泽蛙雌核单倍体几种用工酶基因表达的研究

本研究用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳,比较泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体和泽蛙二倍体在鳃盖闭合期的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶（MDH）、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶同工酶（G-6-PDH）和酯酶同工酶（EST）的表型。实验表明,单倍体的上述同工酶区带数和活力与同胚期的二倍体比较,差异甚大。由此,作者认为,泽蛙单倍体同工酶基因的表达异常是由于缺少另一套染色体基因的相互作用。     

单套染色体组在泽蛙雌核单倍体发育中的作用

本文比较了泽蛙(Rana limnocharis Boie)单倍体和二倍体的胚胎发育。结果表明:泽蛙单倍体的生活力低下,器官发生异常,自原肠胚起发育速度减慢。据此,作者讨论了单套染色体组在个体发育中的作用。     

四类不同倍性鲫鱼在胚胎发育期间同工酶基因表达的比较分析

用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳比较分析了单倍体、二倍体、三倍体和复合四倍体4类不同倍性鲫鱼以及单倍体和二倍体鲤鱼在胚胎发育时期4种同工酶(EST,LDH,MDH,SOD)酶谱。结果表明,单倍体鲫鱼和单倍体鲤鱼胚胎与各自的二倍体胚胎相比,同工酶酶谱看不出差异;天然三倍体银鲫胚胎的MDH和SOD同工酶酶谱与二倍体鲫相似,但EST和LDH同工酶比二倍体增多了酶带,有的酶带如EST5和EST6还可在鲤鱼胚胎中找到相应的表达产物,提供了天然雌核发育三倍体银鲫杂交起源的证据;复合四倍体由于含有鲤鱼的一个外来基因组,其胚胎的基因表达有些与杂种类似,在所分析的4种同工酶酶谱中,都可观察到来自鲤鱼基因的影响。此外,在由源于不同复合四倍体个体的卵子发育形成的胚胎间,还观察到同工酶基因表达的异质性。     

金鱼同工酶的发生遗传学研究——Ⅲ.金鱼同工酶基因座位的加倍与多倍性

以鲫鱼和金鱼为材料,用葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶体系作为基因标志,从检测同工酶的多重组合形式来研究基因的加倍与演化。对彩鲫与金鱼G6PD和LDH同工酶的分析结果表明,它们均具有与四倍体鱼类相应的谱带。因而说明了金鱼的G6PD和LDH同工酶基因座位的加倍与染色体的多倍性有关,为金鱼是四倍体的假说提供了证据。而对MDH同工酶的分析却得到了与二倍体鱼类相同的谱带数。这可能与加倍基因发生突变而不表达有关。     

泽蛙单倍体细胞RNA含量对胚胎发育和成活的影响

对两栖类单倍体的综合症以及死亡原因,前人有许多不同认识,本文用实验说明,单倍体细胞的RNA含量不及二倍体的一半,并认为,单倍体泽蛙的死亡原因与其细胞中RNA含量不足密切相关。     

泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体发育中的核质关系

本文详细比较了由同一母体卵子产生的泽蛙单倍体和二倍体的个体发育,并依据实验结果,讨论了个体发育中的核质关系。作者认为,个体发育始末,细胞质虽然影响早期的发育和细胞分化,但是,细胞核一直起到主导作用。没有正常的染色体组数,就没有正常的细胞分化和个体发育。     

泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体产生过程的细胞学研究

丁汉波等(1965)在福建无尾两栖类的杂交实验中发现,泽蛙(Rana limnochris Boie)♀×黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus Schneider)♂可以产生泽蛙雌核单倍体,但是这种组合的“杂交”如何产生单倍体,在细胞学方面未深入研究。为了进一步了解其发育机理,本文主要从细胞学的角度探讨黑眶蟾蜍精子诱发泽蛙卵进行雌核生殖的过程。     

