山西省虫生真菌生态多样性研究

为探讨山西省主要植被区的虫生真菌资源区系分布特点 ,于 1996～ 2 0 0 1年连续对山西省境内芦芽山、庞泉沟、蟒河 3个国家级保护区的虫生真菌进行了生态多样性研究。采集的 4 6 9份昆虫标本中有 2 76份分离出真菌 ,总检出率为 5 8.8%。根据菌落形态、营养体、孢子等特征将 12 4株虫生真菌初步鉴定到属 ,其中 110株已鉴定到种和专化型 ,共计 10属 2 5种。对各地区和各生境中真菌类群进行统计比较的结果表明 ,各保护区内虫生真菌物种资源都很丰富 ,广泛分布在不同的生境中 ,但具有明显的地域性分布特点。从菌株数量来看 ,从大到小依次为蟒河(45株 ) >庞泉沟 (40株 ) >芦芽山 (39株 ) ;从属的种类来看 ,蟒河地区 (10属 )标本中的类群略多于其他 2个自然保护区 ;但从属内种类多样性来看 ,蟒河 (18种 )明显比其他 2个自然保护区丰富。白僵菌 (Beauveriaspp .)、绿僵菌 (Metarhiziumspp .)等优势类群具有明显的垂直分布带谱和小生境分布特点 ,中等海拔区域 (10 0 0～ 2 0 0 0m)分离菌株数最多 ,占到 6 6 %以上 ,包含种类最丰富 ,几乎囊括了所有种类 ,混交林、阔叶林和溪边灌林中 ,虫生真菌种类丰富 ,分布均匀 ,尤以混交林中菌株最多 ,共 2 3株 ,占到 37% ,种类也最丰富 ,包含 8种     

中国淡水鱼类寄生单殖吸虫锚首虫四新种：指环虫目：锚首虫科

本文报道并叙述我国四种寄生于淡水鱼上的锚首虫,它们是:福建锚首虫、江西锚首虫、鄱阳锚首虫和钱塘锚首虫,分别寄生于鳅、(鱼勾)和(鱼骨)属淡水鱼的鳃丝上,分布在我国福建建瓯、江西鄱阳湖、浙江曹娥江、钱塘江等淡水江湖中。文内各新种和相似种列表并描述了在形态特征上的相互差別,以确定该新种的成立。     

额尔齐斯河鱼类双身虫科一种属新记录

研究报道了2009年4月至2013年5月采自新疆北部额尔齐斯河(中国段)东方欧鳊(Abramis brama orientalis Berg, 1949)鳃上的1种双身虫科(Diplozoidae Palombi, 1949)、双身虫亚科(Diplozoinae Palombi, 1949)、双身虫属(Diplozoon Nordmann, 1832)的奇异双身虫(Diplozoon paradoxum Nordmann, 1832)。所获标本与Nordmann (1832)的原始描述基本一致, 仅各部分度量等方面略有差异, 经比较鉴定, 为我国一新记录种。同时, 双身虫属在我国也尚属首次发现, 为我国一新记录属。研究对奇异双身虫的主要形态特征进行了描述并绘制了全图和特征图, 测定其ITS-2 rDNA序列并与GenBank同亚科虫种进行比对, 确定其与欧洲已发现的奇异双身虫相似度达到99.5%, 并对该寄生虫的地理分布特点进行了探讨。       

中国齿隐翅虫属斑齿隐翅虫亚属(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,筒隐翅虫亚科)分类学研究

齿隐翅虫属Priochirus种类多见于腐木树皮下,是重要的腐木甲虫.其中斑齿隐翅虫亚属的物种比较稀少,目前全世界仅记录3种.本文记述产于我国云南的齿隐翅虫属斑齿隐翅虫亚属1新种,硕斑齿隐翅虫Priochirus(Stigma-tochirus)magnificus sp.nov,及1新纪录种,阿斑齿隐翅虫Priochirus(Stigmatochirus)abori Bernhauer.文中物种检索表包括了世界现有的3种及新种共4个种.所有标本材料(包括所有模式标本)都保存在中国科学院动物研究所.     

