合农艺性状选择单株上各     

水稻粒形性状的遗传及相关基因定位与克隆研究进展

作物育种的首要目标是提高产量。水稻粒形是与水稻产量性状直接相关,与品质性状存在着密切关系的数量性状,其评价指标主要是粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长/宽和长/厚。近年来,水稻粒形的数量遗传研究取得了重要进展,并成功定位克隆了一批控制水稻粒形的基因。文章综述了水稻粒形的经典遗传研究、QTL定位、粒形基因的克隆和功能分析以及在水稻超高产育种中的利用。     

水稻亚种间杂交粒重及加工品质性状的遗传效应分析

用4个广亲和粳型品种和5个籼型品种为材料,按NCⅡ设计配制杂交组合,获得同一环境下的亲本及F_1植株上的籽粒群体(F_2),对其稻谷千粒重、糙米千粒重、出糙率、总精米率以及整精米率等粒重和加工品质性状进行测定,并按胚乳性状遗传模型和混合线性模型的分析方法对籼粳亚种间杂交稻粒重及加工品质性状的遗传效应进行了研究,结果表明:籼粳交籽粒的粒重及各加工品质性状同时受到胚乳直接基因效应、母体基因效应以及微弱的细胞质效应的影响,但其主要受制于母体加性效应,并且存在一定的胚乳杂种优势和母体杂种优势;不同亲本品种对于粒重及加工品质性状的遗传改良具有不同的作用.     

籼型杂种稻米品质性状的数量遗传分析

应用新近提出的ｐ＾＋ｑ＾＋ｐｑ交配设计的种子性状遗传表达鉴别方法,分析了籼型水稻３个不育系和１０个恢复系配组的３０个杂种Ｆ１植株上的Ｆ２种子及其亲本的９个稻米品质性状。结果表明：（１）粒长、粒宽、粒重、糙米率和完整精米率５个性状在Ｆ２米粒间没有发生遗传分离,它们的遗传受二倍体母体基因型（Ｆ１植株）控制。（２）垩白率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度４个性状则在Ｆ２米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,帮主要受三     

籼稻稻米外观品质的细胞质,母体和胚乳遗传效应分析

利用浙协2号A等9个籼型不育系和T49等5个籼型恢复系进行不完全双列杂交,研究了籼稻稻米外观品质的遗传效应．结果表明,稻米外观品质性状的表现受制于胚乳、母体和细胞质三套遗传体系．糙米长、长宽比和长厚比等性状以母体遗传率为主,而糙米宽和糙米厚则以胚乳直接遗传率为主,糙米长和长宽比等性状的细胞质遗传率亦很重要．结果还发现外观品质性状间存在着较强的遗传相关,其中糙米长与糙米宽、糙米长与糙米厚、糙米宽与糙米厚、糙米宽与长宽比、糙米厚与长厚比以及糙米长宽比与长厚比性状间以胚乳直接加性和母体加性相关为主．而糙米长与长宽比、糙米长与长厚比、糙米宽与长厚比以及糙米厚与长宽比性状间则以胚乳直接显性和母体显性相关为主．就外观品质的总体情况而言,遗传效应预测值表明参试亲本以V20A、作5A和测早2-2较好,其各种遗传效应能够显著改善稻米品质性状。V20A／102和作5A／测早2-2等组合具有较好的稻米外观品质．     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea

The heritability, the number of segregating genes and the type of gene interaction of nine agronomic traits were analysed based on F₂ populations of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea through ovary culture. The nine traits—plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, length of pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight—had heritabilities of 0.927, 0.215, 0.172, 0.381, 0.360, 0.972, 0.952, 0.516 and 0.987 respectively, while the mean numbers of controlling genes for these characters were 7.4, 10.4, 9.9, 12.9, 11.5, 21.7, 20.5, 19.8 and 6.4 respectively. According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, no significant gene interaction was found for plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield per plant is an important target for oilseed production. In partial correlation analysis, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were positively correlated with seed yield per plant. On the other hand, length of pod was negatively correlated (r = -0.69) with seed yield per plant. Other agronomic characters had no significant correlation to seed yield per plant. In this experiment, the linear regressions of seed yield per plant and other agronomic traits were also analysed. The linear regression equation wasy = 0.074x₈ + 1.819x₉ + 6.72x₁₂ -60.78 (R ² = 0.993), wherex ₈, x₉ and x₁₂ represent number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight respectively. The experiment also showed that erucic acid and oil contents of seeds from F₂ plants were lower than those of their maternal parents. However, glucosinolate content was higher than that of the maternal plants. As for protein content, similar results were found in the F₂ plants and their maternal parents. It was shown that the four quality traits, i.e. erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil content, and protein content, had heritability values of 0.614, 0.405, 0.153 and 0.680 respectively.     

Inheritance of seed yield and quality traits in peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Summary A half diallel analysis involving nine cultivars showed that additive as well as non-additive gene effects were important for the inheritance of seed yield per plant, 100-seed weights, protein content and potassium per cent. For remaining traits non-additive genetic components were important. Overdominance was observed for all traits except for 100-seed weight, which expressed partial dominance. Parents PMR-T10, EC21857, EC109182, T163 and EC109189 were good general combiners for seed yield, seed weight and quality traits. In general there was a good relationship between per se performance and the gca effects of the parents for all traits. Cross combinations such as LMR8 x EC109182,LMR8 x PMR-T10,LMR8 x EC21857,PMRT10 x EC21857 and P23 x EC21857 were found promising. The seed yield was positively correlated with other quality traits. Protein had a positive correlation with methionine and phosphorus. All the values of correlation co-efficients were non-significant except for yield with potassium, 100-seed weight and protein with methionine, indicating that yield and quality attributes can be improved simultaneously by simple selection procedures.     

苦荞重组自交系群体籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状分析

为揭示影响苦荞籽粒黄酮含量的主要因素,获得高黄酮含量的苦荞种质,该文以“小米荞×晋荞2号”重组自交系(RILs)群体为材料,采用酶标仪检测籽粒黄酮含量,调查了百粒重、籽粒长宽比、株高、分枝数及籽粒产量等性状的变异,并探究籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状之间的相关关系,比较了不同粒色、不同粒型苦荞株系的籽粒黄酮含量的差异,基于聚类分析筛选了高黄酮含量和高产优异株系。结果表明:(1)父本‘晋荞2号’的籽粒黄酮含量、籽粒产量、百粒重和籽粒长宽比均极显著高于母本‘小米荞’;RILs群体中籽粒黄酮含量的范围是1.34%~3.05%,变异系数为12.23%;产量性状的变异系数范围在9.38%~25.17%,其中籽粒产量最大,百粒重次之,籽粒长宽比最小;籽粒黄酮含量和产量性状呈现连续地近似正态分布,并存在明显的双向超亲现象。(2)苦荞籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状均不存在显著相关性;籽粒产量与百粒重、株高存在极显著正相关。(3)不同粒色和不同果壳类型的株系间籽粒黄酮含量差异不显著。(4)在欧式距离为17.6~20.6处,219个株系可聚为6类,其中C3类群和C6类群籽粒黄酮含量最高,均值分别为2.39%和2.35%,C2类群在籽粒产量、株高、分枝数、百粒重、籽粒长宽比等方面表现良好。