稀土元素对南方红豆杉细胞培养及紫杉醇含量的影响

红豆杉属植物中的紫杉醇 (ｔａｘｏｌ)属萜类化合物 ,对白血病、转移性乳腺癌、卵巢癌、恶性黑色素瘤均有疗效 ,曾被誉为“最好的抗癌制剂”[植物学通报 ,1995 ,12 (3) :8～ 14]。植物组织细胞培养生产紫杉醇 ,特别是用稀土为诱导子提高红豆杉细胞合成与紫杉醇的释放 [天津农业科学 ,1998,4(1) :2 3～ 2 6 ;稀土 ,2 0 0 0 ,2 1(2 ) :49～ 5 1;中国稀土学报 ,1998,16 (1) :5 6～ 6 0 ]已成为当前研究的热点。本文所用的南方红豆杉(Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ ｍａｉｒｅｉ)无性系由南方红豆杉芽诱导、多次继代、液体培养而来。按杨…     

改进的HPLC法测定红豆杉植物和细胞培养物中紫杉醇的含量

紫杉醇 (Ｔａｘｏｌ)是一种新型的抗癌药物。由于紫杉醇在红豆杉属 (ＴａｘｕｓＬ .)植物中的含量很低 ,而且运用植物细胞培养技术生产紫杉醇仍处实验阶段 ,因此 ,对于紫杉醇含量甚微的样品 ,寻找一种精确、灵敏、快速的检测方法就显得尤为重要。本实验采用改进的ＨＰＬＣ法对南方红豆杉〔Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ.ｍａｉｒｅｉ (Ｌｅｍｅ啨ｅｔＬ啨ｖｌ.)ＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＬ .Ｋ .Ｆｕ〕枝和叶 ,以及中国红豆杉〔Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ (Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ)Ｒｅｈｄ .〕细胞培养物中的紫杉醇含量进行了测定。1　实验方法1 1　实…     

茉莉酸甲酯对中国红豆杉胚性细胞紫杉醇生物合成的影响

紫杉醇(taxol)是一种复杂的二萜类生物碱,最初是从红豆杉类(Taxus)植物的树皮中分离出来的。紫杉醇作为具有广谱抗肿瘤活性的药物而得到广泛的临床应用,成为当今世界上有效的抗癌药物之一,但其天然资源十分稀少,解决其药源问题就显得非常重要。目前,普遍认为采用红豆杉细胞悬浮培养生产紫杉醇是很有希望的途径之一。而提高红豆杉细胞生长速率以及细胞中紫杉醇的含量是实现细胞悬浮培养生产紫杉醇的两个关键因素,笔者研究了茉莉酸甲酯(methyl-jasmonate,简称MJ)在红豆杉细胞培养中的代谢调节作用。茉莉酸甲酯是茉莉属(Jasminum)中的素馨花…     

植物细胞工程技术生产紫杉醇研究进展

紫杉醇是一种二萜类生物碱,主要从红豆杉树皮中分离提取。目前采用植物细胞工程技术是提高紫杉醇产率、保护稀缺资源红豆杉、解决紫杉醇药源紧缺的一种最有效方法。该文对近十年来国内外有关采用植物细胞工程技术生产紫杉醇的研究进展,包括红豆杉细胞系的建立、悬浮培养条件的研究、生物反应器培养以及紫杉醇合成代谢调控方面的最新研究进展进行综述。并重点论述了前体、诱导子和代谢支路抑制剂对红豆杉细胞悬浮培养生产紫杉醇的影响,为植物细胞工程技术生产紫杉醇提供借鉴和参考。     

南方红豆杉细胞双液相培养中强化紫杉醇生产的研究

研究了南主红豆杉(Taxuschinensisvar.maireiChengetFu)细胞双液相培养中前体饲喂和混合糖源作为生产培养基糖源对细胞生长和紫杉醇合成的影响。结果表明,前体饲喂(苯丙氨酸、苯甲酰胺和醋酸钠)或混合糖(麦芽糖和蔗糖)作为生产培养基糖源对南方红豆杉细胞单液相培养、更重要的是对其双液相培养的紫杉醇产量提高有显著促进作用,而且前体饲喂和混合糖源的协同作用对其双液相培养的紫杉醇产量提高有进一步的促进作用。与对照组(蔗糖作为糖源和无前体的单液相培养)相比,在南方红豆杉细胞双液相培养中,第10天加入前体,第11天加入混合糖源,紫杉醇产量提高4倍多     

