辅助性T细胞的极化与再极化

激活的ＣＤ4 辅助性Ｔ细胞 (Ｔｈｅｌｐｅｒｃｅｌｌ,Ｔｈ)分化为Ｔｈ1和Ｔｈ2亚群并分别参与不同的免疫应答。Ｔｈ1细胞产生ＩＦＮ γ、ＴＮＦ β和ＩＬ 2并促进对细胞内病原的有效免疫应答 ,但过强的应答导致自身免疫病的发生。Ｔｈ2细胞则产生ＩＬ 4、ＩＬ 5、ＩＬ 6和ＩＬ 1 3并参与清除胞外感染的病原体 ,同时也介导过敏反应。Ｔ细胞亚群的分化及细胞因子表达过程大致可以分为 3个阶段 :( 1 )起始相 ,此过程高度依赖抗原、细胞因子和细胞因子诱导的ＳＴＡＴ因子 ;( 2 )定向相 ,此阶段受亚群特异的转录因子介导 ,在Ｔｈ2细胞为ＧＡＴＡ…     

RANTES生物功能的多样性

调节活化正常Ｔ细胞表达与分泌的趋化因子(ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄｕｐｏｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎｎｏｒｍａｌＴｃｅｌｌｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄａｎｄｓｅｃｒｅｔｅｄ ,ＲＡＮＴＥＳ)为ＣＣ类趋化蛋白 ,具有多种不同的生物学功能。它不仅对多种细胞有趋化作用 ,还可以强烈的激活淋巴细胞 ,参与炎症反应的发生 ,调节细胞的生长和分化 ,参与ＨＩＶ的感染。1.ＲＡＮＴＥＳ及其受体ＲＡＮＴＥＳ仅含 6 8个氨基酸残基 ,其来源广泛 ,ＮＫ细胞[1] 以及γδ Ｔ细胞[2 ] 均可组成性地表达ＲＡＮＴＥＳ ;炎症反应中ＣＤ8 Ｔ细胞、上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和血小…     

信号转导和转录激活因子STAT6的结构与功能

信息转导和转录激活因子 6 (ｓｉｇｎａｌｔｒａｎｓ ｄｕｃｅｒａｎｄａｃｔｉｖａｔｏｒｏｆｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ 6 ,ＳＴＡＴ6 )是信号转导和转录激活因子 (ＳＴＡＴ)家族的一员 ,是一种 94ｋＤ的蛋白质。它通过ＪＡＫ ＳＴＡＴ信号转导途径介导细胞因子ＩＬ 3、ＩＬ 4及ＩＬ 1 3诱导的基因表达 ,特别是在促进ＩＬ 4诱导的ＭＨＣⅡ类抗原及免疫球蛋白受体等的表达[1] 及Ｔｈ2细胞和淋巴细胞的发育[2 ] 上发挥了重要的作用。ＳＴＡＴ6的作用机制大致包括了ＳＴＡＴ6的激活、ＳＴＡＴ6的二聚化与核转运及与ＤＮＡ的结合诱导基因的…     

人白介素6受体基因在痘苗病毒载体系统中的表达

人ＩＬ－６受体是一个在各种细胞上广泛表达的跨膜糖蛋白分子,是ＩＬ－６发挥细胞效应所必需的。本文通过将ＩＬ－６ＲｃＤＮＡ重组到痘苗病毒的ＴＫ基因中构建成重组痘苗病毒ＶＩＬ６Ｒ。细胞原位杂交和ＡＰＡＡＰ染色结果表明,感染ＶＩＬ６Ｒ后的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中,ＩＬ－６Ｒ在ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平上均呈现较强的表达。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析所表达的分子量为８０ｋＤ,表明所表达的产物是糖基化的。ＩＬ－６结合试验表明,表达的膜ＩＬ－６Ｒ能够结合ｒＩＬ－６,说明它是有功能的。利用ＶＩＬ６Ｒ免疫小鼠后,能够刺激较强的抗体产生。从而为进一步研究ＩＬ－６Ｒ的信号传导和构效关系提供了基础。     

