北美CHIUHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态：Ⅳ.群落变量的模拟

利用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟了北美ＣＨＩＨＵＡＨＵＡＮ荒漠啮动物群落变量的总和,月间和年间变动情况及统计学特征,这些变量是：物种数,生物量,物种多样性和均匀性。模拟产生的１００００个样本显示这４个变量的平均值是８．９１,１．５４４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,１．５８和０．７３。真实群落４个变量的所有值均在模拟群落变量的９５％置信区间内。模拟群落物种数,生物量和物种多样性有相同的年间变动规律。物种数和生物量     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态Ⅰ.年间变动和趋势

本文给出了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科１０属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的物种数、单位面积个体数与生物量、物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ与Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和均匀性等６个生态学变量的时间序列资料,并通过分析这些生态时间序列的年间变动和趋势讨论了该群落的动态。结果是：１）各年间６个生态学变量均随物理环境而变化,个体数和生物量变化幅度较大,均匀性保持相对稳定;２）群落中１７个物种从未同时出现过,物种数的     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态II.季节性和周期性

本文利用时间列分析方法和和季节性指标,讨论了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科１０属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的物种数、单位面积个体烽与和生物量、物种多性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ与Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和均匀性等６个变量的季节变动、季节性和周期性。结果表明：（１）每个季节都有变量达到最大值,但除个体数和均匀性外,其余４个变量均在冬季最小值;（２）物种数与生物量及两个物种多样性指数之间,以及两个物种多样性指数之间     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态Ⅱ．季节性和周期性

本文利用时间序列分析方法和季节性指标,讨论了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科１０属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的物种数、单位面积个体数与生物量、物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ与Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和均匀性等６个变量的季节变动、季节性和周期性。结果表明：（１）每个季节都有变量达到最大值,但除个体数和均匀性外,其余４个变量均在冬季达到最小值;（２）物种数与生物量及两个物种多样性指数之间,以及两个物种多样性指数相互之间有类似的季节变动规律;（３）除个体数外,群落数量动态的其他变量与８个物种种群的密度存在着显著的负相关关系;（４）物种数有最明显的季节性,季节性指标ＳＩ＝０．６２８;（５）物种数、个体数和生物量在９２个月的研究期中未显示出任何周期性。最后总结了该啮齿动物群落动态的时间模式,提出组成物种种群的扩散和休眠行为是形成这些模式的主要原因。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态：Ⅲ.变量的频次分布和预测

本文用Ｘ＾２方和柯尔莫哥洛夫检验分析了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠啮齿动物群落６个生态学变量的频次分布,并用移动平均和指数平滑方法拟合了这些变理的动态变化。结果显示：１）结合种群密度、生物量、物种均匀性和生物量均匀性服从正态分布;２）物种数和物种多样性的频次为向右偏斜的分布,无法用常见的理论分布来近似表示;３）单移动平均和双移动平均分别较好地描述了和的种多样性和物种均匀性;４）其余４个变量可用单指     

川西平原农田啮齿动物群落动态：年间变动和季节变动

为了研究农田啮齿动物群落的动态规律,用标志重捕的方法给出了川西平原农田的啮齿动物群落的物种数、结合种群密度、生物量、物种多样性的Shannon指数与Simpson指数等5个变量的时间序列资料,并分析了这些时间序列的年间变动和季节变动的特点。结果表明：（1）5个变量总是处于不断的变化之中,特别是年间交替升降十分明显;（2）群落的全部8个物种从未同时出现过,同一个月最多有5个物种,最少只有1个物种;（3）5个变量季节变动的幅度均较大并各具有1至3个不等的明显的峰值,而年间变动的幅度则相对较小;（4）5个变量的最大值均出现在夏季,最小值则出现在春季、夏季或冬季;（5）5个变量的季节性均不强;（6）优势种大足鼠（Rattus nitidus)的种群密度分别与群落结合种群密度、生物量的年间变动和季节变动均具有相似的变动规律;此外,优势种大足鼠的种群密度、生物量分别占群落结合种群密度、生物量的比例均较高,而且这两个比例季节变动的幅度都较大而年间变动则较为稳定。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态III．变量的频次分布和预测

本文用х²方和柯尔莫哥洛夫检验分析了北美Chihuahuan荒漠啮齿动物群落6个生态学变量的频次分布,并用移动平均和指数平滑方法拟合了这些变量的动态变化。结果显示：1)结合种群密度、生物量、物种均匀性和生物量均匀性服从正态分布;2)物种数和物种多样性的频次为向右偏斜的分布,无法用常见的理论分布来近似表示;3)单移动平均和双移动平均分别较好地描述了物种多样性和物种均匀性;4)其余4个变量可用单指数平滑来较好的描述．     