红豆杉悬浮细胞放大培养的细胞生长与紫杉醇合成动力学

研究了在Murashige&skoog s(MS)和 6 2号两种不同的培养基中 ,红豆杉细胞悬浮细胞从摇瓶到 1 0L机械通气搅拌式反应器放大培养过程中细胞生长与紫杉醇合成动力学 .结果表明 :尽管在不同的培养条件下 ,细胞生长曲线均呈现“S”型 .紫杉醇在延迟期与指数生长期中基本上没有积累 ,而且随着培养规模的增大 ,紫杉醇的含量逐渐降低 .进一步对各级放大培养的细胞生长 ,比生长率与胞内外紫杉醇合成量进行分析 ,发现MS利于细胞生长但不利于紫杉醇合成 ,而 6 2号则相反 .根据此文的结果 ,提出了红豆杉细胞培养条件的优化和大规模细胞培养生产紫杉醇应采取的策略     

红豆杉细胞培养中紫杉醇高产细胞株的筛选及其稳定性分析

对中国红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.〕、云南红豆杉(T. yunnanensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)和东北红豆杉(T. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.)不同部位的愈伤组织进行培养及分析比较。结果表明,中国红豆杉愈伤组织生长较快,其叶片诱导的愈伤组织紫杉醇含量较高,且紫杉醇含量与培养物的外观特征有明显相关性,颜色浅、块状或颗粒较明显的细胞团紫杉醇含量较高。运用细胞看护培养技术,从中国红豆杉愈伤组织中筛选出生长速率达0.52g.L-1.d-1、紫杉醇含量超过0.01%的细胞优株,经20次继代培养,其生长和紫杉醇含量均较稳定。     

用植物细胞培养进行抗癌药物紫杉醇的生产

紫杉醇由于其高效、低毒、广谱和作用机制独特而成为引人注目的抗癌新药.用植物组织细胞培养来进行紫杉醇的生产,无疑具有巨大的应用前景.本文拟从植物细胞培养工程的角度,就细胞培养的育种、动力学研究、生物过程偶合、引发、中间补料培养、高浓度培养以及生物反应器中的培养等方面进行动态报道,并简要讨论用红豆杉细胞进行紫杉醇的工业化生产所必须解决的几个技术关键.     

抗癌药物紫杉醇的微生物生产有望

紫杉 (Ｔａｘｕｓ)或称红豆杉 ,在民间 ,曾用其枝叶做成汤治胃病。它的木材坚实 ,埋入地下 10年不朽 ,表明其木质优良及其所含某些成分具有抗腐蚀能力。从其树皮中提取的紫杉醇 (Ｔａｘｏｌ) ,制成药剂 ,每克售价达2 0 0 0美元。由于它是一种新型有效抗癌药物 ,2 0 0 0年全球紫杉醇针剂销售额达 2 0多亿美元。正因为有如此可观的经济效益和社会效益 ,研究人员除了从紫杉树皮中提取紫杉醇之外 ,用红豆杉植物组织培养生产紫杉醇 (1～ 3ｍｇ Ｌ)也取得一定进展。尽管如此 ,组培生产紫杉醇的产率仍有一个提高的问题。研究者发现中国的红豆杉 (Ｔ…     

美丽镰刀菌培养液对东北红豆杉悬浮细胞防御反应及紫杉醇合成的影响

美丽镰刀(Fusarium mairei)是一分离自南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)的产紫杉醇内生真菌,用B5培养基培养6 d,去菌尘幺后制得美丽镰刀菌培养液,并从中提取其胞外多糖.研究了4%(V/V)美丽镰刀菌培养液及4%(W/V)胞外多糖两种处理,对东北红豆杉(T.cuspidata)悬浮细胞防御反应及紫杉醇合成的影响.结果表明:两种处理均能诱导东北红豆杉细胞的防御反应.但美丽镰刀菌培养液的影响明显大于胞外多特(P<0.05).另外,两种处理均可促进东北红豆杉细胞紫杉醇的合成与释放.美丽镰刀菌培养液处理得到的紫杉醇与其释放率分别是对照的2.5倍8.8倍,而胞外多糖处理得到的紫杉醇与其释放率则分别是对照的1.5倍与3倍.     

