三峡水库生态渔业发展策略与关键技术研究分析

针对三峡水库蓄水后水体资源丰富、水生态系统发育尚不完善、支流库湾藻类水华问题较严重、鱼类群落结构有待调控、水生生物资源未有效利用和转化的现状, 阐述了三峡水库生态渔业作为生态系统保护途径和绿色产业的必要性与重要性, 提出了三峡水库生态渔业发展的总体目标与基本原则, 认为三峡水库发展生态渔业应以生态安全保障和水质养护为首要任务, 严格控制外来物种的引种移植, 以土著鱼类自然繁殖保护和捕捞管理为主, 动态调控放流增殖的鱼类种类和数量为辅, 建立以鱼类群落合理配置和食物网结构优化为手段的水库生态系统调控技术体系, 促进高效的物质循环和能量流动, 实现环境保护和渔业增效的双赢。作者围绕渔业放流增殖、野生鱼类资源保护、捕捞管理、局部库区渔业调控、渔业生物控藻、社区渔业协调管理、生态渔业总体规划等方面, 分析了现阶段三峡水库生态渔业的重点研究任务与关键技术,同时建议加强相关生态学理论与方法研究、技术示范和成果应用, 为三峡水库以渔养水、渔-水和谐的综合管理提供决策依据。       

略谈农业生态系统

农业生态系统一般都是由若干个亚系统组成。亚系统的数目、种类则根据地区和自然条件的特点有所不同。例如农、林、牧、渔亚系统,农、牧、渔亚系统,农、牧亚系统等。稳定性较强,生产能力较高的生态系统,通常是由较多的亚系统组成。但也有很多农业生态系统仅由两个或一个亚系统组成,如农、牧生态系统和农田生态系统等。亚系统可以再分为亚亚系统,如     

松嫩湖群鱼类群落相似性

根据2008年5月至2011年1月对松嫩湖群20个主要渔业湖泊的鱼类资源调查,分析了该湖群鱼类区系特征和群落相似性状况。松嫩湖群的鱼类区系由4目9科34属46种和亚种构成,其中土著鱼类3目8科27属39种和亚种,包括中国特有种3种,中国易危种1种,冷水种5种;由5个区系复合体构成,以东部江河平原区系复合体为主体;鲤形目31种,鲤科26种,分别占优势;鱼类区系具有南北方物种相互渗透、古北界与东洋界交汇过渡的混色类群特征。目前松嫩湖群鱼类群落种类组成的相似度总体较低,群落数量结构的相似度总体较高,鱼类群落相似性面临的主要问题是自然与人为因素导致湖泊生态环境的变化和放养、移殖与过度捕捞导致鱼类资源的减少与小型化,二者的叠加效应使鱼类群落长期处于受损状态,群落结构及其相似性处在动态变化中,群落内种间关系的协调性、种群结构的合理性和群落结构的稳定性均在下降。针对这些情况和群落相似性现状,提出未来松嫩湖群湖泊渔业的发展方向是优化调整群落结构,发展多种群湖泊渔业,合理利用土著鱼类资源。     

鱼儿都去哪儿了 渔具渔法调研

正受非法渔具的威胁,长江鱼类资源趋于衰竭的情形近年来频频见诸报端。三峡水库形成后,非法渔业"酷捕滥捞"的形势同样严峻,对水库鱼类资源和生态系统造成了较大的压力。三峡水库蓄水后,许多农民转行成为渔民,渔船数量大幅增加,捕捞强度持续增强,对鱼类资源的可持续发展产生了重大影响。对水库不同水域渔具渔法的调研,将从管理角度指导生态渔业管理规划编制,确保生态渔业的实施效果,同时造福于当地百姓。     

林农复合经营生态体系的研究

林农复合经营以生态经济学的原理,运用现代生物和生态工程方法技术,组成林、农、牧、副、渔有机结合的复合生产体系。它突破了传统林业的单一生产方式,形成以林为主的一个复合的、开放的、具有整体效应的生态系统。这种复合系统能有效地提高土地资源利用率,促进太阳能和有关物质在系统内的多次循环利用,实现整个系统在空间和时间上的高效利用。多年来的研究表明,这种由多种产业部     

