广州地区7种菊科入侵植物丛枝菌根侵染和根际土壤孢子密度的生境差异性分析

为了解广州地区7种菊科(Compositae)入侵植物与丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的互作共生关系,调查了这7种菊科入侵植物在4种生境中的AMF侵染和根际土壤孢子密度,并分析土壤因子对AMF的影响。结果表明,7种入侵植物根内均受到AMF侵染,根际土壤中均检测到AMF孢子;AMF侵染在宿主间差异显著,生境间的差异不显著;孢子密度在生境和宿主间的差异均显著,人工绿地、农田果园的AMF孢子密度均显著高于森林周边和滨海地带。相关性分析表明,农田果园生境的根际土壤孢子密度与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关关系;森林周边生境的AMF总侵染率与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关关系;人工绿地的AMF总侵染率与土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关关系;滨海地带的AMF总侵染率与土壤有效磷含量呈显著负相关关系。这些对理解菊科植物入侵机理具有非常重要的作用。     

海南霸王岭热带雨林常见植物丛枝菌根真菌调查

对海南霸王岭热带雨林的12科16种常见植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查,用碱解离-酸性品红染色法进行了真菌鉴定。结果表明,13种植物形成典型的丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的81%;3种植物没有形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的19%。用湿筛沉淀法从这些植物根际土壤中共分离鉴定出了3属11种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),即无梗囊霉属(Acaulos-pora)3种,球囊霉属(Glomus)7种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种;其中,球囊霉属是样地的优势属。在AMF中,孔窝无梗囊霉(A.foveata)分离频率最高,在14种植物的根际土中都有发现;此外,大果球囊霉(G.macrocarpum)的相对多度最大,为59%,具有最强的产孢能力。同时,在11种植物的根中发现了深色有隔内生真菌(DSE),占调查植物的69%;其中,11种植物同时被DSE和AMF感染。     

云南金顶铅锌矿区丛枝菌根真菌多样性的研究

对云南金顶铅锌矿区丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)资源进行了调查,从32种植物的83个根际土壤样本中分离鉴定出5属36种丛枝菌根真菌,其中无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 5种、内养囊霉属Entrophospora 2种、巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 1种、球囊霉属Glomus 24种及盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 4种。球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为金顶铅锌矿区中丛枝菌根真菌的优势属,沃克球囊霉Glomus walkeri是我国的新记录种。近明球囊霉Glomus claroideum、明球囊霉G.clarum、缩球囊霉G.constrictium、地球囊霉G.geosporum、摩西球囊霉G.mossaea、膨胀球囊霉G.pansihalos和疣突球囊霉G.verruculosum是金顶铅锌矿区的优势种;金顶铅锌矿区土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度为495-11175个/100g土,平均3368±291(SE,标准误差)个/100g土,每种植物根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的物种丰富度为2-20种,平均11.5种;金顶铅锌矿区植物根际土壤中较高的AMF孢子密度和物种丰富度说明AMF对重金属污染具有较强的抗(耐受)性。     

黄山木兰的丛枝菌根定殖状况

在原产地和引种栽培地采集了国家珍稀濒危植物黄山木兰（Magnolia cylindrica）的根样及其根际土壤样品,研究了根中丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）的定殖状况。AMF在两地黄山木兰的根中均有定殖,并形成典型的Paris-type类型丛枝菌根(AM),原产地黄山木兰的AMF定殖率高于栽培地。用湿筛沉淀法从两地黄山木兰根际土壤中共分离鉴定出5属22种AMF,两地AMF群落相似性系数为0.96。原产地黄山木兰的AMF孢子密度高于栽培地,而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数低于栽培地。研究结果表明,黄山木兰引种栽培后并没有对其根际土壤中AMF的群落结构造成大的改变。     

西双版纳四种壳斗科植物丛枝菌根状况的初步研究

研究了西双版纳热带次生林中杯丝锥(Castanopsis calathiformis)、红锥(C.hys-trix)、印度锥(C.indica)和截果柯(Lithocarpus truncatus)4种壳斗科植物的丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的侵染状况,并从这些植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了隶属于球囊霉属(Glomus)、巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)和无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)的10种丛枝菌根真菌。这4种壳斗科植物根际AMF的孢子密度为14~22个.100g-1土壤,种的丰富度在4~7,平均频度为60.00%,相对多度为4.41%~22.06%,丛枝菌根真菌的定居水平达46.26%~51.40%。     

