云南省农耕区小型兽类群落结构及分布格局

为了解云南省农耕区小型兽类群落结构及空间分布特征,根据云南不同经纬度、海拔等自然环境条件,于2010年8月—2018年4月,选取云南省25个调查样区中104块农耕地,采用铗夜法开展小型兽类调查,运用群落生态学指标对农耕区小型兽类的群落特征和沿环境梯度的空间分布进行研究.结果表明: 共捕获小型兽类3240头,隶属4目9科21属42种,其中啮齿目最多,以齐氏姬鼠和黄胸鼠为代表.25个样区聚类为三大类.小兽在纬度和垂直分布上类似,低纬度和低海拔范围的种类相对较少,以家鼠属和小鼠属为主,而高纬度和高海拔地区以姬鼠属、白腹鼠属和绒鼠属为主.小兽物种多样性指数随着海拔的增加呈现先增后降的单峰分布格局,峰值出现在中海拔地区;经度水平分布上,小兽多样性指数呈V型分布格局,在98°—99° E最高;而纬度水平上,小兽多样性指数由南到北总体呈上升趋势.广义可加模型(GAM)分析表明,各因子对农耕区小型兽类多样性指数分布格局的影响程度为经度>海拔>纬度.相似性分析表明,相邻梯度带之间小兽群落结构为中等相似,相似性最高出现在中海拔带、中纬度带、低经度带之间,不同梯度带距离越远,小兽相似性越低.云南省农耕区小兽群落结构在不同维度上存在较高的空间异质性,物种多样性的地理分布随环境梯度变化呈现出不同的分布格局.     

中国云南洱海周边小兽体表革螨多样性（英文）

云南大理洱海周边是我国流行性出血热的流行地区之一。本文目的是运用Shannon-Wiener、系统聚类分析方法（SPSS 13.0软件）和Levins'niche等对该区3 303只小兽体表寄生革螨的物种多样性、群落结构、相似性、分布和生态位进行研究。选择的洱海周边三个不同方位恰好处于东部无量山、南部哀老山和西部苍山,由于洱海的天然隔离使这三个方位形成了同地域异生境的地理景观。在调查点共捕获小兽宿主3 303只属4目（啮齿目、食虫目、攀鼩目和食肉目）7科15属21种,收集到的小兽体表寄生虫革螨23 196只被鉴定为6科16属43种。研究结果表明革螨群落结构复杂,物种多样性高。在不同方位革螨和它们相对应宿主的分布是不均匀的,但是洱海周边不同方位同样优势小兽上寄生的优势革螨种是一致的。结果暗示：生境影响着革螨和它们相对应小兽的物种构成和分布,如果小兽宿主的分类地位和生境相似,那么相对应的小兽宿主上的革螨群落就相似; 不同方位小兽体表寄生虫革螨的丰富度和物种多样性主要由宿主本身和宿主所栖息的生境决定;这可能是小兽和革螨之间协同进化在生态学上的一个佐证。但通过使用革螨的生态位宽度分析,革螨的宿主特异性很低,这又可能暗示着小兽和革螨之间有协同进化,但协同进化程度不高。     

贵州省思南县不同生境区域鼠形动物体表革螨群落对比研究

1988年对贵州省思南县不同生境区域啮齿目及食虫目动物体表革螨群落的调查结果表明:室内生境革螨种类少、多样性低、优势种突出,以毒厉螨及柏氏禽刺螨为优势种;野外生境革螨种类丰富、多样性高、优势种不突出。其中海拔较高的山区和丘陵地带野外生境革螭群落为同一类型,以毒厉螨及土尔克历螨为优势种,低海拔平坝地带为另一类型,以鼠颚毛厉螨为优势种。     

川西南地区小型兽类型体外寄生革螨群落研究

1987年7月－1988年11月在川西南地区共采集到小型兽类体外革螨32种,178只,高山姬鼠,大耳姬鼠和社鼠体外寄生革螨群落结构复杂,生物多样性指数较高,在这些革螨群落中,如厩真厉螨为高山姬鼠和大耳姬鼠的优势种,福建厉螨为社鼠的优势种,毒厉螨为褐家和阳金小鼠的优势种,松鼠真厉螨为橙腹松鼠的优势种,金氏厉螨为黑腹绒鼠的优势种,臊鼠赫刺螨为灰麝鼯的优势种,而其余12种小型兽类革螨群落的优势种不明显。     