金鱼etv2基因的克隆及在雌核发育单倍体和自交二倍体胚胎中的差异表达

为研究鱼类雌核发育单倍体循环系统发育异常的原因, 从金鱼(Carassius auratus)中克隆了血管发生主调控基因etv2(Ets variant 2)的全长cDNA序列, 并比较分析了该基因在雌核发育单倍体和自交二倍体中的表达。金鱼etv2 cDNA全长1531 bp, 其开放阅读框为1116 bp, 编码371个氨基酸。序列对比分析表明, 金鱼ETV2蛋白的C端含有ETS(E26 transformation-specific)转录因子家族所共有的ETS DNA结合结构域, 该结构域氨基酸序列与其他脊椎动物ETV2的同源性超过60%。RT-PCR和荧光实时定量PCR分析结果表明, etv2在自交二倍体金鱼成体的肝脏、心脏、肌肉、肾脏、精巢、脑和脾脏等多种器官组织中表达, 但在卵巢和成熟卵子中不表达; 在金鱼胚胎发育过程中, etv2从尾芽期开始表达, 在体节形成后, etv2表达水平随胚胎发育而升高, 在20体节期达到峰值, 随后其表达水平降低。整胚原位杂交显示etv2特异性表达于自交二倍体金鱼胚胎的侧板中胚层、成血管细胞以及血管内皮细胞。在14体节期和20体节期, 雌核发育单倍体胚胎中etv2在躯干及尾部的部分区域表达减弱或缺失, 特别是在胚胎中线表达消失, 并且其整体表达水平显著低于自交二倍体。上述结果说明在金鱼雌核发育单倍体胚胎中成血管细胞数量减少并存在向中线迁移的障碍, 可能是导致雌核发育单倍体血管发生异常的重要原因。     

雌核发育兰州鲇胚胎发育和形态特征的研究

该研究通过紫外线(UV)灭活的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)精子利用冷休克方法诱导兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)雌核发育二倍体(G_(2n))、单倍体(N)、杂交二倍体(H_(2n)),以及同源精子诱导的普通二倍体(2N)的胚胎发育时序和发育生物学特征进行了观察比较。结果显示,(1)受精率为2NH_(2n)NG_(2n),孵化率为2NG_(2n)N,畸形率为NG_(2n)2N。(2)在水温23 °C下,普通二倍体48 h孵化出膜,雌核发育二倍体51 h孵化出膜,杂交二倍体在神经胚期(26 h 20 min)停止发育,单倍体在出膜前期(43 h)停止发育。(3)各组胚胎发育形态上的差别主要表现在杂交二倍体未形成正常胚体,单倍体表现出典型的单倍体综合征,雌核发育二倍体初孵仔鱼在形态学上与普通二倍体无明显差异。该研究为兰州鲇雌核发育技术提供了技术支撑,同时也为单倍体、杂交和雌核发育胚胎的细胞生物学研究提供了理论依据。     

螅状独缩虫自然种群同工酶的研究

利用聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳技术,对采自武汉沙湖螅状独缩虫自然种群的酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)四种同工酶酶系进行了研究。实验表明:EST同工酶酶系由六个基因座位(Est1-Est6)控制,其中Est1、Est2、Est3和Est5为杂合基因座位,而Est4和Est6为纯合基因座位。螅状独缩虫物种中EST同工酶四级结构既有单体也有二聚体;MDH同工酶酶系由五个基因座位(Mdh1-Mdh5)控制,其中Mdh2和Mdh3为杂合基因座位,而Mdh1、Mdh4和Mdh5为纯合基因座位。螅状独缩虫苹果酸脱氢酶存在明显的上清液型(sMDH)和线粒体型(mMDH)酶带;LDH同工酶酶系较其他原生动物发达,由5条明显酶带组成。与高等动物研究结果比较分析认为,螅状独缩虫乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶系可能为一个杂合基因座位AB控制;ACP同工酶酶系简单,为一个纯合基因座位编码。取得的结果为揭示螅状独缩虫酶学特征及其自然种群的遗传特征等问题提供了基础资料。       

Genetic Relationships between Haploid and Triploid Targionia (Targioniaceae, Hepaticae)