不同程度铅锌污染区丛枝菌根真菌和深色有隔内生真菌侵染特征

对陕西凤县铅硐山铅锌矿区4个不同程度铅锌污染样地植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和深色有隔内生真菌(DSE)进行了资源和分布调查。结果表明:(1)无铅锌污染的矿山上调查的15种植物中除黄连木没有检测到AMF侵染、栓皮栎和酸模不能被DSE侵染外,其他植物均能与AMF和DSE共生,但平均侵染率较低,仅分别为32.3%和25.9%;铅锌轻度污染的尾矿荒地和铅中度污染、锌重度污染的尾矿坝植物根系内AMF和DSE侵染率明显提高,AMF的平均侵染率分别为53.3%和68.3%,DSE的平均侵染率分别为38.6%和54.2%;铅锌重度污染的废弃冶炼厂样地植物AMF侵染率明显下降,平均只有17.6%,而DSE的侵染没有受重金属污染的抑制,仍达到60.3%。(2)4个样地植物根际土壤中AMF孢子分布不均匀,每克土的孢子密度在0.08～6.84个,平均为1.5个。对4个样地均有分布的狼牙刺、博落回、山蒿和秦岭风毛菊的AMF、DSE侵染状况调查发现,轻度和中度的铅锌污染能促进AMF与宿主共生关系的建立,而重度污染则显著抑制AMF侵染;AMF孢子密度没有呈现一定的规律性,且与AMF侵染率之间没有显著相关性;DSE侵染率与土壤锌含量存在显著正相关关系(r=0.505,P<0.05),而与土壤铅含量没有显著相关性。可见,AMF和DSE能够广泛存在于铅硐山铅锌矿区,尤其是DSE表现出较强的耐受性和适应性。     

金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)的丛枝菌根

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对金沙江干热河谷(元谋段)中生长的60种植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查。结果发现被调查植物中70％的植物形成丛枝菌根,干热河谷自然植物群落中的建群种大多具有丛枝菌根,一些莎草科、蓼科的植物也形成典型的丛枝菌根。丛枝菌根是干热河谷生态系统中的重要组成成分,在干热河谷的植被恢复中,必须同时考虑对地下植物共生真菌进行恢复。     

都江堰地区丛枝菌根真菌多样性与生态研究

 调查了都江堰地区3个不同生境样地（般若寺、馒头山、龙池）中85种优势及常见植物的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率,其中78种植物（91.8%）被丛枝菌根真菌侵染。同时对其中58种植物根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的多样性进行分析,共分离到5属47种丛枝菌根真菌,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）35种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）7种,原囊霉属（Archaeospora）1种,内养囊霉属（Entrophospora）2种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）2种。无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属是3个样地共有的优势属。光壁无梗囊霉（Acaulospora laevis）是龙池的优势种,而地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme）是般若寺和馒头山的优势种。丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度和种的丰度显著受到海拔相关因子影响,同时丛枝菌根真菌的种类组成也受较大影响。乔木砍伐没有显著影响丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度和种的丰度,同时对种类组成影响也较小。根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度与根系侵染率之间没有显著相关性（R2=0.024 8）。     

山西历山珍稀药用植物AM真菌资源与土壤因子的关系

以山西历山自然保护区暴马丁香、连香树、南方红豆杉和领春木4种珍稀药用植物为材料,研究其根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的菌根结构类型和种属分布,同时分析土壤因子与其侵染率和孢子密度的关系。结果表明:(1)暴马丁香菌根类型为中间型(I-型),连香树和领春木为重楼型(P-型),南方红豆杉为疆南星型(A-型);4种植物根际共鉴定AMF 27种,分别隶属于球囊霉属(Glomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellos-pora)、多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)和原囊霉属(Archaeospora)5属,其中Glomus为优势属。(2)pH与暴马丁香和领春木的侵染率和孢子密度呈正相关,但与连香树和南方红豆杉呈负相关;速效磷与暴马丁香、南方红豆杉和领春木的侵染率和孢子密度呈正相关,但与连香树呈负相关;碱解氮、有机质与暴马丁香、连香树和领春木的侵染率和孢子密度呈正相关,但与南方红豆杉呈负相关。(3)4种药用植物的菌根侵染率主要受其根际土壤碱解氮的影响,而根际AMF孢子密度主要受根际土壤pH制约。可见,历山自然保护区内AMF资源丰富,多样性程度也较高;宿主植物不同,土壤因子对其侵染率和孢子密度的影响也不同。     

贵州煤矸石山香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落的季节动态研究

以煤矸石山种植年限为17年的香根草Vetiveria zizanioides为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术研究香根草根系及根际土丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）群落的季节动态。并利用Spearman、NMDS、RDA和Mantel-test等统计学方法分析了AMF孢子密度、菌根侵染率、土壤理化性质、丰富度及多样性指数之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）AMF孢子密度和菌根侵染率均表现为夏季显著高于春秋两季。（2）3个季节根系中共得到127个OTUs,根际土中共得到258个OTUs,根和根际土中共享96个OTUs,共分离鉴定4科7属AMF,球囊霉属Glomus是该煤矸石山的优势属。（3）根系中AMF多样性和丰富度指数随季节变化先降后升;根际土中AMF多样性指数随季节变化先降后升,但丰富度指数随季节变化呈递减趋势;春季根际土香农、Chao1和ACE指数均显著高于根系,夏季根际土Chao1指数显著高于根系。（4）NMDS分析表明,夏季根系AMF群落分布与其他季节差异显著。Spearman分析表明,根系全钾含量与多样性和丰富度指数显著正相关,速效磷与丰富度指数显著负相关。RDA分析表明,AMF群落组成在根系春季和夏季、根际土夏季和秋季与全磷、全氮、全钾和速效磷正相关,与有机质负相关。Mantel-test分析表明,pH、有机质、全氮、全钾、速效磷和采样季节极显著影响菌根侵染率,有机质和全氮是影响孢子密度的主导因子。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV