荧光原位杂交技术在植物多倍体起源与进化研究中的应用

多倍化是植物物种形成与多样化的重要原动力。研究植物特别是一些重要经济作物和园艺植物多倍体的起源与进化,不仅对于揭示多倍体形成过程中性状变异的分子机制具有重要意义,而且可为植物遗传资源的保护与利用提供理论和技术支持。作为连接基因组序列片段到染色体组的桥梁,荧光原位杂交技术长期被广泛用来研究多倍体形成与进化过程中相关特异基因或序列的表达定位、外源染色体检测和鉴定、基因组结构变异等科学问题。因此,在简单介绍荧光原位杂交技术发展历史和植物多倍体主要类型的基础上,主要总结了荧光原位杂交技术在植物多倍体起源与进化相关研究上的应用。     

荧光原位杂交技术在植物细胞遗传学和绘制基因图谱中的应用现状与展望

荧光原位杂交是在分子水平上检测外源染色质的一种有效方法。其探针主要有染色体重复序列、总基因组DNA、寡单拷贝序列和染色体涂色集中等,该技术在研究植物细胞遗传学、基因扩增、基因作图及植物进化和亲缘关系的鉴定上已广泛应用。简要概述了荧光原位杂交技术在植物细胞遗传学和绘制基因图谱中的应用现状与展望。     

多荧光标记引物增强甘蔗染色体寡聚核苷酸探针杂交信号

荧光原位杂交技术（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）是植物分子细胞遗传学研究最为重要的手段之一。近些年，基于参考基因组设计的低拷贝寡聚核苷酸探针在FISH中应用得越来越广泛。然而，由于植物基因组中分布大量的重复序列，这使得oligo-FISH的分辨率存在一定局限性。利用包含多个荧光基团的荧光PCR引物，扩增出甘蔗染色体特异oligo探针，并进一步优化甘蔗的荧光原位杂交体系，提高了甘蔗oligo探针识别近缘物种染色体的效率。通过开发多荧光标记的甘蔗oligo探针以及甘蔗荧光杂交体系的优化，有效拓宽荧光信号的最小分辨率，提高信噪比（signal-to-noise ratio, SNR），并成功基于甘蔗oligo探针对高粱1-10号染色体分型。多荧光标记引物增强oligo探针信号的新方法及FISH体系的优化为今后在其他物种中提高oligo-FISH鉴定染色体及捕捉微弱的荧光信号提供了参考。     

植物荧光原位杂交技术的发展及其在植物基因组分析中的应用

荧光原位杂交(FISH)是在染色体、间期核和DNA纤维上定位特定DNA序列的一种有效而精确的分子细胞遗传学方法。20年来,植物荧光原位杂交技术发展迅速:以增加检测的靶位数为目的,发展了双色FISH、多色FISH和多探针FISH鸡尾酒技术;为增加很小染色体目标的检测灵敏度,发展了BAC-FISH和酪胺信号放大FISH(TSA-FISH)等技术;以提高相邻杂交信号的空间分辨力为主要目的,发展了高分辨的粗线期染色体FISH、间期核FISH、DNA纤维FISH和超伸展的流式分拣植物染色体FISH技术。在植物基因组分析中,FISH技术发挥了不可替代的重要作用,它可用于:物理定位DNA序列,并为染色体的识别提供有效的标记;对相同DNA序列进行比较物理定位,探讨植物基因组的进化;构建植物基因组的物理图谱;揭示特定染色体区域的DNA分子组织;分析间期核中染色质的组织和细胞周期中染色体的动态变化;鉴定植物转基因。     

基因组原位杂交的新进展及其在植物中的应用

基因组原位杂交 ( Genomic in situ hybridization GISH)是 2 0世纪 80年代末发展起来的一种原位杂交技术。它最初应用于动物方面的研究[1 ] ,但很快被植物方面所借用 ,并且使用频率高于动物方面的研究。它采用来自一个物种的总基因组 DNA作为标记探针 ,用另一物种的总基因组 DNA以适当的浓度进行封阻 ,在靶染色体上进行原位杂交。在封阻DNA和标记 DNA探针之间 ,封阻 DNA优先与一般序列杂交 ,剩下的特异性序列主要被标记探针所杂交。在此基础上 ,人们先后发展了荧光基因组原位杂交、多色基因组原位杂交和比较基因组原位杂交等技术 ,…     

BAC-FISH在植物基因组研究中的应用

细菌人工染色体荧光原位杂交(BAC-FISH)是将包含不同特性的BAC克隆直接定位到染色体上的技术,其在植物基因组学和分子细胞遗传学研究中具有不可替代的作用。综述其在各种植物染色体鉴定和核型分析、图谱构建、植物起源与进化分析、基因定位以及FISH的分辨率等植物基因组学研究的应用进展。     

