巢湖渔业资源现状及其对水体富营养化的响应研究

2002年至2004年期间,对巢湖鱼类资源进行调查,共发现鱼类54种,隶属16科、9目,主要以鲤科鱼类为主(35种),占64.8%,与20世纪80年代相比,鱼类种类数减少了40种,主要表现在洄游性种类急剧减少,甚至消失。渔业资源结构(渔获物)表现为以湖鲚、太湖新银鱼等小型鱼类为优势种类,在渔产量的比例不断上升,而大型鱼类(如翘嘴、鲤等)的种群结构趋于低龄化,产量呈下降趋势。结合已有的历史资料,分析巢湖渔业资源变化的影响因素,结果表明造成巢湖渔业资源结构变化受人为活动的影响主要表现在水利工程修建、过度捕捞和水体富营养化等方面。同时探讨近20年巢湖渔业捕捞产量与水体氮磷含量变化的相互关系发现,水体磷的含量变化显著影响巢湖渔业的捕捞产量。因此,合理利用巢湖渔业资源,需要减轻水体富营养化,控制捕捞强度和人为调整渔业结构使得巢湖渔业可持续发展。     

捕捞对长山群岛海域渔业生态系统的影响

为了评价捕捞对渔业生态系统的综合影响程度,建立渔业生态系统保护管理决策支持系统,本文基于状态、压力和生物群落响应PSR模型、利用层次分析法构建了捕捞对渔业生态系统的影响评价模型,包含渔船数量、捕捞压力指数、渔获量、底层鱼类比重、营养级、优势种单体重量、经济鱼类渔获量、多样性指数、均匀度指数3个层次9个指标,并选择1987—1988年和2006—2007年长山群岛游泳生物调查数据对其进行了定量评价。结果表明:近20年来,在捕捞强度不断增加的压力下,渔业生态系统的结构和功能发生显著变化,长寿命、高营养级的肉食性鱼类生物量下降明显,系统以短寿命、小型鱼类占优势;鱼类资源量、底层鱼类比重、营养级、优势种单体重量、经济鱼类渔获量、多样性指数、均匀度指数年退化率分别为4.75%、3.64%、0.31%、4.28%、2.32%、0.39%、1.14%;通过模型评价,渔业生态系统健康指数为0.34,低于评价等级Ⅲ级,说明近20年捕捞导致长山群岛渔业生态系统处于不健康状态。     

水产资源变化的一种数学模式

鱼类种群是在不断更新随时变化中的水产鱼类资源。它受到生物的和非生物的因子制约,随着科学的发展,而人为的捕捞是对它起着最大作用的因子。原始种群,它本身有维持平衡的调节力量,在被开发利用以后,只要捕捞适度,可使原来的种群保持一定数量的水平。如果捕捞过度,则破坏了自然平衡,资源数量将逐步下降,甚至某些渔业受到威胁。水产资源数量变动这一工作,是在资源急剧下降不得不采     

对虾渔业生物学研究现状

当今世界上以近３０种大型虾类为对象的对虾渔业是经济效益最高的海洋渔业,受渔业利润和市场需求的驱动,过度捕捞导致多种种类面临着资源严重衰退的危险,本文概述了对虾属中各主要种群的渔业现状,繁殖,生长,死亡,补充,数量变动及其与栖息地生态环境和捕捞的相互关系,并简要介绍了当前世界上研究对虾种群资源评估的多种数理模式,提出了资源持续利用,管理的目标和相应的管理措施。     

拖网捕捞对东海渔业资源种群结构的影响

利用收集到的近50年东海主要渔业企业和近7年来主要地区的拖网捕捞分品种渔获量数据,研究计算了双船拖网和单船网板拖网的渔获物食性指数与品种组成指数。结果表明,1974年前东海鱼类食性指数不断增大,之后开始迅速减小,呈现先升后降趋势,品种组成指数渔获物对数均值从20世纪70年代后期开始不断下降,标准差则缓慢增大,近7年单拖网渔获物的计算结果也表现出鱼类食性指数的下降趋势,长期拖网过度捕捞是造成东海海洋生态系中渔业资源种群结构变化的重要原因,渔业资源已经过度开发,种群结构稳定性减弱。     