Translocation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate for Taxol biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Two inhibitors of metabolite translocators, sodium pyrophosphate (NaPP) and D,L-glyceraldehyde (DLG), respectively, were added into suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei at the early and late growth phases to investigate the translocation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) from cytoplasm to plastids for Taxol biosynthesis. NaPP and DLG hardly affected cell biomass and viability regardless of the phases of their introduction. The Taxol content varied less when NaPP or DLG was added at day 7 but decreased obviously when NaPP or DLG was introduced at day 14. It is thus inferred that NaPP and DLG inhibited Taxol biosynthesis by blocking IPP translocation at the late growth phase, suggesting that the translocation of IPP be involved only at the late growth phase of Taxus cells.     

Taxol biosynthetic genes

The function and properties of heterologously expressed full-length cDNA clones, isolated from a Taxus cDNA library and specific to Taxol biosynthesis, are summarized. Recombinant enzymes are described that catalyze early steps of the pathway, including taxadiene synthase, taxadien-5alpha-ol-O-acetyltransferase and taxadien-5alpha-yl acetate 10beta-hydroxylase, and that catalyze late steps, including 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10beta-O-acetyltransferase and taxane 2alpha-O-benzoyltransferase. The properties of Taxus geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase are also described; although this synthase does not mediate a committed step of Taxol biosynthesis, it does provide the universal plastidial diterpenoid precursor, geranylgeranyl diphosphate, for initiating Taxol biosynthesis.     

Expression of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

In the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous the genes idi, crtE, crtYB, crtl and ast are involved in the biosynthesis of astaxanthin from isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The carotenoid production and the kinetics of mRNA expression of structural genes controlling the carotenogenesis in a wild-type ATCC 24230 and in carotenoid overproducer deregulated atxS2 strains were studied. The biosynthesis of carotenoid was induced at the late exponential growth phase in both strains. However, the cellular carotenoid concentration was four times higher in atxS2 than in the wild-type strain in the exponential growth phase, suggesting that carotenogenesis was deregulated in atxS2 at the beginning of growth. In addition, the maximum expression of the carotenogenesis genes at the mRNA level was observed during the induction period of carotenoid biosynthesis in the wild-type strain. The mRNA level of the crtYB, crtl, ast genes and to a lesser extent the idi gene, decayed at the end of the exponential growth phase. The mRNA levels of the crtE gene remained high along the whole growth curve of the yeast. In the atxS2 strain the mRNA levels of crtE gene were about two times higher than the wild-type strain in the early phase of the growth cycle.     

Use of a photoactivatable taxol analogue to identify unique cellular targets in murine macrophages: identification of murine CD18 as a major taxol-binding protein and a role for Mac-1 in taxol-induced gene expression.

Taxol, a potent antitumor agent that binds beta-tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly, results in mitotic arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. More recently, Taxol was shown to be a potent LPS mimetic in murine, but not in human macrophages, stimulating signaling pathways and gene expression indistinguishably from LPS. Although structurally unrelated to LPS, Taxol's LPS-mimetic activities are blocked by inactive structural analogues of LPS, indicating that despite the species-restricted effects of Taxol, LPS and Taxol share a common receptor/signaling complex that might be important in LPS-induced human diseases. To identify components of the putatively shared Taxol/LPS receptor, a novel, photoactivatable Taxol analogue was employed to identify unique Taxol-binding proteins in murine macrophage membranes. Seven major Taxol-binding proteins, ranging from approximately 50 to 200 kDa, were detected. Although photoactivatable Taxol analogue failed to bind to CD14, the prominent Taxol-binding protein was identified as CD18, the approximately 96-kDa common component of the beta2 integrin family. This finding was supported by the concomitant failure of macrophage membranes from Mac-1 knockout mice to express immunoreactive CD18 and the major Taxol-binding protein. In addition, Taxol-induced IL-12 p40 mRNA was markedly reduced in Mac-1 knockout macrophages and anti-Mac-1 Ab blocked secretion of IL-12 p70 in Taxol- and LPS-stimulated macrophages. Since CD18 has been described as a participant in LPS-induced binding and signal transduction, these data support the hypothesis that the interaction of murine CD18 with Taxol is involved in its proinflammatory activity.     