(虫+责)科昆虫地理分布研究初探

本文就(虫+责)科昆虫的起源，各亚科、族及属的分布特点进行了分析和总结；并根据各属的世界分布情况，将其分为8种类型。文中还就中国(虫+责)科昆虫的地理分布及特点作了初步的探讨，结果表明：在我国已知的2亚科4族20个属中，东洋区分布的有10个属，其中有3个属仅分布于我国；古北区分布的有1个属；东洋-古北区分布的有3个属；东洋-新北区分布的有1个属；东洋-古北-新北区分布的有4个属；东洋-古北-新北-非洲区分布的有1个属。此外，(虫+责)科昆虫在中国的一个主要分布特点就是多数种类集中分布于华中区、华南区和西南区；而华中区则很可能是(虫+责)科种类的分化中心，并以此为中心向其他区扩散。     

胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用研究进展

胭脂虫DactylopiuscoccusCosta属同翅目(Homoptera)洋红蚧科(Dactylopiidae)洋红蚧属(Dactylopius),其饲养和应用历史悠久。从干燥的雌性胭脂虫体内可以提取出一种红色色素——胭脂虫红。胭脂虫红主要由胭脂红酸、胭脂酮酸、虫漆酸D、DCⅣ(2-C-α-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷)、DCⅦ(2-C-β-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷)以及Spiroketalcarminic acid等组成,具有极高的稳定性和安全性,应用范围极为广泛,可用于医药、天然色素添加剂和化妆品等领域,价格非常昂贵。鼓励边远地区的农民饲养胭脂虫曾是云南等省份的扶贫工作之一。胭脂虫红质量的高低受多方面因素影响,如个体内在因素(性别、生长发育阶段等)、环境因素(温度、湿度、光照、害虫等)。目前,可采用核磁共振光谱法NMR、高效液相色谱结合二极管阵列和串联质谱与电喷雾电离HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS、三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析、多变量统计分析等技术检测和鉴定胭脂虫红。本文综述了胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用,以期得到昆虫学业内更广泛的关注。     

川、滇束毛隐翅虫属初记(鞘翅目：隐翅虫科，大眼隐翅虫亚科)

束毛隐翅虫属(Dianous Leach,1819)为大眼隐翅虫亚科(Steninae)的二属之一。根据眼稍小,后颊较长,第9腹板端侧各有一束长毛,不难与亚科中另一属(大眼隐翅虫属Stenus)区分。该属主要分布于南亚、东南亚及东亚地区,全世界已知91种(Puthz,1981)。中国已记载的21种中,四川分布2种,云南8种,台湾、福建等10种,香港1种。本文就川、滇标本,报道已鉴定出的14种(其中包括7新种,1新亚种,1中国新纪录)。模式标本保存在四川师范学院生物系。     

北极、南极和西藏有壳虫区系与分布

有壳虫(Testacea)是一类常见的自由生活的原生动物,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用.作者在分析地球三极(北极、南极、西藏)地区有壳虫种类名录(62属315种)基础上,对有壳虫区系特征、地理分布及其影响因素进行了研究.结果显示,北极地区已记录25科51属232种;南极地区20科30属131种;西藏地区22科42属173种.三个地区物种丰富度最高的属均为砂壳虫属(Difflugia)、匣壳虫属(Centropyxis)、梨壳虫属(Nebela)、鳞壳虫属(Euglypha)和表壳虫属(Arcella);5个属的种数分别占北极、南极、西藏总种数的51.3%、63.4%和60.1%.此外,3个地区共有种数是73(23.2%),共有属数是24(38.7%);仅在1个地区记录的种数是167种(53.0%).在三极地区40个亚区域,苔藓鳞盖虫(Assulina muscorum)和旋匣壳虫(Centropyxis aerophila)的分布最广泛,出现频率均高达90%.聚类分析显示,三个地区种水平相似性系数为51.3-56.3%,属于中等相似,北极和西藏相似系数最大.相似性分析表明,虽然有壳虫具有较强的长距离被动扩散能力,但是一些大于100μm的种类不是全球性分布.有壳虫的地理分布格局与个体大小、生境类型、地质历史事件等密切相关,分析结果受物种鉴定标准、样品数量、空间尺度大小等因素影响.     