自身基因组原位杂交揭示植物基因组重复DNA沿染色体的分布

重复DNA沿染色体的分布是认识植物基因组的组织和进化的要素之一。本研究采用一种改良的基因组原位杂交程序,对基因组大小和重复DNA数量不同的6种植物进行了自身基因组原位杂交(self-genomic in situ hybridization,self-GISH)。在所有供试物种的染色体都观察到荧光标记探针DNA的不均匀分布。杂交信号图型在物种间有明显的差异,并与基因组的大小相关。小基因组拟南芥的染色体几乎只有近着丝粒区和核仁组织区被标记。基因组相对较小的水稻、高粱、甘蓝的杂交信号分散分布在染色体的全长,但在近着丝粒区或近端区以及某些异染色质臂的分布明显占优势。大基因组的玉米和大麦的所有染色体都被密集地标记,并在染色体全长显示出强标记区与弱标记或不标记区的交替排列。此外,甘蓝染色体的所有近着丝粒区和核仁组织区、大麦染色体的所有近着丝粒区和某些臂中间区还显示了增强的信号带。大麦增强的信号带带型与其N-带带型一致。水稻自身基因组原位杂交图型与水稻Cot-1DNA在水稻染色体上的荧光原位杂交图型基本一致。研究结果表明,自身基因组原位杂交信号实际上反映了基因组重复DNA序列对染色体的杂交,因而自身基因组原位杂交技术是显示植物基因组中重复DNA聚集区在染色体上的分布以及与重复DNA相关联的染色质分化的有效方法。     

荧光原位杂交技术在植物学中的应用

荧光原位杂交技术（fluorescence 〖WTBX〗in situ 〖WTBZ〗hybridization, FISH）是80年代末才发展起来的一种非放射性原位杂交技术。作为一种新型的细胞分子遗传学技术,目前已广泛应用于细胞遗传学、分子生物学等领域。本文简要综述了该技术的基本原理与特点及其在植物学中的应用,包括在异源染色质的鉴定、染色体物理图谱的构建和染色体RNA及植物基因组进化中的应用。     

白菜rDNA及C-(0)t-1DNA的荧光原位杂交及其核型分析

以早熟白菜苔为实验材料,从其基因组DNA中分离出C0t-1 DNA并用生物素标记作探针,25S rDNA用地高辛标记作探针,对有丝分裂中期相染色体进行双色荧光原位杂交。每对染色体上均显示出了特定的C0t-1 DNA荧光原位杂交带型,5对染色体上显示出了25S rDNA荧光原位杂交带型。双色荧光原位杂交证实了C0t-1 DNA与25S rDNA二者具有一致的染色体位置特征,表明基于rDNA及C0t-1 DNA的荧光原位杂交核型分析技术,优于目前普遍采用的只基于rDNA的荧光原位杂交核型分析方法。结合C0t-1 DNA与25S rDNA的荧光原位杂交带型和传统的染色体的形态学标记分析方法及白菜已公布的基于rDNA分布的核型分析结果,创建了一个精确的白菜核型。     

白菜rDNA及C0t-1DNA的荧光原位杂交及其核型分析

以早熟白菜苔为实验材料,从其基因组DNA中分离出C0t-1DNA并用生物素标记作探针,25SrDNA用地高辛标记作探针,对有丝分裂中期相染色体进行双色荧光原位杂交。每对染色体上均显示出了特定的C0t-1DNA荧光原位杂交带型,5对染色体上显示出了25SrDNA荧光原位杂交带型。双色荧光原位杂交证实了C0t-1DNA与25SrDNA二者具有一致的染色体位置特征,表明基于rDNA及C0t-1 DNA的荧光原位杂交核型分析技术,优于目前普遍采用的只基于rDNA的荧光原位杂交核型分析方法。结合C0t-1 DNA与25SrDNA的荧光原位杂交带型和传统的染色体的形态学标记分析方法及白菜已公布的基于rDNA分布的核型分析结果,创建了一个精确的白菜核型。     