中国云南小兽体表革螨的群落相似性

运用系统聚类分析方法对中国云南省境内17种主要小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表革螨群落相似性进行研究,每一种小兽体表的所有外寄生革螨被定义为一个相应的革螨群落。运用SPSS11.5软件完成17种革螨群落的相似性比较。研究结果表明:小兽体表革螨群落结构复杂,物种多样性高;隶属同一个属的小兽体表的革螨群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中聚为一类;大多数革螨群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类上的近缘性高低呈现高度一致,但也有一些革螨群落是例外的。这说明小兽体表革螨群落不仅受小兽宿主分类地位的影响,可能还受宿主生境的影响     

贵州省思南县不同生境区域鼠形动物体表革螨群落对比研究

1988年对贵州省思南县不同生境区域啮齿目及食虫目动物体表革螨群落的调查结果表明:室内生境革螨种类少、多样性低、优势种突出,以毒厉螨及柏氏禽刺螨为优势种;野外生境革螨种类丰富、多样性高、优势种不突出.其中海拔较高的山区和丘陵地带野外生境革螭群落为同一类型,以毒厉螨及土尔克历螨为优势种,低海拔平坝地带为另一类型,以鼠颚毛厉螨为优势种.     

贵州省部分鼠形动物体表革螨群落结构

本文汇集了1978—1988年贵州省17个县(市)的调查资料,首次对啮齿目及食虫目动物体表革螨群落结构进行了定量描述。多数宿主体表革螨种类丰富。除部分稀有种外,多数革螨宿主广泛。毒厉螨、土尔克厉螨及柏氏禽刺螨可作为多种宿主的优势革螨种。优势种在群落中的地位受物种丰富度、均匀度及多样性的影响。     

四川南充市郊区鼠型小兽群落组成研究

2005年3月～2006年2月对四川省南充市郊区的鼠型小兽进行了调查。共捕获鼠型小兽1499只,隶属于2目2科7种,根据优势种分为两个群落:微尾鼩 黑线姬鼠群落中除优势种外,还捕到少量大足鼠、社鼠、褐家鼠和灰麝鼩,主要分布于住宅区以外的农田林地;褐家鼠 黄胸鼠群落,有少量微尾鼩,分布于住宅区。采用Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、均匀性指数、Hurlbert生态优势度和物种数对沟谷地、半坡地、坡顶地以及住宅区4种微生境中捕获的小兽进行了分析。住宅区的多样性指数、均匀性指数最高,其次为沟谷地。     

云南省短尾鼩体表螨类感染及相关生态分析

根据2001至2015年对云南省30个县(市)的现场调查,本文对短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)体表螨类(革螨和恙螨)的感染状况和相关生态规律进行了初步分析。常规统计短尾鼩体表螨类的构成比(C_r)、感染率(P_M)、平均多度(M_A)和感染度(M_I)。用Jaccard相似性系数(J)比较螨类物种相似度。用Margalef指数(M_f)测定螨类物种丰富度,同时计算螨类科属级物种多样性(D_F、D_G、D_(G-F))。用聚块指数(m*/m)和负二项分布的K参数(k)测定优势螨种的空间分布型。用协调系数(V)测定革螨和恙螨两大类群之间的协调关系。在所调查的30个县市中,从10个县市累积捕获到348只短尾鼩,采集到螨类15541只,分类鉴定为10科24属103种,恙螨物种丰富度(M_f)高于革螨,但革螨科属物种多样性各指标(D_G=2.80,D_F=2.32,D__(G-F)=0.17)均高于恙螨的相应指标(D_G=1.43,D_F=1.26,D_(G-F)=0.12)。短尾鼩体表螨类感染普遍,总感染率(P_M=80.75%)、总平均多度(M_A=44.66螨/鼩)和总感染度(M_I=55.31螨/鼩)均较高,革螨的这三项指标明显高于恙螨(P_M:χ~2=182.580,P 0.001;M_A:Z=-12.495,P 0.001;M_I:Z=-0.371,P 0.05)。两大螨类之间呈较低程度正协调(V=0.18,P 0.001)。短尾鼩地厉螨(Dipolaelaps anourosorecis)是短尾鼩体表的优势革螨(C_r=92.79%),密点纤恙螨(Leptotrombidium densipunctatum)是优势恙螨(C_r=23.10%),两种优势螨种在短尾鼩不同个体间呈聚集分布(m*/m 1,k 0)。不同性别和不同年龄短尾鼩体表螨类感染存在差异,螨类更倾向于感染雌性和成年短尾鼩。雌雄短尾鼩体表恙螨种类相似度较低(J=0.31),革螨种类相似度相对较高(J=0.65)。不同年龄短尾鼩体表恙螨种类相似度很低(J=0.17),革螨种类相似度也较低(J=0.28)。结果表明,云南省短尾鼩体表螨类感染普遍,感染程度重,螨类物种多样性很高。密点纤恙螨是优势恙螨,短尾鼩地厉螨是优势革螨,两种优势螨种均呈聚集分布。不同性别和不同年龄短尾鼩体表螨类感染存在性别偏倚和年龄偏倚。     