简隐翅虫亚属两新种记述(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,虎隐翅虫亚科)

记述虎隐翅虫属Stenus简隐翅虫亚属Hypostenus 2新种：Stenus（Hypostenus）oligochaetus sp.nov.和S.（Hy.）polychaetus sp.nov..新种标本均采自中国云南省.本文提供了新种的主要特征图：雄性第8节和第9节腹板及阳茎.并简要回顾了该亚属中国种类的研究历史.新种模式标本保藏在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆.     

鲷无胄虫的描述及无胄虫科的分类地位

对寄生于大亚湾黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)体表的鲷无胄虫(Anoplodiscus spari)进行了形态描述, 并扩增了该虫的28S rDNA C1-D2区部分序列, 构建了相关类群的分子系统树, 探讨了无胄虫科的分类地位。结果显示: 所获标本与Ogawa等的描述基本一致, 但交接管基部及末端位置略有不同: 本研究标本的交接管基部始于支持器的下方、末端于支持器三分叉的中支略伸出, 而Ogawa等的标本交接管基部靠近支持器三叉处、末端从三叉处延伸并略弯曲; 无胄虫属(Anoplodiscus)为单系起源, 隶属于指环虫目、四钩虫亚目、无胄虫科(Anoplodiscidae), 无胄虫科是一独立的科, 在分类地位上与四钩虫科(Tetraonchidae)互为姐妹群, 与Udonellidae科和微沟科(Microbothriidae)的关系较远。     

Inter- and intraspecific variation in the life histories of three sympatric isopods in a Hong Kong forest

There is a paucity of data on the life-history strategies of tropical animals. Accordingly, the inter and intraspecific life-history variations of three sympatric isopods, Burmoniscus oceliutus (Philosciidae), Formosillo raffaelei and Orodillo maculatus (Armadillidae), were studied at two sites in a Hong Kong forest. All three isopods were iteroparous. Burmoniscus oceilutus had more frequent breeding bouts, and smaller broods than O. muculutus and F. raffaelei. Although the three isopods had different life spans, brood numbers and life-time fecundities, their rates of offspring production (number of eggs per month) were similar. The Hong Kong isopods had longer breeding periods, a greater number of broods per life time, and lower reproductive allocation per brood than their temperate counterparts. These findings were consistent with the predictions of r - and K-theory. Intraspecific, between-site differences in fecundity and brood dry weight of F. raffaelei could probably be explained by the variations in the size of gravid females. Burmoniscus ocellutus produced heavier eggs at the site with a higher population density, suggesting that conditions at the site with a higher isopod density may be more K-selecting. Female-biased sex ratios, possibly resulting from differential sex-specific mortality, were common among the isopod samples, and the possible adaptive significance of this pattern was discussed. The potential influence of phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of life-history strategies was also considered.     

Taxonomic study of the Burmoniscus ocellatus complex (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) in Japan shows genetic diversification in the southern Ryukyus, southwestern Japan

To clarify the taxonomic status of the Burmoniscus ocellatus complex in Japan, we carried out morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of specimens collected from Yonagunijima, Iriomotejima, Ishigakijima, and Miyakojima Islands of the southern Ryukyus and from Okinawajima Island of the central Ryukyus in southwestern Japan. Observations of the holotypes of Aphiloscia iriomotensis ( Nunomura, 1986 ), Ap. ishigakiensis ( Nunomura, 1986 ), and Ap. yonakuniensis ( Nunomura, 1986 ), in addition to the specimens newly collected from the five islands, indicated that these specimens belong to the genus Burmoniscus. Analyses of five morphological characters of 268 specimens collected from the five islands showed that the body size of Okinawajima specimens is distinctly smaller than those of the specimens from the southern Ryukyus. The ranges of the five morphological characters tended to overlap among the specimens from Yonagunijima, Iriomotejima, Ishigakijima and Miyakojima Islands; these morphological characters were congruent with those of 6. ocellatus (Verhoeff, 1928). The phylogenetic analyses were based on three regions of mitochondrial DNA-COI, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA-and indicated that the specimens collected from the southern Ryukyus constitute a monophyletic group, which is clearly distinct from the clade composed of the Okinawajima specimens. These results strongly suggest that Ap. iriomotensis, Ap. ishigakiensis, and Ap. yonakuniensis are synonymous with B. ocellatus, a species widely distributed in the southern Ryukyus. On the other hand, the species from Okinawajima Island in the central Ryukyus is considered to be an undescribed Burmoniscus species, which is closely related to but clearly distinct from S. ocellatus.     