基于水声学方法的天目湖鱼类资源捕捞与放流的生态监测

本文在天目湖捕捞赶鱼前（2011年12月）、赶鱼后（2012年1月）、捕捞与放流后（2012年3月）3个渔业阶段,结合渔业捕捞统计,采用水声学方法对天目湖鱼类资源（赶鱼后为不包括集鱼网箱的湖区鱼类资源）的捕捞与放流进行了生态监测,并构建GIS模型,得到鱼类种群结构、大小组成、鱼类密度、鱼类集群、鱼类资源量及其分布,为天目湖保水渔业的实施和渔业生产提供科学依据。天目湖鱼类种群以鲤科鱼类为主,鲢鳙2011年捕捞统计重量占比为98.07%,单网簖采样尾数占比为68.72%,鱼类资源受放流种类和规格影响较大;赶鱼前后和捕捞与放流后3个渔业阶段的鱼类平均目标强度（TS）分别为（-47.84?4.79）dB、（-48.58?4.98）dB、（-47.24?5.10）dB,且差异性显著（P<0.05）,捕捞与放流后TS在-45—-40 dB的鱼类明显升高到24.40%;3个渔业阶段的鱼类密度（FPCM）分别为（0.0124?0.0292）ind/m3、（0.0062?0.0227）ind/m3、（0.0098?0.0185）ind/m3,捕捞赶鱼作业显著（P<0.05）降低了鱼类密度,而捕捞与放流后鱼类密度显著（P<0.05）低于赶鱼前则是由于水深上升所致;在冬季的中下层水体出现典型的鱼类聚群,且随温度降低团聚程度提高;通过构建GIS模型评估鱼类资源量,赶鱼前约61万尾、赶鱼后约38万尾、捕捞与放流后约67万尾,资源量在中下游分布较高。     

基于生态通道模型的北部湾渔业管理策略的评价

北部湾位于南海17°00′-21°45′N,105°40′-110°10′E,为中越两国共同管辖的天然半封闭海湾。根据1997-1999年在北部湾进行的渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,利用EwE软件构建了北部湾生态系统的营养通道模型（Ecopath）。在此基础上,以30a为周期,利用Ecosim中的“渔业管理者”模拟了不同管理策略（经济效益最大化、社会效益最大化、生态效益最大化以及综合考虑三者的最佳管理）对北部湾捕捞结构的影响。结果表明：以经济利益最大化为管理策略时会提高所有渔具的捕捞努力量,除了拖网下降43.2%之外;以社会利益最大化为管理策略时模型要求极大地增加小型渔业,尤其是混合渔业的捕捞努力量将上升3.34倍;而以生态稳定性最大化为管理目标时,模型要求所有渔业的捕捞努力量都必须降低甚至停止。以经济和社会利益最大化为管理目标对不同的vulnerability（V＇s）值的反应敏感,高营养级种类减少而低营养级种增加,其中社会利益最大化时系统的营养级最低（2.78）;而生态稳定性和综合管理目标最大化则对不同的敏感度的反应较为一致。综合考虑经济、社会和生态效应的最佳管理策略能满足渔业和保育目标的平衡,有望成为最佳的管理策略。由此可见,多鱼种捕捞策略的模拟是个复杂的任务,目标功能有时互相冲突,而且易受到初始模型条件的影响。     