Taxol-induced apoptotic cell death in suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata

Taxol caused apoptotic cell death of Taxus cuspidata in suspension cultures. Typical morphological and biochemical changes of apoptosis were observed by microscopy and total DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Taxus cuspidata responded to the added Taxol by increasing the biosynthesis of Taxol. The percentage of apoptotic cells in total cells increased with the concentration of added Taxol. With Taxol added at 10 mg l^–1, the maximum concentration of Taxol produced was 23 mg l^–1, 3 times higher than that of the control culture.     

Downstream reactions and engineering in the microbially reconstituted pathway for Taxol

Taxol (a trademarked product of Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a complex isoprenoid natural product which has displayed potent anticancer activity. Originally isolated from the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), Taxol has been mass-produced through processes reliant on plant-derived biosynthesis. Recently, there have been alternative efforts to reconstitute the biosynthetic process through technically convenient microbial hosts, which offer unmatched growth kinetics and engineering potential. Such an approach is made challenging by the need to successfully introduce the significantly foreign enzymatic steps responsible for eventual biosynthesis. Doing so, however, offers the potential to engineer more efficient and economical production processes and the opportunity to design and produce tailored analog compounds with enhanced properties. This mini review will specifically focus on heterologous biosynthesis as it applies to Taxol with an emphasis on the challenges associated with introducing and reconstituting the downstream reaction steps needed for final bioactivity.     

树木发育中的阶段转变研究进展

无性繁殖在林业中应用很普遍,而由树木发育阶段转变带来的成熟效应问题,一直是无性系造林的障碍。在树木发育阶段转变过程中,不同发育阶段存在形态解剖、植物激素与多胺含量、特异蛋白质和蛋白表达量、DNA甲基化水平等差异。利用这些差异判别造林苗木的老化情况,可避免在无性繁殖中因成熟效应而带来的损失。加强植物激素、特异蛋白等在树木阶段转变中的作用机制研究,寻找在树木发育阶段转变中发挥主导作用的关键基因等,则是未来研究的重点。     

High Bak Expression Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Breast Cancer and Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells to Paclitaxel

Breast cancer has become the leading cause of cancer-related death among women. A large number of patients become resistant to drug chemotherapy. Paclitaxel (Taxol) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used to treat cancer patients. Taxol has been widely used in human malignancies including breast cancer because it can stabilize microtubules resulting in cell death by causing an arrest during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 antagonist killer 1 (Bak) plays an important role in Taxol-induced apoptosis in breast cancer. In our present study, we investigated the expression of the Bak protein and clinicopathological correlations in a large sample of breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. We found that the percentage of high scores of Bak expression in breast cancer was significantly lower than that of the non-cancerous breast control tissue. In addition, lower Bak expression was positively associated with the clinical TNM stage of breast cancer with a significant decrease in overall survival compared with those with higher Bak expression especially in the Luminal and HER2 subtypes. Importantly, higher Bak expression predicted a favorable clinical outcome in the cases treated with Taxol indicated by a higher overall survival than that of patients with lower Bak expression especially in Luminal and HER2 subtypes. Furthermore, these results were confirmed in vitro since overexpression of Bak sensitized breast cancer cells to Taxol by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis; in contrast, downregulation of Bak through siRNA transfection inhibited Taxol induced-apoptosis. Therefore, our results demonstrate that Bak acts as a sensitive biomarker and favorable prognostic factor for Taxol treatment in breast cancer. The restoration of Bak expression would be therapeutically beneficial for Taxol resistant breast cancer patients.