Seasonal changes in populations of three sympatric isopods in a Hong Kong forest

Data on the population dynamics of tropical isopods in general, and those inhabiting forests in particular, are scarce. Consequently, the population dynamics of three sympatric isopods, Burmoniscus ocellatus (Philosciidae), Formosillo raffaelei and Orodillo maculatus (Armadillidae), were studied at two neighbouring sites in a mixed forest in Hong Kong between March 1985 and December 1986. Isopod population densities varied with the species, site and season, with mean densities ranging from 100–150 m^-2. Burmoniscus ocellatus and F. raffaelei had a single recruitment peak per year, while O. maculatus had two. Results of the present study revealed that air temperature was the main factor explaining seasonal variations in population density, while rainfall exerted its effect with a two- to three-week time-lag, depending on the species studied. Approximately 20% of Formosillo raffaelei and O. maculatus sampled were found infected by Rickettsiella bacteria. The possible influence of pathogens, and other biotic factors, on the dynamics of the Hong Kong isopod populations was discussed     

Burmoniscus kitadaitoensis Nunomura, 2009 (Crustacea,Isopoda, Oniscidea) from southern Japan,a junior synonym of B. meeusei (Holthuis, 1947)

Re-examination of the holotype of Burmoniscus kitadaitoensis Nunomura, 2009 from Kitadaitojima Island, southern Japan reveals that this species is a junior synonym of B. meeusei (Holthuis, 1947). Partial regions of mitochondrial COI, 12S and 16S rRNA genes, and nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes were detected for species identification in the future.     

西双版纳地区的陆生等足类(甲壳亚门:等足目:潮虫亚目)

本文记述西双版纳地区陆生等足类１７种,包括７新种。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。种类名录如下。喜阴虫科Ｐｈｉｌｏｓｃｉｄａｅ 叶肢缅甸虫Ｂｕｒｍｏｎｉｓｃｕｓ ｌｏｂａｔｕｓ Ｋｗｏｎ ＆ Ｔａｉｔｉ,１９９３,勐仑缅甸虫,新种Ｂｕｒｍｏｎｉｓｃｕｓ ｍｅｎｇｌｕｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,版纳缅甸虫,新种Ｂｕｒｍｏｎｉｓｃｕｓ ｂａｎｎｉｃｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,易武缅甸虫,新种Ｂｕｒ     

Differential palatability of leaf litter to four sympatric isopods in a Hong Kong forest

Summary The feeding behaviour of four sympatric isopods from a Hong Kong forest has been investigated. The study included two armadillids (Formosillo raffaelei and Orodillo maculatus) and two philosciids (Burmoniscus ocellatus and Burmoniscus sp.). When given a choice of eight types of litter, all isopod species showed significant dietary selection, and food preferences were similar. Berchemia racemosa (Rhamnaceae) was most readily consumed, followed by Celtis sinensis (Ulmaceac), while feeding rates on Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) were low. The armadillids exhibited a narrower dietary spectrum than the philosciids. All isopods showed significant differences in consumption rates when each litter type was presented separately to them. Cinnamomum camphora was eaten the slowest, while Celtis sinensis and Berchemia racemosa were the top-ranked species. Although patterns of litter ranking based on percentage eaten or feeding rates were similar, all isopods ate more food when given a mixture of leaves than when presented with a single litter type. Assimilation rates were, in general, positively related to feeding rates. On this basis, it appears that assimilation may influence food preference. There were no clear relationships between food preference or feeding rates and ash, calcium, copper, soluble tannin or energy content of the litter. This finding may indicate the benefits of isopods maintaining a mixed diet, consuming certain litter species to meet their calcium or copper requirements and then switching to others so as to meet daily energy needs and to avoid excessive injection of tannins or plant allelochemicals.     