三峡水库生态渔业发展策略与关键技术研究分析

针对三峡水库蓄水后水体资源丰富、水生态系统发育尚不完善、支流库湾藻类水华问题较严重、鱼类群落结构有待调控、水生生物资源未有效利用和转化的现状, 阐述了三峡水库生态渔业作为生态系统保护途径和绿色产业的必要性与重要性, 提出了三峡水库生态渔业发展的总体目标与基本原则, 认为三峡水库发展生态渔业应以生态安全保障和水质养护为首要任务, 严格控制外来物种的引种移植, 以土著鱼类自然繁殖保护和捕捞管理为主, 动态调控放流增殖的鱼类种类和数量为辅, 建立以鱼类群落合理配置和食物网结构优化为手段的水库生态系统调控技术体系, 促进高效的物质循环和能量流动, 实现环境保护和渔业增效的双赢。作者围绕渔业放流增殖、野生鱼类资源保护、捕捞管理、局部库区渔业调控、渔业生物控藻、社区渔业协调管理、生态渔业总体规划等方面, 分析了现阶段三峡水库生态渔业的重点研究任务与关键技术,同时建议加强相关生态学理论与方法研究、技术示范和成果应用, 为三峡水库以渔养水、渔-水和谐的综合管理提供决策依据。       

汉江中下游水文特点与渔业资源状况

通过对汉江中下游水文特点和渔业资源状况的研究,分析了该区域水文与饵料生物、渔业资源的关系。结果表明:汉江中下游中段的水文变化趋势适宜于产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖;由于水文状况,汉江中下游的鱼类生长与繁殖季节晚于长江干流;4—6月的水文状况适宜下游江段饵料生物的生长;汉江中下游的饵料生物丰富,为鱼类的生长与繁殖提供了良好条件;汉江下游主要经济鱼类年龄组成简单,种群中以小型鱼类为主。     

鱼类种群增长的初步研究

鱼类种群数量变动,在我国渔业界受到广泛注意。渔业资源的合理利用和科学管理,首先瞩目的是鱼类种群的增长能力。关于生物种群的增长,在生态学范畴曾被广泛深入地研究过,但以鱼类种群为对象的研究尚少报导。本文以逻辑斯蒂(logistic)增长理论,对马面魨鱼类种群的增长进行了初步研究,并结合渔业论述了增长理论的应用。     

基于渔获统计的太平洋岛国渔业资源开发利用现状评价

全面评价渔业资源开发利用状况能够为资源的合理利用提供依据,营养指标作为以生态系统为基础的渔业管理方法与模式在近年来广泛运用于渔业管理中,用于评估捕捞活动的影响。根据联合国粮农组织FAO提供的1950—2010年太平洋岛国的渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级(Trophic level,TL)以及Sea Around Us Project数据库提供的无脊椎动物营养级,探讨了1950—2010年澳大利亚、新西兰、基里巴斯和斐济等四国的渔获物平均营养级(Mean trophic level,MTL)的变化情况,以此判定各国海洋渔业资源可持续利用情况。结果表明:澳大利亚资源状况较好,尽管其MTL在1950—1984年以0.09/10a的速度下降,但通过剔除TL低于3.25的物种,从而排除生物量受环境影响而波动较大的植食动物、腐生生物和食浮游生物动物对MTL造成的影响,观察TL大于3.25渔获物平均营养级(~(3.25)Mean trophic level,~(3.25)MTL)的变化情况,其~(3.25)MTL在1950—2010年呈波动上升趋势,说明MTL的下降是由低营养级鱼种产量的增加所引起的。新西兰海洋渔业资源遭到了一定程度的破坏,尽管其MTL自20世纪70年代中期开始大幅上升,并在1990—2010年处于高水平上稳定波动,未出现明显的下降趋势;但在不统计TL低于3.25的物种情况下,其~(3.25)MTL经过1977—1980年的加速上升以及1981—1998年的缓慢上升,在1999—2010年稳定下降并趋于平衡。从基里巴斯和斐济整个海域的营养指标变化情况来看,两国渔业资源状况较好,但将基里巴斯和斐济渔业分为外海渔业和沿岸渔业两类时,伴随产量的持续上升,两国的外海渔业MTL均未出现明显的降低,资源处于加速开发状态;而两国的沿岸渔业MTL在近年来均出现下降,资源被过度捕捞。为促使渔业的可持续发展,各国需加强对资源的动态监测与评估,以掌握捕捞活动下资源的变化情况。     

Diet of finfish targeted by fishers in North West Australia and the implications for trophic cascades