T细胞中IL-3基因表达调节的转录因子初探

主要利用凝胶迁移率试验和抗体超迁移试验,以ｈＩＬ－３基因５′侧翼含κＢ位点的序列为探针,探究ＮＦ－κＢ是否参与了ｈＩＬ－３基因的表达调节．结果表明,在Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞和人外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞中,都存在与此序列特异结合的可诱导蛋白;ＮＦ－κＢｐ６５亚基的单抗对ＤＮＡ－蛋白复合物的形成没有影响．这些结果揭示：正常细胞和肿瘤细胞中,确存在可特异识别ｈＩＬ－３基因５′侧翼的κＢ顺序的蛋白因子,而且该蛋白因子的表达是可诱导的;但ＮＦ－κＢ并未参与ＩＬ－３基因的表达调节．     

人白介素6受体基因在痘苗病毒载体系统中的表达

人ＩＬ－６受体是一个在各种细胞上表达的跨膜糖蛋白分子,是ＩＬ－６发挥细胞效应所必需的。本文通过将ＩＬ－６４ ｃＤＮＡ重组到痘苗病毒的ＴＫ基因中构建成重组痘苗病毒ＶＩＬ６４。细胞原位杂交和ＡＰＡＡＰ染色结果表明,感染ＶＩＬ６Ｒ后的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞中,ＩＬ－６Ｒ在ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平上于现较强后     

应用椭偏光学显微成像对IL-6与其受体的相互应用的初步观察

白细胞介素 6 (ＩＬ 6 )是一种具有复杂生物功能的细胞因子 ,可由多种淋巴类和非淋巴类细胞产生。它对机体多种组织及细胞均有不同程度的作用[1～ 3 ] 。近年来发现 ,临床上免疫异常性疾病 ,如发热、淋巴结肿大、血沉增快、急性期蛋白增高、高γ球蛋白血症、自身抗体阳性等症状都与ＩＬ 6的异常表达密切相关。ＩＬ 6的生物活性是通过细胞膜表面特异性受体介导的[4] 。研究ＩＬ 6与其受体的相互作用对于揭示某些疾病的发病机制 ,监测疾病进程以及指导临床治疗等均具有重要意义。用于研究ＩＬ 6与其受体相互作用的方法主要有ＩＬ 6依赖株细胞…     

缺氧诱导因子

缺氧诱导因子 (ｈｙｐｏｘｉａ ｉｎｄｕｃｉｂｌｅｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＨＩＦ 1 )是在研究缺氧诱导的红细胞生成素(ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｎ ,ＥＰＯ)基因表达时发现的一种ＤＮＡ结合蛋白。 1 988年 ,Ｇｏｌｄｂｅｒｇ等发现缺氧对细胞ＥＰＯｍＲＮＡ的表达有影响[1] 。1 991年 ,Ｓｅｍｅｎｚａ等发现 ,Ｈｅｐ3Ｂ细胞经低氧处理后 ,ＥＰＯ的ｍＲＮＡ量增加 ,且其核提取物具有促进ＥＰＯ基因转录的作用 ,蛋白合成抑制剂能阻断缺氧的诱导作用 ,故提出缺氧可以诱导细胞产生新的ＨＩＦ 1蛋白 ,该蛋白能够调节一系列基因的表达[2 ] 。 1 997年发…     

未折叠蛋白反应参与辣椒素对C6胶质瘤细胞凋亡的机制

[目的]研究辣椒素对C6胶质瘤细胞的影响及其作用机制。[方法]常规培养C6细胞,MTT法检测细胞存活率。然后将C6细胞分为两组:正常对照组和辣椒素组,采用Western Blot检测Bcl-2、Caspase-3、IRE1、Bip、Chop和pe IF2α的表达;在JNK抑制剂SP600125的作用下,Western Blot法分析P-JNK、IRE1、Chop、Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达情况。[结果]MTT检测结果显示,辣椒素可以引起C6细胞活力的降低,随着孵育时间的延长,C6细胞的活力逐渐降低,至24h时达到最低,再增加辣椒素的作用时间C6细胞的活力不变。Western Blot结果显示,在辣椒素组中,Bcl-2的表达与对照组(0. 7151±. 0949)相比,表达量降低(0. 4886±0. 1205),而Caspase-3的表达(0. 7555±0. 1155)与对照组(0. 5315±0. 0876)相比升高。并且未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)相关蛋白IRE1、Bip、Chop和p-e IF2α的表达水平与对照组相比均增加,差异有统计学意义。加入JNK抑制剂SP600125后,与辣椒素单独作用相比,IRE1、Chop和Caspase-3蛋白的表达降低,而Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平升高。[结论]辣椒素能够引起C6细胞凋亡和未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)的发生,并且JNK信号通路在其中发挥了重要的作用。     