洪泽湖鱼类资源现状、历史变动和渔业管理策略

研究于2010年秋季和2011年夏季对南水北调东线工程最大调蓄湖泊洪泽湖的鱼类资源进行了调查,结合历史资料分析该湖鱼类资源变动情况,以期为渔业管理和生物多样性保护提供依据。自20世纪60年代以来,洪泽湖累计记录鱼类88种,本研究发现63种,其中新记录6种,分别为:点纹银 、彩副 、方氏鳑鲏、鲻、大眼鳜和波氏吻虾虎鱼;与历史记录比较,湖泊定居性鱼类所占比例由59%上升78%,而喜流水性鱼类和河海洄游性鱼类分别由22%和7%下降到3%和3%;未采集到的25种鱼类中,流水性鱼类计17种,占68%。网簖和丝网的渔获物分析表明,鲫、黄颡鱼、刀鲚和红鳍原鲌等小型鱼类具有较高的IRI值（相对重要性指数,Index of Relative Importance）,是鱼类群落的优势种,大型鱼类除鲤外,IRI值均不高,在群落中不占优势。20102011年洪泽湖渔业年产量为2200104 kg,以刀鲚和鲫为主的小型鱼类产量达1967104 kg,占89.4%;四大家鱼产量96104 kg,占4.4%;鳜、翘嘴鲌、乌鳢和鲇等大型食鱼性鱼类合计仅占0.89%。文章分析江湖阻隔、过度捕捞和生境破坏对洪泽湖鱼类资源的影响,提出相应的渔业管理策略,并初步预测南水北调东线工程对该湖鱼类和渔业的潜在影响。       

林农复合生态系统的原理、特点及其类型

林农复合生态系统是根据生态位、生物种群之间共生、边缘效应、利用层、食物链“加环”和生态系统工程等原理建立起来的。林农复台生态系统依历史发展过程可分为原始林农复合系统、传统林农复会系统和现代林农复合系统;根据生产方式可分为“牧童”式、林农轮作式、林农间作式、食物网链式、树木菜园式、塘雅系统式和复合母系统式等７种类型;依复台种类及其用途来分,主要有林、农系统,林、牧系统,林、渔系统,林、渔、农系统。林、渔、牧系统,林、食用菌系统,林、水生作物、渔系统和林．副系统等８种类型。     

张庄村农牧渔复合生态系统功能

本文采用定位试验系统测定分析方法,在江苏省吴县黄桥乡张庄村科学基点,研究了太湖地区典型的农牧渔复合生态系统的结构和功能,建立了能流、物流和价值流模型,提出了改进系统功能的实际措施。 试验表明,在次级生产过程中有32—51％的氮,68—81％的磷,16—81％的钾和20％的有机质得到回收而投入生物再循环,从而改善了土壤条件,提高了农田的投能转换率和产量水平,节约了资源。这对缓和钾素和磷素供应不足的矛盾具有重要意义。 在农牧渔复合结构中,养鱼池塘3—11月的净初级生物量为8,280公斤/公顷。约为稻麦二熟生物量的三分之一。利用鱼池埂和田埂沟岸可收获青草,相当于每公顷农用地增加了800公斤生物量。 系统分析表明,一公顷高产农田(年产量194×10~9焦耳能量)的产量可生产2,544公斤猪肉或2,538公斤鱼肉。一公顷鱼池(年产鱼7,500公斤)需要1公顷农田提供饲料。一个养鱼或养猪劳动力需要使用1.3公顷农田产出的饲料。 计算机模拟单纯的农业、牧业、渔业和农牧渔复合四类系统50年净产值的变化,以净产值的变异系数作为量度,证明农牧渔复合系统的稳定性最高。 本文还通过模型分析讨论了农牧渔复合生态系统存在和发展的条件。     

另类出海

休闲渔业就是利用渔村设备、渔村空间、渔业生产的场地、渔具渔法、渔业产品、渔业经营活动和自然生物以及渔业自然环境及渔村人文资源等,经过规划设计,以发挥渔业与渔村休闲旅游功能,增进人们对渔村与渔业的体验,提升旅游品质,并提高渔民收益,促进渔村发展。目前休闲渔业主要表现为10大类型：休闲垂钓型、水上观光型、水族欣赏型、涉渔生产体验型、水产特色餐饮型、特色水产购物型、渔村人文欣赏型、渔业科普欣赏型、休闲渔业节庆型和综合休闲型。     

村镇土地资源利用优化结构模式研究

土地资源是自然资源的一个重要组成部分 ,也是人类赖以生存的物质基础 ,充分合理地利用自然资源 ,因地制宜地实行专业生产 ,多种经营 ,使农、林、牧、副、渔各业生产因地而异地发展 ,逐步实现区域化、专业化、社会化和商品化 ,对于我们这样一个人口密度大的国家是非常重要的。尤其是随着改革开放、经济建设不断深入发展 ,一些新的社会问题随之产生。在农村乡镇 ,由于缺乏合理规划 ,宅基地和集体基建大量占用良田 ,劳力外流 ,土地资源利用不合理 ,农林牧结构不协调 ,造成耕地减少、质量下降 ,生态环境恶化。在这种情况下 ,对村镇土地资源利用…     

Fish abundance and trophic structure from the commercial catch in Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico

The composition, abundance and trophic structure of the fish community in Lake Patzcuaro is analyzed, using data from eight samples taken from the commercial fishery acquired between August 1990 and April 1991. A total of 65 767 individuals, caught with gillnets selective to all fish and size, were analyzed. Eleven species (8 native and 3 exotic) were recorded during the study. Zooplanktivorous were the most representative species, amounting to 91% of the total number. Also, they were the most characteristic species (36.4%) when feeding habits were considered, followed by carnivore and omnivore (27.3% each), and herbivore (9.1%). Three species groups and three time-associated groups were detected by means of classification methods. Lake Patzcuaro's ichthyofauna is to be considered as a transitional community that has not reached equilibrium, particularly after the introduction of exotic species and local extinction of native species. However, Lake Patzcuaro has the greatest fishery production of all tropical lakes in the Central Plain of Mexico and it is mainly sustained by native species. The differential use of feeding resources by the fish species and the diversity in their habits must be taken into account to design strategies to maintain the fish structure (avoiding new introduction of exotic species) and the fish production in Lake Patzcuaro.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区垄沟集雨对紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤水分和产草量的影响

研究了黄土丘陵区垄沟集雨技术对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)人工草地生产力以及土壤水分的影响。垄和沟的宽度均为30或60 cm,且垄上覆膜的处理水分利用效率分别比平作对照显著提高了13%和41%。垄和沟的宽度均为30 cm且垄上覆膜的处理4年的干草产量和平作对照无显著差异,而垄和沟的宽度均为60 cm,且垄上覆膜的处理干草产量比平作对照显著提高了41%,并且使紫花苜蓿草地产草高峰期提早了1~2年。垄和沟的宽度均为30或60 cm,且垄面裸露的两个处理产草量比平作对照有不同程度的降低。紫花苜蓿草地生长的第三年,深度为150 cm左右的土层是降水补充和水分消耗的平衡点。所有处理在紫花苜蓿生长4年后,200~500 cm 深度的土壤水分已经接近萎蔫系数。     

Working with,not against,coral-reef fisheries

The fisheries policies of some Pacific island nations are more appropriate to the biology of their resources than are some of the fisheries policies of more industrialized countries. Exclusive local ownership of natural resources in Palau encourages adjustive management on biologically relevant scales of time and space and promotes responsibility by reducing the tragedy of the commons. The presence of large individuals in fish populations and adequate size of spawning aggregations are more efficient and meaningful cues for timely management than are surveys of abundance or biomass. Taking fish from populations more than halfway to their carrying capacity is working favorably with the fishery because removing fish potentially increases resource stability by negative feedback between stock size and population production. Taking the same amount of fish from a population below half its carrying capacity is working against the fishery, making the population unstable, because reducing the reproductive stock potentially accelerates reduction of the population production by positive feedback. Reef fish are consumed locally, while Palauan laws ban the export of reef resources. This is consistent with the high gross primary production with little excess net production from undisturbed coral-reef ecosystems. The relatively rapid growth rates, short life spans, reliable recruitment and wide-ranging movements of open-ocean fishes such as scombrids make them much more productive than coral-reef fishes. The greater fisheries yield per square kilometer in the open ocean multiplied by well over a thousand times the area of the exclusive economic zone than that of Palau’s coral reefs should encourage Palauans to keep reef fishes for subsistence and to feed tourists open-ocean fishes. Fisheries having only artisanal means should be encouraged to increase the yield and sustainability by moving away from coral reefs to bulk harvesting of nearshore pelagics.     

珠江水系广西江段鱼类多样性空间分布特征

研究对珠江水系广西江段15个站位的鱼类群落展开了调查, 共采集渔获物67985尾, 隶属于23科134种, 鲤形目种类(92种)最多, 占总数69%。采集到外来生物11种, 其中, 罗非鱼几乎遍布整个广西水域, 说明广西江段外来水生生物入侵严重。各江段以小型鱼类居多, 鱼类小型化严重。空间分布呈现一级河流物种多样性指数高, 均匀度高; 二级河流多样性指数低, 均匀度低的趋势。特别是经过十级水电开发后的红水河江段, 渔业资源量最低, 鱼类群落结构与其他江段具有显著的差异(P<0.05)。研究结果是珠江水系自然渔业资源长期调查的一部分, 将对广西渔业资源多样性的保护管理和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