闽北森林群落物种多样性的可塑性面积单元问题

分析闽北森林群落物种多样性的可塑性面积单元问题（ＭＡＵＰ）,结果表明,闽北森林群落物种多样性存在尺度效应和划区效应,其影响随着取样面积增大而减小,长期封禁保护的森林群落和森林群落和近期受人为干扰的退化森林群落物种多样性受ＭＡＵＰ影响趋势相同,文中应用ａｃｋｋｎｉｆｉｎｇ方法估计群落物种多样性的近似正态分布置信区间和划区效应。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落各物种种群生物量动态的比较研究

本文给出了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠分属４科１０属的１７种啮齿动物生物量的时间序列资料,利用时间序列分析方法、均匀性的Ｓｈａｎｎｎｏｎ指数和季节性指标对该１７个物种的生物量动态的比较研究说明：优势种在群落总生物量稳定中起着主要作用,其余非优势物种则在优势种种群密度较低时弥补低生物量,使１７个物种种群能共存于同一群落之中,使处于复杂多变的荒漠生境中的啮齿动物的生物量保持相对稳定。扩散在维持这种稳定中有明显的作用。     

阿尔泰山两河源牧区草地群落生物量及物种多样性

群落生物量和物种多样性是表征草地生态系统数量特征的重要指标。该研究以新疆阿尔泰山南麓两河源放牧区草地为研究对象,利用样方法对两河源不同放牧区的草地植被进行调查,分析研究区生物量和物种多样性变化,探讨二者与环境因子之间的关联性,为草地群落物种保护以及草地可持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明：(1) 两河源不同牧区间群落盖度、高度、植株密度、地上生物量和单位盖度生物量存在差异。(2) 两河源牧区草地群落地上生物量与群落盖度、植株密度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),且地上生物量主要受草地群落盖度的影响;不同牧区的物种多样性指数有一定差异,但物种分布相对均匀。(3)两河源牧区草地群落生物量及物种多样性主要受气温和降水的影响。     

生物群落的生态稳定性

1.生物群落生态稳定的概念从生态学意义看,生物群落是稳定的,就是指它在相当长的一段时间内保持其中各种群数目不变,意即一方面,任何一个种群的数量不会少到能繁衍后代,乃致绝灭,另一     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF COMMUNITY EVOLUTION II: THE ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE RESPONSE TO COMMUNITY SELECTION

Community selection, defined as the differential proliferation and/or extinction of communities, can bring about a response that may be qualitatively different from the response to selection acting at lower levels. This is because community selection can result in genetic changes in all of the species within the community by acting on the interaction among species. In the experiment presented here, a series of one generation assays were performed on the coevolved communities of two species of flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, discussed by Goodnight (1990). Two community assays and one single-species assay were performed. Taken together, these provide insights into the genetic basis of the response to community selection. The first community assay involved measuring the selected traits on the original coevolved communities that had been subjected to community selection. This assay indicated that all of the selection treatments resulted in a significant response to selection in the original coevolved communities. The single-species assay involved separating the coevolved communities into their constituent single-species populations and again measuring the selected traits on these populations. None of the single-species populations exhibited a significant response to selection; thus the responses to community selection observed in the first community assay are expressed only in a community context. The second community assay again involved separating the coevolved communities into their constituent single-species populations; however, in this assay a competitor of the opposite species that had never been exposed to community selection was added to each population to form a “reconstructed” community. The results of this assay were that for two traits, emigration rate in T. castaneum and emigration rate in T. confusum, the genetic identity of the competing species did not affect the response to selection. This indicates that the competing species was acting like a nonevolving part of the environment. For the other two traits measured, population size in T. castaneum and population size in T. confusum, the results were very different. For these traits there was no detectable response to selection in the reconstructed communities. This indicates that for these traits the response to selection cannot be attributed to a genetic change in either species independently of the other species in the community. Rather it resides in the interaction between the two species.     