人白细胞介素-17基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的分离纯化

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法成功地从ＰＩ（ＰＭＡ,Ｉｏｎｏｍｙｃｉｎ）、ＰＨＡ活化的人Ｔ细胞中扩增出ｈＩＬ－１７编码区ｃＤＮＡ（４６８ｂｐ）,克隆测序证实得到该基因．用特殊设计的引物扩增ｈＩＬ－１７成熟肽编码区（４１４ｂｐ）,接入表达载体ｐＥＴ３０ａ质粒中．ｐＥＴ３０ａ－ｍｈＩＬ－１７在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中获得高效表达,目的蛋白占总菌体蛋白５０％左右．经凝胶过滤和阴离子交换层析两步分离纯化和复性,得到单体型ｒｍｈＩＬ－１７,纯度达９８％以上,Ｎ端１６个氨基酸序列分析,结果与文献报道一致．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ法测定分子量为１６ｋＤ,薄层丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦分析该蛋白等电点为ｐＨ８．８～８．９,３ＨＴｄＲ参入法测定ｒｍｈＩＬ－１７单体的体外活性,实验结果表明ｒｍｈＩＬ－１７对ＰＨＡ活化人的ＰＢＭＣ细胞具有抑制作用,结果同可溶型ＩＬ－１７Ｒ性质相似     

人白细胞介素26的基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

克隆人白细胞介素-26(human interleukin-26,hIL-26)基因,构建高效稳定的大肠杆菌表达菌株。对GenBank上报道的hIL-26基因进行序列分析后设计合成引物,利用RT-PCR技术从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)总RNA中反转录并扩增得到人成熟肽IL-26基因。将得到的基因克隆到pMD18-T载体中,菌落PCR筛选、酶切鉴定并进行DNA序列分析。用BamHI和EcoRⅠ将目的片段切下,插入表达载体pBV220相应的位点。42℃热诱导表达目的蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析显示表达蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的20%,Western印迹法证实重组蛋白为特异性蛋白,分子筛纯化后纯度达90%以上。表达的重组蛋白经谷胱甘肽复性缓冲液复性,用RT-PCR检测复性的重组蛋白能促进PBMC合成IFN-γ。     

New fusion protein systems designed to give soluble expression in Escherichia coli.

Three native E. coli proteins-NusA, GrpE, and bacterioferritin (BFR)-were studied in fusion proteins expressed in E. coli for their ability to confer solubility on a target insoluble protein at the C-terminus of the fusion protein. These three proteins were chosen based on their favorable cytoplasmic solubility characteristics as predicted by a statistical solubility model for recombinant proteins in E. coli. Modeling predicted the probability of soluble fusion protein expression for the target insoluble protein human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) in the following order: NusA (most soluble), GrpE, BFR, and thioredoxin (least soluble). Expression experiments at 37 degrees C showed that the NusA/hIL-3 fusion protein was expressed almost completely in the soluble fraction, while GrpE/hIL-3 and BFR/hIL-3 exhibited partial solubility at 37 degrees C. Thioredoxin/hIL-3 was expressed almost completely in the insoluble fraction. Fusion proteins consisting of NusA and either bovine growth hormone or human interferon-gamma were also expressed in E. coli at 37 degrees C and again showed that the fusion protein was almost completely soluble. Starting with the NusA/hIL-3 fusion protein with an N-terminal histidine tag, purified hIL-3 with full biological activity was obtained using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, factor Xa protease cleavage, and anion exchange chromatography.     

High yield refolding and purification process for recombinant human interleukin-6 expressed in Escherichia coli

Recombinant human interleukin-6 (hIL-6), a pleiotropic cytokine containing two intramolecular disulfide bonds, was expressed in Escherichia coli as an insoluble inclusion body, before being refolded and purified in high yield providing sufficient qualities for clinical use. Quantitative reconstitution of the native disulfide bonds of hIL-6 from the fully denatured E. coli extracts could be performed by glutathione-assisted oxidation in a completely denaturating condition (6M guanidinium chloride) at protein concentrations higher than 1 mg/mL, preventing aggregation of reduced hIL-6. Oxidation in 6M guanidinium chloride (GdnHCl) required remarkably low concentrations of glutathione (reduced form, 0.01 mM; oxidized form, 0.002 mM) to be added to the solubilized hIL-6 before the incubation at pH 8.5, and 22 degrees C for 16 h. After completion of refolding by rapid transfer of oxidized hIL-6 into acetate buffer by gel filtration chromatography, residual contaminants including endotoxin and E. coli proteins were efficiently removed by successive steps of chromatography. The amount of dimeric hIL-6s, thought to be purification artifacts, was decreased by optimizing the salt concentrations of the loading materials in the ion-exchange chromatography, and gradually removing organic solvents from the collected fractions of the preparative reverse-phase HPLC. These refolding and purification processes, which give an overall yield as high as 17%, seem to be appropriate for the commercial scale production of hIL-6 for therapeutic use.     