Towards the era of comparative evolutionary genomics in Brassicaceae

The vast genetic diversity, specific genome organization and sequencing of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome made crucifers an ideal group for comparative genomic studies. Arabidopsis genomic resources have greatly expedited comparative genomics within Brassicaceae and fostered the establishment of new Arabidopsis relative model systems (ARMS). The extent of genome colinearity, modes and evolutionary rates of genome alterations are being analyzed by genetic mapping with ever increasing levels of precision. Comparative cytogenetic studies in Brassicaceae are employing various chromosome landmarks and cytogenetic techniques, including localization of rDNA, variation in centromeric satellite repeats, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescence ISH using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC FISH), and large-scale comparative chromosome painting. Some genome alterations may represent rare genomic changes (RGCs) and thus have the potential to resolve complex/conflicting phylogenetic relationships inferred from DNA sequencing. Comparative genomics should increasingly be integrated with molecular phylogenetics and population genetics to elucidate the processes responsible for genetic variation in Brassicaceae.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agropyron elongatum</Emphasis> chromatin localization on the wheat chromosomes in an introgression line

The introgressed small-chromosome segment of Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Neviski (Thinopyrum ponticum Podp.) in F₅ line II-1-3 of somatic hybrid between common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and A. elongatum was localized by sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and karyotype data. Karyotype analysis offered basic data of arm ratios and relative lengths of 21 pairs of chromosomes in parent wheat Jinan177 and hybrid II-1–3. Using special high repetitive sequences pSc119.2 and pAs1 for FISH, the entire B- and D-genome chromosomes were detected. The FISH pattern of hybrid II-1-3 was the same as that of parent wheat. GISH using whole genomic DNA from A. elongatum as probe determined the alien chromatin. Sequential GISH and FISH, in combination with some of the karyotype data, localized the small chromosome segments of A. elongatum on the specific sites of wheat chromosomes 2AL, 1BL, 5BS, 1DL, 2DL and 6DS. FISH with probe OPF-03₁₂₉₆ from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) detected E-genome chromatin of A. elongatum, which existed in all of the small chromosome segments introgressed. Microsatellite primers characteristic for the chromosome arms above were used to check the localization and reveal the genetic identity. These methods are complementary and provide comprehensive information about the genomic constitution of the hybrid. The relationship between hybrid traits and alien chromatin was discussed.     

Analysis of remote asymmetric somatic hybrids between common wheat and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis>

Callus-derived protoplasts of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hesheng 3) irradiated with ultraviolet light were fused by using the PEG method with cell suspension-derived protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. Regenerated calli and green plants resembling that of wheat were obtained. The hybrid nature of putative calli and plants were confirmed by isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses. GISH results indicated that 1∼3 small chromosome fragments of A. thaliana were found introgression into the terminals of wheat chromosomes, forming highly asymmetric hybrids. Cytoplasmic genome tests did not show any cytoplasmic genetic materials from A. thaliana. However, variations from the normal wheat cytoplasmic genome were found, indicating recombination or rearrangement occurred during the process of somatic hybridization. The chromosome elimination in the asymmetric somatic hybridization of remote phylogenetic relationship was discussed. A miniature inverted-repeat transposable element related sequence was found by chance in the hybrids which might accompany and impact the process of somatic hybridization. Jingyao Deng and Haifeng Cui provided same contribution to this work.     

Locating introgressions of Hordeum bulbosum chromatin within the H. vulgare genome

Several disease-resistant recombinants between barley (Hordeum vulgare) and bulbous barley grass (H. bulbosum) have been obtained in recent years, but the process of characterization is often laborious and time-consuming. In order to improve the identification and chromosomal location of introgressed chromatin from H. bulbosum into the barley genome, we employed sequential genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). GISH enabled us to establish that an introgression was present in the disease-resistant recombinant line, and the subsequent use of FISH, with a short oligonucleotide sequence as probe, allowed us to locate the introgression on the long arm of barley chromosome 2H. These data were confirmed using RFLP probes that hybridize to barley chromosome 2HL. Received: 16 December 1998 / Accepted: 12 April 1999     

三倍体观赏百合与二倍体食用龙牙百合的杂交分析

为探讨异源三倍体百合与龙牙百合(BB)的杂交亲和性,实现观赏百合与食用百合的种质融合与创新,该研究以三倍体百合Triumphator(LLO)作母本,龙牙百合为父本,采用常规授粉与切柱头授粉,利用基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)技术分析母本及子代的基因组成。结果显示:(1)通过常规授粉和切柱头授粉共获得17个发育良好的果实,通过胚抢救共获得了40株幼苗,且常规授粉的出苗率明显比切柱头授粉的高。(2)对随机选取的8个子代进行GISH分析,所鉴定的后代均为非整倍体,染色体数目为26～32条,其中东方百合基因组(O)染色体数目为2～8条,铁炮百合(L)与龙牙百合(B)基因组染色体始终为24条。(3)通过GISH技术无法区分铁炮百合与龙牙百合的染色体,亲本与子代均无重组现象。研究表明,龙牙百合与铁炮百合亲缘关系较近,龙牙百合作父本与三倍体百合Triumphator杂交可获得非整倍体,实现了观赏百合与食用百合的种质融合,为培育赏食兼用百合奠定了基础。     