The species complex Targionia hypophylla-Targionia lorbeeriana includes a haploid and a triploid cytotype in Europe and the Atlantic islands. As shown by isozyme analysis, high levels of fixed heterozygosity and duplication of one of the chromosome sets characterize the triploids that are fertile. Hybridization between two haploids, followed by chromosome doubling and meiotic nondisjunction can explain triploidy. Both allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy are invoked for the origin of the triploid. The duplicated chromosome set most likely comes from the existing haploid that could be one of the putative parents. The morphological intergradation between the two cytotypes, their identical ecological requirements and sympatric distribution can be understood in the light of these data. A haploid Texan colony analyzed for comparison can be discarded as the other putative parent, which remains unknown. Moreover, three triploid African and Australasian colonies do not share the same duplicated genome as the triploids from Europe and the Atlantic islands. Electrophoretic data indicate independent origins of the European-Atlantic and African-Australasian polyploids.     

A genomewide study of reproductive barriers between allopatric populations of a homosporous fern, Ceratopteris richardii

Biological factors involved in reproductive barriers between two divergent races of Ceratopteris richardii were investigated. We used a combination of spore germination rates, QTL analysis of spore germination rates, and transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of 729 RFLPs, AFLPs, and isozyme markers distributed across the genome on the basis of hybrid populations of 488 doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and 168 F(2)'s. Substantial reproductive barriers were found between the parental races, predominantly in the form of spore inviability (23.7% F(1) spore viability). Intrinsic genetic factors such as Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) incompatibilities involving both nuclear-nuclear and nuclear-cytoplasmic factors and chromosomal rearrangements appear to contribute to intrinsic postzygotic isolation. The genomewide distribution patterns of TRD loci support the hypothesis that reproductive barriers are a byproduct of divergence in allopatry and that the strong reproductive barriers are attributable to a small number of genetic elements scattered throughout the genome.     

DEVELOPMENTAL CORRELATES OF GENOME SIZE IN PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GENOME EVOLUTION

We present an analysis of the evolutionary relationship between genome size (C-value, mass of DNA per haploid nucleus) and developmental rate using observations of limb regeneration in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Rates of growth and differentiation of regenerating limbs are reported for 27 plethodontid species whose C-values range from 14 to 76 picograms. A phylogenetic analysis employing Felsenstein's method of independent contrasts indicates that rate of differentiation is inversely proportional to genome size, although we have not identified any statistically significant association between genome size and the growth rate of regenerating tissue. Our results are consistent with an interpretation that genome size may place a limit on the maximum rate of regeneration attainable in plethodontid salamanders. The implications of our findings for the “junk DNA,” “nucleotypic DNA,” “selfish DNA,” and “skeletal DNA” hypotheses of genome evolution are discussed.     

cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequence of rat muscle-specific enolase (beta beta enolase)

The nucleotide sequence of rat muscle-specific enolase cDNA was determined by sequencing three cDNA clones encoding this enolase isozyme. The nearly full-length cDNA consists of 13-bp 5'- and 84-bp 3'-noncoding regions and a poly(A) tail in addition to a 1302-bp coding region encoding a polypeptide composed of 434 amino acid residues. The deduced primary structure of this enolase isozyme is about 80% similar to those determined previously for rat neuron-specific and non-neuronal enolase isozymes. Southern blot analysis suggested strongly the existence of a single copy of the muscle-specific enolase gene per haploid genome. The mRNA for this enolase isozyme was detected in rat skeletal muscle on day 1 after birth and its level increased rapidly during 10-30 days after birth without any change in its size (1500 bases).     

Euploidy in Ricinus. I. Euploidy and gene dosage effects on cellular proteins

Investigation of an euploid series of castor bean, Ricinus communis L., consisting of haploid, diploid, and tetraploid individuals, was performed to determine the value of such a series in studying the biochemical consequences of genome multiplication. The effects of euploidization of the nuclear genome on the biosynthesis of cellular proteins were examined. Extracts of total soluble proteins from 10-day-old leaves of all three ploidy levels examined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels revealed no difference in the complement of proteins present; however, differences in intensity of several protein bands were detected. Analysis of esterase isozyme activity by isoelectric focusing revealed both increases and decreases in the activity levels of individual isozyme variants in response to changes in ploidy levels. Results from this analysis are discussed in terms of possible regulatory mechanisms active in the regulation of duplicated genes.     