Cloning and hemolysin-mediated secretory expression of a codon-optimized synthetic human interleukin-6 gene in Escherichia coli

Previously, we constructed human interleukin-6 (hIL-6)-secreting Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains by fusion of the hIL-6 cDNA to the HlyA(s) secretional signal, utilizing the hemolysin export apparatus for extracellular delivery of a bioactive hIL-6-hemolysin (hIL-6-HlyA(s)) fusion protein. Molecular analysis of the secretion process revealed that low secretion levels were due to inefficient gene expression. To adapt the codon usage in hIL-6 cDNA to the E. coli codon bias, a synthetic hIL-6Ec gene variant was constructed from 20 overlapping oligonucleotides, yielding a 561-bp fragment, which comprises the complete hIL-6 cDNA sequence. Genetic fusion of the hIL-6Ec gene with the hlyA(s) secretional signal as an integral part of the hemolysin operon resulted in 3-fold higher hIL-6-HlyA(s) secretion levels in E. coli, compared to a strain expressing the original hIL-6-hlyA(s) fusion gene. An increase in the electrophoretic mobility of secreted hIL-6-HlyA(s) in non-reducing SDS-PAGE, similar to that found for recombinant mature hIL-6, and the absence of such a mobility shift in the intracellular hIL-6-HlyA(s) protein fraction indicated that in hIL-6-HlyA(s) most probably correct intramolecular disulfide bond formation occurred during the secretion step. To confirm the disulfide bond formation, hIL-6-HlyA(s) was purified by a single-step immunoaffinity chromatography from culture supernatant in yields of 18 microg/L culture supernatant with purity in the range of 60%. These results demonstrate that codon usage has an impact on the hemolysin-mediated secretion of hIL-6 and, furthermore, provide evidence that the hemolysin system enables secretory delivery of disulfide-bridged proteins.     

人白细胞介素11 cDNA的克隆、融合表达及活性测定

取人胎肺做原代培养细胞,ＰＭＡ诱导后,利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,扩增出去了Ｎ端信号肽序列的ＩＬ１１ｃＤＮＡ,经序列分析表明,该序列与文献报道序列高度同源,仅３个核苷酸有变化,氨基酸序列一致。将此ＩＬ－１１ｃＤＮＡ克隆人硫氧还蛋白基因融合表达载体ｐＴＲＸＦＵＳ的ｔｒｘＡ基因３‘末端,利用其３’端的蛋白肠激酶切点。构建符合读码框的融合基因。该融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达量法２０％以上。用ＩＬ－６依赖细胞株７Ｔ     

Initiation of translation at an AUA codon for an archaebacterial protein gene expressed in E.coli.

Overexpression of the Sulfolobus solfataricus L12 ribosomal protein gene in E.coli cells yielded two products of different size. If the E.coli cells carrying the overexpression plasmid were induced in the early stage of bacterial growth, the smaller of the two products was almost exclusively produced. However, induction in a late stage of bacterial growth yielded the larger product in significant excess. The larger protein was identified as the translation product of the entire SsoL12 gene, while the smaller product was a N-terminally shortened version of the L12 protein (sh-SsoL12), starting with a N-terminal methionine at position 22 of the coded protein and continuing with the predicted protein sequence. Position 22 is an isoleucine in the complete SsoL12 protein sequence, coded by an AUA codon. A subclone (SsoL12**) of the SsoL12 gene containing overexpression plasmid, lacking the regular AUG start codon and the putative Shine Dalgarno sequence, was constructed to determine if E.coli ribosomes could initiate at this AUA codon. During overexpression the SsoL12** construct yielded exclusively the sh-SsoL12 product in significant amounts. An AUA start codon has never been found before in a natural message. However, experiments utilizing site directed mutagenesis to generate AUA start codons showed that this codon can be functional for initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The findings presented in this paper show that AUA acts as an initiation codon in a natural message expressed in a heterologous organism.     

