A genomewide study of reproductive barriers between allopatric populations of a homosporous fern, Ceratopteris richardii

Biological factors involved in reproductive barriers between two divergent races of Ceratopteris richardii were investigated. We used a combination of spore germination rates, QTL analysis of spore germination rates, and transmission ratio distortion (TRD) of 729 RFLPs, AFLPs, and isozyme markers distributed across the genome on the basis of hybrid populations of 488 doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and 168 F(2)'s. Substantial reproductive barriers were found between the parental races, predominantly in the form of spore inviability (23.7% F(1) spore viability). Intrinsic genetic factors such as Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) incompatibilities involving both nuclear-nuclear and nuclear-cytoplasmic factors and chromosomal rearrangements appear to contribute to intrinsic postzygotic isolation. The genomewide distribution patterns of TRD loci support the hypothesis that reproductive barriers are a byproduct of divergence in allopatry and that the strong reproductive barriers are attributable to a small number of genetic elements scattered throughout the genome.