香格里拉县小型兽类垂直空间生态位初步研究

2011年6～7月采用铗夜法,对云南香格里拉县海拔2500～4500 m范围内的小型兽类进行了调查,并分析了群落中各物种的空间生态位宽度指数和生态位重叠指数大小与其沿海拔梯度分布的关系及对空间资源的利用状况.共捕获19种275只小型兽类,其中社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、大耳姬鼠(A.latronum)、齐氏姬鼠(A.chevrieri)、藏鼠兔(Ochotona thibetana)、西南绒鼠(Eothenomys custos)和大足鼠(Rattus nitidus)分布的海拔梯度跨度最大,分布范围较广,占据垂直空间生态位宽,是当地小型兽类群落的优势种.19种小型兽类的空间生态位重叠幅度差异很大,大绒鼠(E.miletus)、灰麝鼩(Crocidura attenuata)、中麝鼩(C.russula vorax)的空间生态位完全重叠;大足鼠、齐氏姬鼠与滇攀鼠(Vernany fulva)、克氏田鼠(Microtus clarkei)、隐纹花松鼠(Tamiops swinhoei)、珀氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi)、灰鼯鼠(Petaurista xanthatis)、印度长尾鼩(Soriculus leucops)空间生态位完全不重叠.     

Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China

An investigation of gamasid mites on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in Yunnan Province of China from 1990 to 2004. The small mammal hosts were captured from 25 counties which represent five geographical subregions, namely Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Southern Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Plateau Subregion of Yunnan, Western Plateau Subregion of Yunnan and Southern Moun- tainous Subregion of Yunnan. The captured 10 803 small mammal hosts belong to nine families, 29 genera and 52 species in four orders （Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Lagomorpha）. A total of 68 571 gamasid mites were collected from the body surface of the captured small mammal hosts and all the gamasid mites were identified to 10 families, 33 genera and 112 species. This paper lists all the mite species, together with their taxonomic position （genera and families） and their corresponding hosts. Much more mite species were found in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains than in other geographical subregions. The total individuals of mites and small mammals in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains are also the most plentiful in the five geographical subregions. Three dominant mite species and three dominant small mammal hosts were determined as the dominant species in the investigated areas of Yunnan Province. The dominant hosts are Rattus flavipectus （which accounts for 34.85% of the total individuals）, Apodemus chevrieri （13.43%） and Rattus norvegicus （10.40%） while the dominant gamasid mite species are Laelaps nuttalli （Hirst, 1915） （27.84%）, Laelaps echidninus （Berlese, 1887） （18.38%） and Laelaps guizhouensis （Gu et Wang, 1981） （14.79%）. The results showed the high species diversity of gamasid mites in Yunnan Province and the uneven distribution feature in different subregions.     

Body size and coexistence in gamasid mites parasitic on small mammals: null model analyses at three hierarchical scales

We studied body size ratio in gamasid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) parasitic on Palearctic small mammals at 3 hierarchical scales, namely infracommunities (an assemblage of mites harboured by an individual host), component communities (an assemblage of mites harboured by a host population), and compound communities (an assemblage of mites harboured by a host community). We used null models and asked a) whether body size distributions in these communities demonstrate non‐random patterns; b) whether these patterns indicate segregation or aggregation of body sizes of coexisting species; and c) whether patterns of body size distribution are scale‐dependent, that is, differ among infracommunities, component communities, and compound communities. In most mite assemblages, the observed pattern of body size distribution did not differ from that expected by chance. However, meta‐analyses demonstrated that component and compound communities of gamasid mites consistently demonstrated a tendency to reduced body size overlap, while we did not find any clear trend in mite body size distribution across infracommunities. We discuss reasons for scale‐dependence of body size distribution pattern in parasite communities and propose ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that allowed the reduced body size overlap in component and compound communities of ectoparasites to arise.     