Evaluation of physiological importance of metallothionein protein expressed by Tetrahymena cadmium metallothionein 1 (TMCd1) gene in Escherichia coli

TMCd1 is a cadmium inducible metallothionein (MT) gene. In the present study the TMCd1 gene of a ciliate protozoan has been expressed in E. coli and the function of the expressed TMCd1 protein as a metal-binding protein has been evaluated. The growth of E. coli cells expressing the GST fused TMCd1 proteins in the presence of cadmium metal clearly demonstrated the role of TMCd1 as a metal-binding protein. The metal accumulation experiments showed that the bacterial cells expressing the functional TMCd1 protein accumulated 19-fold more cadmium in contrast to control cells that lacked the TMCd1 protein expression. The results clearly demonstrate a physiological role of full length TMCd1 protein of a ciliate, expressed in E. coli, in cadmium metal sequestration and detoxification.     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1759c结构域与IL-2融合蛋白的表达与鉴定

目的：构建结核分枝杆菌（MTB）Rv1759c结构域（Rv1759cD domain,Rv1759cD）与人IL-2（hIL-2）融合基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达获得重组的融合蛋白Rv1759cD-IL-2。方法：用PCR方法从MTB H37Rv基因组扩增Rv1759cD基因片段,测序后与hIL-2基因构建融合基因,并克隆到表达载体pProEX HTa。融合基因在大肠杆菌DH5α中诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE分析后,分别与His mAb、IL-2mAb和结核病人血清进行Western-blot鉴定,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化蛋白。结果：获得的Rv1759cD基因经测序与GenBank公布的序列完全一致,与hIL-2基因连接后,构建的融合基因在大肠杆菌中有效表达。表达蛋白相对分子量为30KDAa,与预测值相符;Western-blot结果显示,在相对分子量30KDAa处分别与His mAb和鼠抗IL-2 mAb形成结合带,并与结核病人血清出现特异性结合。通过Ni-NTA亲和层析,可得到纯化的目的蛋白。结论：成功表达、纯化和鉴定了Rv1759cD-IL-2融合蛋白,并有可能作为新型结核病疫苗的靶抗原。     

人IL-6 /sIL-6R 结合分子模型的建立及在药物筛选中的应用

目的：建立人IL-6 /sIL-6R 结合的分子模型,用于筛选IL-6 /sIL-6R的抑制剂。方法：将人IL-6基因克隆至原核表达载体pET28a（+）中表达IL-6蛋白,western blot及人IL-6检测试剂盒分析鉴定表达蛋白。同法将人sIL-6R在pET15b载体中表达,纯化并用western blot检测目的蛋白。依据ELISA原理建立IL-6 /sIL-6R 结合的分子模型,并通过改变IL-6、sIL-6R及IL-6 antibody的浓度来优化该模型,用于IL-6 /sIL-6R拮抗药物的筛选。结果：人IL-6可在载体PET28a（+）中高效表达,且经western blot鉴定正确,人IL-6检测试剂盒检测显示具有较高的免疫活性。sIL-6R在PET15b中表达,western blot鉴定正确。通过对IL-6 /sIL-6R结合的分子模型的优化,得到其最佳条件为：IL-6R 1?g/well, IL-6 500ng/well, IL-6 antibody 1?g/well。应用该模型筛选发现有些化合物可显著抑制IL-6与其受体的结合。结论：成功构建IL-6 /sIL-6R结合的分子模型,为高通量筛选IL-6拮抗剂提供平台。     

利用双启动子表达载体pDH2-YggG-Ptac-Era研究E. coli Era和YggG 蛋白间的相互关系

yggG是从大肠杆菌全基因组文库中钓取并克隆的Era结合蛋白基因,研究表明该基因表达的YggG294(amino acids 1-294)蛋白对宿主菌的生长具有强烈的抑制作用。为了阐明YggG与Era间的相互关系,构建可同时可控性表达Era和YggG294蛋白的双启动子表达载体。利用所构建的双启动子表达载体在同一细胞中同时可控性地表达YggG294与Era蛋白。结果显示,在不表达和少量表达YggG294的细菌细胞内,Era 的表达量与总蛋白量的比值随着诱导时间增加而增高,而YggG294大量表达的细菌内Era 的表达量与总蛋白量的比值基本保持不变;Era 蛋白的预表达对YggG294表达所引起的细菌生长率下降无影响。由此可以推论,YggG294的过表达引起宿主菌生长抑制进而影响了Era蛋白的进一步表达,而YggG294的过表达引起宿主菌生长抑制与YggG和Era蛋白间的相互作用无关