Detailed information of fish diets is required if we are to understand complex interactions between species and successfully manage resources at an ecosystem level. We compiled diet information from 76 species of fish targeted by recreational and commercial fishers in North West Australia. Based on 81 independent studies we demonstrate that species targeted by the fishery are all carnivores, however the type of prey they consume and their trophic level is variable (3.31–4.49) and trophic range of some species spans different trophic levels (e.g. Lethrinus nebulosus, 3.46–4.35). These findings infer that in highly diverse systems, such as coral reefs, trophic cascades instigated by fishing must be investigated at the species, rather than functional or trophic level. Moreover, as prey availability is likely to vary spatially and temporally, diet must be quantified locally to assess ecosystem level impacts of fishing.     

Overfishing and the Replacement of Demersal Finfish by Shellfish: An Example from the English Channel

The worldwide depletion of major fish stocks through intensive industrial fishing is thought to have profoundly altered the trophic structure of marine ecosystems. Here we assess changes in the trophic structure of the English Channel marine ecosystem using a 90-year time-series (1920–2010) of commercial fishery landings. Our analysis was based on estimates of the mean trophic level (mTL) of annual landings and the Fishing-in-Balance index (FiB). Food webs of the Channel ecosystem have been altered, as shown by a significant decline in the mTL of fishery landings whilst increases in the FiB index suggest increased fishing effort and fishery expansion. Large, high trophic level species (e.g. spurdog, cod, ling) have been increasingly replaced by smaller, low trophic level fish (e.g. small spotted catsharks) and invertebrates (e.g. scallops, crabs and lobster). Declining trophic levels in fisheries catches have occurred worldwide, with fish catches progressively being replaced by invertebrates. We argue that a network of fisheries closures would help rebalance the trophic status of the Channel and allow regeneration of marine ecosystems.     

Marine fisheries as ecological experiments

There are many examples of ecological theory informing fishery management. Yet fisheries also provide tremendous opportunities to test ecological theory through large-scale, repeated, and well-documented perturbations of natural systems. Although treating fisheries as experiments presents several challenges, few comparable tests exist at the ecosystem scale. Experimental manipulations of fish populations in lakes have been widely used to develop and test ecological theory. Controlled manipulation of fish populations in open marine systems is rarely possible, but fisheries data provide a valuable substitute for such manipulations. To highlight the value of marine fisheries data, we review leading ecological theories that have been empirically tested using such data. For example, density dependence has been examined through meta-analysis of spawning stock and recruitment data to show that compensation (higher population growth) occurs commonly when populations are reduced to low levels, while depensation (the Allee effect) is rare. As populations decline, spatial changes typically involve populations contracting into high-density core habitats while abandoning less productive habitats. Fishing down predators may result in trophic cascades, possibly shifting entire ecosystems into alternate stable states, although alternate states can be maintained by both ecological processes and continued fishing pressure. Conversely, depleting low trophic level groups may affect central-place foragers, although these bottom–up effects rarely appear to impact fish—perhaps because many fish populations have been reduced to the point that they are no longer prey limited. Fisheries provide empirical tests for diversity–stability relations: catch data suggest that more diverse systems recover faster and provide more stable returns than less diverse systems. Fisheries have also provided examples of the tragedy of the commons, as well as counter-examples where common property resources have been managed successfully. We also address two barriers to use of fisheries data to answer ecological questions: differences in terminology for similar concepts and misuse of records of fishery landings (catch data) as a proxy for biomass trends.     

山东近海三种底层鱼类的摄食生态与食物竞争

研究根据2016—2017年在山东近海进行的四个季节的渔业资源底拖网调查和胃含物分析数据, 应用分类树和生态位重叠指数法等, 研究了该海域高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)和小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys spinosus)3种主要底层鱼类的食物组成及其营养-空间二维生态位的重叠情况, 并分析环境因素对其摄食习性的影响, 旨在为该海域渔业资源的可持续利用和科学管理提供基础资料。研究发现, 这3种底层鱼类均主要以虾类和鱼类为食, 属于底栖动物食性。3种鱼类的摄食习性存在一定的差异, 可以通过构建分类树将其进行区分。通过CCA分析发现, 这3种鱼类的摄食习性受不同的环境因素影响, 其中高眼鲽的摄食习性主要与其体长有关, 随着体长的增加, 高眼鲽会摄食更多的鱼类和虾类; 小眼绿鳍鱼的摄食主要与季节有关, 不同季节小眼绿鳍鱼摄食鱼类和虾类的比例不同; 而黄鮟鱇的摄食主要受空间分布的影响, 高纬度的黄鮟鱇摄食更多的虾类, 而随着经度的增加, 黄鮟鱇会摄食更多的鱼类。黄鮟鱇的营养生态位和空间生态位宽度均最高, 而其余两种鱼的营养和空间生态位宽度相对较小。山东近海这3种鱼类的营养生态位重叠指数都较高, 但是空间生态位重叠指数较小, 在一定程度上可以缓和它们之间的种间竞争。     

Comparison of size-structured and species-level trophic networks reveals antagonistic effects of temperature on vertical trophic diversity at the population and species level

It is predicted that warmer conditions should lead to a loss of trophic levels, as larger bodied consumers, which occupy higher trophic levels, experience higher metabolic costs at high temperature. Yet, it is unclear whether this prediction is consistent with the effect of warming on the trophic structure of natural systems. Furthermore, effects of temperature at the species level, which arise through a change in species composition, may differ from those at the population level, which arise through a change in population structure. We investigate this by building species-level trophic networks, and size-structured trophic networks, as a proxy for population structure, for 18 648 stream fish communities, from 4 145 234 individual fish samples, across 7024 stream locations in France from 1980 to 2008. We estimated effects of temperature on total trophic diversity (total number of nodes), vertical trophic diversity (mean and maximum trophic level) and distribution of biomass across trophic level (correlation between trophic level and biomass) in these networks. We found a positive effect of temperature on total trophic diversity in both species- and size-structured trophic networks. We found that maximum trophic level and biomass distribution decreased in species-level and size-structured trophic networks, but the mean trophic level decreased only in size-structured trophic networks. These results show that warmer temperatures associate with a lower vertical trophic diversity in size-structured networks, and a higher one in species-level networks. This suggests that vertical trophic diversity is shaped by antagonistic effects of temperature on population structure and on species composition. Our results hence demonstrate that effects of temperature do not only differ across trophic levels, but also across levels of biological organisation, from population to species level, implying complex changes in network structure and functioning with warming.     

Trophic interactions and community structure in the upwelling system off Central Chile (33-39°S)

Trophic interactions and community structure in the upwelling system off Central Chile (USCCh) (33-39°S) are analyzed using biological and ecological data concerning the main trophic groups and the Ecopath with Ecosim software version 5.0 (EwE). The model encompasses the fisheries, cetaceans, sea lion, marine birds, cephalopods, large-sized pelagic fish (sword fish), medium-sized pelagic fish (horse mackerel, hoki), small-sized pelagic fish (anchovy, common sardine), demersal fish (e.g. Chilean hake, black conger-eel), benthic invertebrates (red squat lobster, yellow squat lobster) and other groups such as zooplankton, phytoplankton and detritus. Input data was gathered from published and unpublished reports and our own estimates. Trophic interactions, system indicators and food web attributes are calculated using network analysis routines included in EwE. Results indicate that trophic groups are aligned around four trophic levels (TL) with phytoplankton and detritus at the TL=1, while large-sized pelagic fish and cetaceans are top predators (TL>4.0). The fishery is located at an intermediate to low trophic level (TL=2.97), removing about 15% of the calculated system primary production. The pelagic realm dominates the system, with medium-sized pelagic fish as the main fish component in biomass, while small-sized pelagic fish dominate total landings. Chilean hake is by far the main demersal fish component in both, biomass and yield. Predators consume the greater part of the production of the most important fishery resources, particularly juvenile stages of Chilean hake. Consequently, mortality by predation is an important component of total mortality. However, fishery also removes a large fraction of common sardine, anchovy, horse mackerel, and Chilean hake. The analysis of direct and indirect trophic impacts reveals that Chilean hake is a highly cannibalistic species. Chilean hake is also an important predator on anchovy, common sardine, benthic invertebrates, and demersal fish. The fisheries heavily impact on Chilean hake, common sardine, anchovy, and horse mackerel. Total system biomass (B=476 t km⁻² year⁻¹) and throughput (T=89454 t km⁻² year⁻¹) estimated in the USCCh model are in accordance with models of comparable systems. Considering system attributes derived from network analysis, the USCCh can be characterized as an immature system, with short trophic chains and low trophic transfer efficiency. Finally, we suggest that trophic interactions should be considered in stock assessment and management programs in USCCh. In addition, future research programs should be carried out in order to understand the ecosystem effects of fishing and trophic control in this highly productive food web.     

A plan for fisheries management in the lakes drained by the Oulujoki river

Freshwater fishery management is treated as a dynamic system comprising environment protection and improvement, fishing, fishery resources allocation, fish stocking programs and marketing policy. The aims of the plan are to increase the economic value of the catch and to protect the professional fishery. Fisheries statistics, catch per unit effort data and other material were collected during 1972–1976. The total allowable catch (TAC) for the most important fish species was estimated with MSY and population analysis models. The results of fish stockings were studied by tagging and population analysis calculations. Fishing of vendace and non-valuable species (perch, roach, smelt) can be increased, but the fishing pressure on other species should not be raised above the present level. Restrictions on whitefish fishing are needed in some areas. A balanced multispecies fishery is desirable, and suggestions are given for the composition of the fishing gear. Fish stocking can make possible a larger and more valuable catch, but at present its profitability is rather low. The stocking results are strongly affected by the fishery and the gear composition.     

Using an Ecosystem Modeling Approach to Explore Possible Ecosystem Impacts of Fishing in the Beibu Gulf,Northern South China Sea

Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, a trophic structure model of the Beibu Gulf was constructed to explore the energy flows and provide a snapshot of the ecosystem operations. Input data were mainly from the trawl survey data collected from October 1998 to September 1999 and related literatures. The impacts of various fishing pressure on the biomass were examined by simulation at different fishing mortality rates. The model consists of 20 functional groups (boxes), each representing organisms with a similar role in the food web, and only covers the major trophic flows in the Beibu Gulf ecosystem. It was found that the food web of the Beibu Gulf was dominated by the primary producers path, and phytoplankton was the primary producer mostly used as a food source. The fractional trophic levels ranged from 1.0 to 4.02, and the marine mammals occupied the highest trophic level. Using network analysis, the ecosystem network was mapped into a linear food chain, and six discrete trophic levels were found with a mean transfer efficiency of 11.2%. The Finn cycling index was 9.73%. The path length was 1.821. The omnivory index was 0.197. The ecosystem had some degree of instability due to exploitation and other human activities, according to Odum’s theory of ecosystem development. A 10-year simulation was performed for each fishery scenario. The fishing mortality rate was found to have a strong impact on the biomass. By keeping the fishing mortality rate at the current level for all fishing sectors, scenario 1 had a drastic decrease in the large fish groups. The biomass of the small and medium pelagic fish would increase to some extent. The biomass of the small and low trophic level species, jellyfish, prawns and benthic crustaceans would be stable. The total biomass of the fishery resources would have a 10% decrease from the current biomass after 10 years. In contrast, the reduced fishing mortality rate induced the recovery of biomass (scenarios 2–4). In scenario 2, the biomass of the large demersal fish and the large pelagic fish would increase to over 16 times and 10 times, respectively, of their current level. In scenario 4, the biomass of the large pelagic fish would increase to over 3 times of its current level. The total biomass of the fish groups, especially the high trophic level groups, would become significantly higher after 10 years, which illustrates the contribution on biomass recovery by relaxing the fishing pressure. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Author contributions: Xiaoping Jia designed research; Zuozhi Chen and Yongsong Qiu performed research; Zuozhi Chen, Yongsong Qiu, and Shannan Xu analyzed data; and Zuozhi Chen and Shannan Xu wrote the article.