THE BIRD COMMUNITY OF TASMANIAN TEMPERATE RAINFOREST

The avifauna of Tasmanian temperate rainforest consists of 21 species, more than hitherto reported. Eleven species are very common, six are common and a further four species that have large home ranges are uncommon. Other species occur occasionally or accidentally.
The structure of the Tasmanian rainforest community was determined from measured overlaps in horizontal habitat selection, vegetation layer utilization and foraging site distribution. This demonstrates the existence of guilds, the members of which react more with each other than they do with members of other guilds. Niche differentiation is shown in each guild in the breeding season. However, adaptations enabling survival during the non-breeding season may be important in the seasonal Tasmanian environment.     

珍珠植物群落的研究

珍珠(Salcola passerina)植物群落广泛分布于■尔多斯西部、阿拉善东部和河西走廊等地区。同红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落、泡泡(?) ia sphaerocarpa)群落和合头草(Sympegma reglii)群落组成该地区荒漠植被的主要部分。在生产上珍珠群落是较好的荒漠草场之一。前人对本区珍珠荒漠群落有一些研究,如《治沙研究》和《中国植被》等(中国植被编辑委员会,1980;中国科学院治沙队,1958;李博,1962;黄银晓等,1962)。但还未见到较详细的群落学研究报道。因此,在这里报道我们的研究,为荒漠植被的研究和放牧利用提供参考。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF COMMUNITY EVOLUTION I: THE RESPONSE TO SELECTION AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL

Coevolution generally refers to the process of two or more organisms adapting to each other as a result of individual selection. Another possibility, however, is that coevolution may result from selection acting directly at the community level. Certain types of multispecies associations, such as lichens, which are a symbiotic association between an alga and a fungus, are examples of simple two species communities that may be units of selection. The study presented here uses two species communities of Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum in an investigation of selection acting at the community level. Selection at the community level is performed on one trait measured in one species and correlated responses in other traits measured both within species and among species are monitored. I demonstrate that community selection, defined as the differential survival and or reproduction of communities, can result in significant changes in the phenotype of a community. The observed changes in the phenotype of a community as a result of community selection included changes in the trait under selection (direct effects of selection), as well as changes in traits that are not under selection (correlated responses to selection). Furthermore, two types of correlated responses to selection were observed. The first, within-species correlated responses to selection, are changes in a trait measured in one species as a result of community selection acting on another trait measured in the same species. The second, between-species correlated responses to selection, are changes in a trait measured in one species as a result of community selection acting on a trait measured in another species. Between species correlated responses to selection are of particular interest because they cannot be mediated by pathways of gene action that are internal to an individual, rather they can be mediated only through ecological pathways. In other words, between-species correlated responses to selection suggest that genetically based interactions among individuals are contributing to the response to community selection. These among species ecological pathways of gene action cannot contribute to a response to selection at a lower level; thus community selection may be able to bring about a response to selection that is qualitatively different from the response selection that would occur as a result of selection acting at a lower level.     

地形对森林群落年龄及其空间格局的影响

 地形已被广泛认为是植被环境时空异质性的重要来源,但其对山地森林群落动态的影响及其机理仍不清楚。作者在三峡大老岭选取一块200 m×100 m的常绿落叶阔叶林样地, 在样地植物群落调查的同时,建立了1∶500的数字高程模型,并利用树木年轮数据和分种的胸径 年龄幂函数模型,推算了全部10 m×10 m单元样方的群落年龄。统计了样地群落的年龄结构及其代表种的构成特征,并利用多元回归结合方差分析方法分析了地形和生物因子对群落年龄结构的影响与途径。结果表明：1）幂函数模型很好地拟合了16个树种的胸径-年龄数量关系;2）样地内群落斑块的年龄介于14～179年,平均值在95年左右;3）代表样方群落年龄的树种共有24 个,而前5种即在68.5%的样方中决定群落的年龄;4）回归分析表明群落年龄受到溪流影响指数、坡位、坡度、样方内受干扰木胸面积和树种生长指数等因素的显著影响。显示沟谷地 表径流冲击和表土侵蚀等坡面过程带来的干扰明显影响群落发育过程的空间格局,具有不同生态习性树种的潜在年龄也限制了群落的现实年龄;5）地形主要通过控制地表干扰体系的时空分布和不同物种的选择性分布两方面而对群落动态与年龄产生影响。但由于生态格局自身的复杂性与随机性和分析方法带来的误差,使基于地形的群落年龄格局预测结果还存在较大的不确定性。     