四类不同倍性鲫鱼在胚胎发育期间同工酶基因表达的比较分析

Isozyme zymograms of esterase (EST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis at different developmental stages of embryogenesis in 4 types of various ploidy crucian carp embryos, including haploids, diploids, natural triploids, and multiple tetraploids, and 2 types of haploid and diploid common carp embryos. Haploid embryos of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were produced by treating eggs with UV-irradiated milt from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Natural triploid embryos were obtained from the eggs of gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) inseminated with milt from red common carp. Multiple tetraploid embryos were also produced by gynogenesis from eggs of the newly discovered multiple tetraploid females inseminated with milt from red common carp. Gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that the band types and staining intensity of 4 isozymes expressed in haploid embryos of crucian carp and red common carp were similar to that in the correlative diploid embryos. In natural triploid silver crucian carp embryos, the zymograms of MDH and SOD isozymes were identical with that of diploid crucian carp embryos, but the EST and LDH isozymes manifested more new enzyme bands in comparison with diploid embryos. The corresponding expressed products of some bands in the triploid embryos, such as EST5 and EST6, could be observed also in red common carp embryos, which provided evidence for hybrid origin about the gynogenetic fish. The multiple tetraploids incorporated one foreign genome of red common carp, therefore, the effects of genes from the foreign genome could be observed in the multiple tetraploid embryos. Gene expression of the isozymes in the tetraploid embryos was somewhat similar to that in hybrids. Owing to interaction of triploid silver crucian carp genomes and common carp haploid genome, some isozyme bands, such as EST5 and EST6, changed in quantity, and some bands increased, such as s-SOD1, s-SOD2, s-SOD3 and s-SOD4 in the tetraploid embryos. Moreover, the heterogeneity was revealed among embryos developed from gynogenetic eggs of 3 different multiple tetraploid individuals.     

Nuclear DNA content of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) estimated by flow cytometry

The nuclear DNA content of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennnadius) was estimated using flow cytometry. Male and female nuclei were stained with propidium iodide and their DNA content was estimated using chicken red blood cells and Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Brassicaceae) as external standards. The estimated nuclear DNA content of male and female B. tabaci was 1.04 and 2.06 pg, respectively. These results corroborated previous reports based on chromosome counting, which showed that B. tabaci males are haploid and females are diploid. Conversion between DNA content and genome size (1 pg DNA=980 Mbp) indicate that the haploid genome size of B. tabaci is 1020 Mbp, which is approximately five times the size of the genome of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. These results provide an important baseline that will facilitate genomics-based research for the B. tabaci complex.     

水稻双单倍体群体的分子标记图示基因型分析

利用窄叶青８号（籼稻）／京系１７（粳稻）花培产生的双单倍体群体建立了一个包含１６０个分子标记的遗传连锁图,在此基础上利用ＨＹＰＥＲＧＥＮＥ软件建立了５２个ＤＨ系的图示基因型,并对ＤＨ系的亲本基因组比率和染色体的交换重组频率进行了比较分析。结果表明本实验所用的ＤＨ群体没有显著偏离正态分布,籼粳稻杂交后代中植株的籼粳表现与同工酶、形态指数和基因组比率的分析结果一致,此外还发现ＤＨ群体中出现了大量的交换罕见染色体。利用图示基因型分析发现株高和分子标记ＲＺ９７８和ＲＧ４Ａ相关,生育期和ＲＲＫ０８－１、ＲＧ４７７和ＲＧ５１１相关。本文还就图示基因型分析技术在ＤＨ群体的遗传分析和选择育种中的应用进行了讨论．     

水稻抗白叶枯病菌毒素细胞无性变异系的初步筛选

应用湖北水稻白叶枯病强毒菌株“江陵６９１”活细菌、细菌培养滤液、病菌粘液多糖和菌体多糖。对水稻粳１０５、粳３０３７和科选１号的幼穗及花药所形成的愈伤组织进行共培养筛选。获得体细胞再生植株４４３株,花粉植株３１株,其中１７株为单倍体（ｎ＝１２）。同工酶谱显示,筛选出的粳１０５愈伤组织的过氧化物酶同工酶活性加强,带数增多。