Physical Mapping of rRNA Gene Loci and Inter-specific Relationships in Wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lilium</Emphasis> Distributed in Korea

Molecular cytogenetic analyses using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) were carried out to elucidate inter-specific relationships among wild Lilium species distributed in Korea. FISH revealed four to eight 45S rRNA gene loci, which are located on chromosomes 1–7, 10, and 11 among the different species. In contrast, the 5S rRNA gene locus was conserved on the long arm of chromosome 3, occasionally with two adjacent sites on the same chromosome arm in a few species. The 5S rDNA site was located adjacent to the 45S rDNA site in only three species, Lilium distichum, Lilium hansonii, and Lilium tsingtauense. GISH analysis using genomic DNA probes detected strong hybridization of genomes between diploid and triploid Lilium lancifolium species, demonstrating that triploid plants were derived from diploid L. lancifolium and not from Lilium maximowiczii. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and NTS sequences supported the cytogenetic data as well as Comber’s classification of the genus Lilium.     

Translocation events demonstrated by molecular,in situ hybridization and chromosome pairing analyses in highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants

Cytological analyses show rearranged chromosomes in some highly asymmetric nuclear hybrids obtained after fusion of mesophyll protoplasts ofNicotiana plumbaginifolia (wild type) with γ-irradiated (100 krad), kanamycin-resistant mesophyll protoplasts ofPetunia hybrida. Molecular, cytogenetic andin situ hybridization analyses performed on the asymmetric somatic hybrid P₁, previously identified as having a clearly metacentric chromosome besides a nearly completeNicotiana chromosome complement, are reported. Meiotic analysis andin situ hybridization experiments using ribosomal DNA as a probe showed that this metacentric chromosome represents a translocation of a chromosome fragment onto chromosome 9 ofN. plumbaginifolia. Southern hybridization with an rDNA probe showed that onlyNicotiana-specific rDNA was present.In situ hybridization experiments, using total genomic DNA ofP. hybrida as a probe, demonstrated that the translocated fragment representedPetunia DNA.     

Genomic in situ hybridization identifies genome donor of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)

Eleusine coracana, commonly called finger millet, is an important cereal of semi-arid regions, cultivated in parts of Africa and India for its grain. It is reported to be an allotetraploid with a chromosome number 2n = 4x = 36, and diploid species E. indica, with chromosome number 2n = 2x = 18, is considered to be one of its genome donors. In situ hybridization of the E. coracana genome with the genomic DNA of various diploid species of the genus confirmed that E. indica is one of the genome donors to E. coracana and that E. floccifolia is another genome contributor to this allotetraploid species. In situ hybridization also showed a close genomic relationship between 4 diploid species, E. indica, E. floccifolia, E. tristachya and E. intermedia, and also between these and tetraploid species E. coracana. The common genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) signals of the genomic DNA of E. indica and E. tristachya on 15–18 chromosomes of E. coracana clearly indicated that these 2 species have a close genomic similarity. GISH on 25–27 chromosomes of E. coracana withthe genomic DNA of E. intermedia and cross in situ hybridization signals on the chromosomes of E. coracana with genomic DNA of E. intermedia and E. indica or E. intermedia and E. floccifolia has showed that E. intermedia may be an intermediate species of E. indica and E. floccifolia. Received: 15 May 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

Flow cytometric and cytogenetic analyses of Iberian Peninsula Festuca spp.

Festuca L. has an important diversification centre in the Iberian Peninsula. We used chromosome counting, fluorescence (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and DNA flow cytometry (FCM) to clarify the taxonomic position of several taxa, to search for phylogenetic relationships and to assess the extent and pattern of genome variation in fescues. The chromosome number of Festuca duriotagana var. barbata is determined for the first time and new ploidy level estimations are given for F. rothmaleri and F. summilusitana. In the latter species, besides the reported decaploid level, dodecaploidy was found in some populations, which points to the existence of an unrecognized taxon. Moreover, these differences were confirmed by FCM and a high positive correlation was found with the type of substrate where F. summilusitana was growing. For each section, a decrease of genome size with increase of polyploidy was observed. In general, in situ hybridization techniques failed to reveal phylogenetic relationships among the selected species. In FISH, a variation in the number of rDNA sites was observed in some species. GISH results indicate that F. henriquesii is not a progenitor of the studied polyploid species.