澳门湿地浮游植物群落特征

2007年7月、10月和2008年1月, 对澳门的湿地——筷子基湾、白鹭林、莲花大桥滩涂和南湾湖的浮游植物群落特征进行了调查。3次采样共检测到76种(属), 其中, 蓝藻门藻类13种(属), 绿藻门30种(属), 硅藻门25种(属), 甲藻门2种, 裸藻门4种, 金藻门和隐藻门各1种(属)。浮游植物丰度的最高值出现在莲花大桥, 为3 922.33×10⁴ cells·L^-1; 最小值出现在南湾湖, 为1.58×10⁴ cells·L^-1。浮游植物主要是由蓝藻、绿藻、裸藻和硅藻组成。2008年1月硅藻的含量最高, 而2007年7月蓝藻的含量最高。浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数值均指示出: 筷子基湾2008年1月、莲花大桥2007年7月和10月污染最严重, 其他属于中度污染或无污染。透明度对澳门湿地浮游植物的影响较大, 与绿藻(r=0.683, p<0.05)、甲藻(r=0.715, p<0.05)、金藻(r=0.707, p<0.05)和隐藻(r=0.701, p<0.05)都存在较高的正相关关系。硅藻与pH值存在较强的负相关关系(r=–0.674, p<0.05), 与总氮(r=0.895, p<0.05)、总磷(r=0.920, p<0.05)和正磷酸(r=0.668, p<0.05)存在较强的正相关关系。     

黔西北地区农田鼠类群落结构的研究

本文根据黔西北地区农田鼠类的种类组成和数量,将该地区农田鼠类划分为如下４个鼠类群落：Ａ．高山姬鼠＋社鼠群落,Ｂ．黑线姬鼠＋锡金小家鼠＋高山姬鼠群落,Ｃ．黑线姬鼠＋大足鼠＋锡金小家鼠群落和Ｄ．黑线姬鼠＋小家鼠群落。在群落Ｂ中多样性指数（１．４３３）和均匀性指数（０．６８９）最高,最低是群落Ａ,分别为０．８８９和０．４５７;最高的优势度指数（０．５０５）是群落Ａ,而群落Ｂ是０．３０３为最低;群落Ｂ和群落Ｃ之间的相似性指数（０．７５０）最高,群落Ａ和群落Ｄ之间是０．０７５为最低。     

格氏栲群落生态学研究——格氏栲林主要种群生态位的研究

采用定量分析方法,对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata)自然保护区格氏栲林群落中11个主要种群进行了生态位研究.以群落组成类型:①格氏栲+马尾松+木荷+黄瑞木(Castanopsis kawakamii+Pinus massoniana+Schima superba+Adinandra millettii);②格氏栲+虎皮楠+木荷(Castanopsis kawakamii+Daphniphyllum oldhamii+Schima superba);③马尾松+木荷+格氏栲+石栎(Pinus massoniana+Schima superba+Castanopsis kawakamii+Lithocarpus glaber);④格氏栲+木荷+青冈(Castanopsis kawakamii+Schima superba+Cyclobalanopsis glauca);⑤格氏栲+马尾松+木荷(Castanopsis kawakamii+Pinus massoniana+Schima superba);⑥甜槠+格氏栲+木荷+米槠+乌饭(Castanopsis eyrei+Castanopsis kawakamii+Schima superba+Castanopsis carlesii+Vaccinium bracteatum),及海拔梯度(180～340m)综合为一维资源位,调查6个资源位,定量测定格氏栲林群落主要种群生态位宽度、生态位相似比例、生态位重叠,并分析各种群生态位的生态学意义.研究结果为进一步研究格氏栲林群落稳定性、演替、空间分布格局提供理论基础.     

生物群落多样性的测度方法 V.生物群落物种数目的估计方法

群落的物种数目,即物种丰富度,是最古老、同时也是最基本的一个多样性概念,从对它的估计中可以得到关于物种灭绝速率方面的信息,这对生物多样性保护是非常重要的。已经提出了很多方法来估计群落中的物种数目,这些方法可以分为两大类,即基于理论抽样的方法和基于数据分析的方法。前者包括经典估计方法和贝叶斯估计方法;后者包括对数正态分布的积分方法、再抽样方法和种－面积曲线的外推方法。发现：（１）有些方法适用于动物群落,如大多数基于理论抽样的方法;有些方法则适用于植物群落,如大多数基于数据分析的方法;（２）这些方法还没有经过全面而系统地比较;（３）还没有一个普遍认为比较好的方法。因此,建议采用野外调查与模拟研究相结合的方法对各种估计方法进行系统地评价。