催化元件和途径的人工设计与组装

催化元件以及由多个催化元件组成的合成途径的设计与组装为人工合成体系的建立奠定了基础,是合成生物学的重要研究内容。除从自然生物中挖掘大量的天然酶和途径可供人工合成体系使用外,将计算生物学、蛋白质工程以及组合生物合成等技术相结合,理性地、有目的地进行催化元件和途径的人工设计与组装,将提供新功能酶以及新物质合成途径。介绍了催化元件和合成途径人工设计与组装的研究策略和最新进展。     

Ultrastructure of the synapses of the initial axonal segment of the pyramidal neuron

Ultrastructure of the proximal part of the axon in the neurons, identified according to a number of morphological signs as pyramidal, has been studied in the layer III of the cat cerebral hemisphere sensomotor cortex. In sections, tangential to the cortical surface, in the initial axonal segment, a submembranous osmophilic layer and fasciculi of microtubules are revealed. On the initial segment spines are found, they contain cysterns resembling by their structure the spine system of the dendritic spines. Axonal terminals revealed along the axonal distribution are in contact both with the axonal trunk and with the spines. Regarding the initial segment, they are presynaptic, contain oval synaptic vesicles and form symmetric axo-axonal synapses only. In transversal sections axonal terminals are detected, arranging on the surface of the initial segment mostly as single ones, in longitudinal sections they are seen as clusters. Analysing the author's data and those from the literature, a conclusion is made that in intact animals the synaptic contacts at the initial segment of the axon are the only form of axo-axonal synapses in the neocortex.     

A Golgi-electron-microscopical study of the structure and development of the lamina ganglionaris of the locust optic lobe

Summary The gross structure as well as the neuronal and non-neuronal components of the lamina ganglionaris of the locust Schistocerca gregaria are described on the basis of light- and electron-microscopical preparations of Golgj (selective silver) and ordinary histological preparations. The array of optic cartridges within the lamina neuropile — their order and arrangement — and the composition of the cartridges are described. There are six types of monopolar neurons: three whose branches reach to other cartridges and three whose branches are confined to their own cartridges. Retinula axons terminate either in the lamina or the medulla neuropiles. There are three types of centrifugal neurons, two types of horizontal neuron, as well as glia and trachea in the lamina neuropile. The development of the lamina neuropile is described in terms of developing monopolar and centrifugal axons, growing retinula fibres, and composition of the developing optic cartridges.MSN was supported in part by a Fulbrights-Hays Scholarsship. We are grateful to the Science Research Council for its grant to PMJS.     

生物医药关键技术发展趋势

近年来,生物医药研究人员正在药物的设计、发现、试验、制备,以及检测技术、其他诸如纳米、信息、光学等高技术的融合应用方面致力于更新观念的研究开发,并已取得众多突破,在相关领域形成新的技术趋势。在药物设计方面,随着遗传信息方面的研究进展越来越快,核酸为靶的药物设计已成为新的热点;在疫苗方面,基因疫苗的研制已成为新方向,其技术应用趋向可调控、更安全、更高效生产等,科研人员同时还致力于解决基因疫苗的安全性;在治疗方面,抗体工程和组织工程分别成为药物治疗和组织器官再造的热点;新型药物输送技术正成为业界追逐的目标,药物传输公司正在开发多技术平台,提高药物的效能,减少不良反应和降低成本;药物安全问题已在全球范围内达成共识,美、英、日、欧盟等国均在积极开展药物安全性方面的研究,开发药物安全监测系统;疾病诊断与检测的新技术表现为更高效、准确、快速、早期的趋势,科研人员同时还致力于降低诊断检测产品的价格,以使更多人受益;IT技术、光电技术、纳米技术等新技术正被积极应用于生物医药领域,为大型制药公司和生物技术公司提供药物发现、设计、毒性研究等更新途径的新技术系统。