Species associations and trait dissimilarity in communities of ectoparasitic arthropods harboured by small mammals at three hierarchical scales

1. This study tested the relationships between the probability of pairwise species co-occurrence and pairwise dissimilarity in their traits in infracommunities (across assemblages harboured by conspecific individual hosts within a locality), component communities (across assemblages harboured by host species within a locality), and compound communities (across assemblages in different localities) of fleas and gamasid mites parasitic on small mammals in Western Siberia. 2. A significant, albeit weak, tendency was found for flea communities harboured by conspecific host individuals, host species, and host communities to be composed of similar species. No relationship between the probability of co-occurrence and trait dissimilarity was detected for mite communities at any hierarchical scale. 3. For fleas, this study explained the link between positive co-occurrence and trait dissimilarity by a process resembling environmental filtering realised mainly via host traits for infracommunities and component communities and via off-host environment for compound communities, thus suggesting that the identical shape of the relationships between co-occurrence and trait dissimilarity at different scales was driven by different mechanisms. 4. The explanation of the lack of this relationship in mites included: (i) the paucity of the subset of mite traits used in this study and its potential inadequacy for the question at hand; and (ii) possible masking of the effect induced by one trait on co-occurrence owing to the lack of this effect induced by another trait(s). 5. Caution is recommended regarding the compilation of a dataset involving multiple traits, its analysis, and the interpretation of the results.     

Abundances and host relationships of chigger mites in Yunnan Province,China

This paper reports on ectoparasitic chigger mites found on small mammals in Yunnan Province, southwest China. Data were accumulated from 19 investigation sites (counties) between 2001 and 2009. A total of 10 222 small mammal hosts were captured and identified; these represented 62 species, 34 genera and 11 families in five orders. From the body surfaces of these 10 222 hosts, a total of 92 990 chigger mites were collected and identified microscopically. These represented 224 species, 22 genera and three subfamilies in the family Trombiculidae (Trombidiformes). Small mammals were commonly found to be infested by chigger mites and most host species harboured several species of mite. The species diversity of chigger mites in Yunnan was much higher than diversities reported previously in other provinces of China and in other countries. A single species of rodent, Eothenomys miletus (Rodentia: Cricetidae), carried 111 species of chigger mite, thus demonstrating the highest species diversity and heaviest mite infestation of all recorded hosts. This diversity is exceptional compared with that of other ectoparasites. Of the total 224 mite species, 21 species accounted for 82.2% of all mites counted. Two species acting as major vectors for scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease), Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium deliense, were identified as the dominant mite species in this sample. In addition to these two major vectors, 12 potential or suspected vector species were found. Most species of chigger mite had a wide range of hosts and low host specificity. For example, L. scutellare parasitized 30 species of host. The low host specificity of chigger mites may increase their probability of encountering humans, as well as their transmission of scrub typhus among different hosts. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that similarities between different chigger mite communities on the 18 main species of small mammal host did not accord with the taxonomic affinity of the hosts. This suggests that the distribution of chigger mites may be strongly influenced by the environment in which hosts live.     

云南省小兽体表革螨名录初报

1994年至2004年在云南省境内共调查了25个县（市）,共捕获53种啮齿目、食虫目、攀口目、兔形目和翼手目小兽10803只,从其体表分检出革螨68572只,隶属10科26属80种,其中云南新记录种12种;结合相关文献记载,到目前为止,整个云南省小兽体表革螨共有10科33属112种。     

SEX RATIO AND AGE STRUCTURE OF GAMASID MITES FROM SMALL MAMMALS IN WESTERN YUNNAN,CHINA*

Abstract A total of 70 species of gamasid mites (7485 individuals) were collected from the body surface of 38 species of small mammals (3023 individuals) during an investigation of 13 counties of western Yunnan, China, from 1990 to 1996. Most species of gamasid mites have more females (80% 100%) than males (P <0.01). Exceptions are Haemogamasus gongshanensis where males outnumber females (P < 0.01) and Haemolaelaps glasgowi where there are similar numbers of males and females (P > 0.05). No larva was found in most of the mite species. The proportion of individuals at the immature stages (mainly protonymphs and deutonymphs) in most mite species is small (0–12.84%) compared to the adults (P < 0.01). Exceptions are Ornithonyssus bacoti and Haemolaelaps glasgowi where 62.84% and 49.48% respectively are nymphs. The biased sex ratios may reflect the probable different bloodsucking preferences and parthenogenesis of the gamasid mites. The absence of larvae and a low proportion of nymph stages in most mite species probably reflect that the larvae or nymphs of most mite species are non‐feeding or non‐blood sucking and are in their hosts' nests. Another possibility is that some species directly produce protonymphs or even deutonymphs without eggs and larvae which makes it difficult to find the larval stage.