长江安庆段仔稚鱼群落特征调查研究

安庆江段是长江下游重要渔业资源水域之一, 为了解该江段仔稚鱼群落特征及与环境因子的关系, 于2016年4月17日至8月15日对安庆江段仔稚鱼进行了逐日调查。结果显示: 研究共采集仔稚鱼个体92160尾, 鉴定90457尾, 隶属于7目11科49种, 其中鲤科(Cyprinidae)种类数居第一, 32种, 尾数占比为90.16%; 鰕虎鱼科(Gobiidae)居第二, 3种, 尾数占比为5.71%。在生态类型及产卵方式上, 淡水定居性鱼类和产漂流性卵鱼类数量占比最大, 分别为87.57%和88.30%。贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)是该江段第一优势种, 数量占比44.53%, 其余优势种为?(Hemiculter leucisculus, 占比14.21%)、银鲴(Xenocypris argentea, 占比8.11%)、子陵吻鰕虎(Rhinogobius giurinus, 占比5.60%)、飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca sinensis, 占比4.75%)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni, 占比4.13%)、寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca engraulis, 占比4.50%)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis, 占比2.63%)、刀鲚(Coilia nasus, 占比1.89%)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 占比1.57%)。仔稚鱼丰度出现4次明显的高峰时期, 第一次在5月1日, 后面三次集中出现在6月中下旬, 分别为1127.00、1608.44、1568.35 和1202.94 ind./100 m3。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明, 影响安庆江段仔稚鱼丰度的主要环境因子为水流量、水位、透明度(P<0.05), 大多数仔稚鱼丰度与水流量、水位呈现负相关, 与透明度呈现正相关, 可能与该年份过高的水流量、水位有关。研究表明, 安庆江段的仔稚鱼种类较丰富, 但主要以小型鱼类为主, 且经济性仔稚鱼类占比小。研究初步探明了安庆江段的仔稚鱼资源状况, 其结果为安庆鱼类早期资源进一步研究提供基础资料, 同时也为渔业资源保护策略制定提供科学依据。     

红壤丘陵区生态农业模式研究

根据不同坡位上红壤的理化性质分异,建议在红壤丘陵上推行“顶林、谷农、塘渔”生态农业模式。并在塘边建造猪场,以养猪为纽带,实行种养结合,建立饲草－猪－沼、菇－果、粮－果、珍珠的食物链,再定量调控种养结合链环的饲料配置,粪尿投放、制沼育菇和塘淤返田,以提高系统生产力,达到农业可持续发展。     

Investigating Cross‐Sectoral Synergies through Integrated Aquaculture,Fisheries, and Agriculture Phosphorus Assessments: A Case Study of Norway

Future phosphorus (P) scarcity and eutrophication risks demonstrate the need for systems‐wide P assessments. Despite the projected drastic increase in world‐wide fish production, P studies have yet to include the aquaculture and fisheries sectors, thus eliminating the possibility of assessing their relative importance and identifying opportunities for recycling. Using Norway as a case, this study presents the results of a current‐status integrated fisheries, aquaculture, and agriculture P flow analysis and identifies current sectoral linkages as well as potential cross‐sectoral synergies where P use can be optimized. A scenario was developed to shed light on how the projected 2050 fivefold Norwegian aquaculture growth will likely affect P demand and secondary P resources. The results indicate that, contrary to most other countries where agriculture dominates, in Norway, aquaculture and agriculture drive P consumption and losses at similar levels and secondary P recycling, both intra‐ and cross‐sectorally, is far from optimized. The scenario results suggest that the projected aquaculture growth will make the Norwegian aquaculture sector approximately 4 times as P intensive as compared to agriculture, in terms of both imported P and losses. This will create not only future environmental challenges, but also opportunities for cross‐sectoral P recycling that could help alleviate the mineral P demands of agriculture. Near‐term policy measures should focus on utilizing domestic fish scrap for animal husbandry and/or fish feed production. Long‐term efforts should focus on improving technology and environmental systems analysis methods to enable P recovery from aquaculture production and manure distribution in animal husbandry.     

Growth and production of the dominant pelagic fish, Acanthobrama terraesanctae, in subtropical Lake Kinneret, Israel

Acanthobrama terraesanctae (local name lavnun), an endemic planktivorous cyprinid, dominates total fish numbers (>80%) in Lake Kinneret, and may have a significant top-down impact on the lake ecosystem. The length of young-of-the-year fish calculated from the von Bertalanffy equation agreed with field observations of juvenile growth. An unusual bi-modal length-frequency distribution observed in May 1993 provided additional help in age identification. Males grew more slowly than females and reached a lower maximum length. Total mortality coefficients (exponents) of males and females >12 cm (minimal legal size of fish in the catch) were similar ( c. 1·52). An average cohort reaches maximum biomass during its second year. Maximum production is created at the end of the second year. The production: biomass ratio of the population was 1·16, and 36% of total lavnun standing stock was taken by fishing. From the late 1980s to early 1990s, when standing stock and population structure were stable, the average harvest of 1000 t was consistent with a total lavnun biomass of 2800 t, which constitutes 50–70% of the total fish stock measured acoustically in the lake. Such a biomass could be sustained by the known production of zooplankton. Absence of verified growth data for lavnun contributed to the collapse of the fishery in 1993, because it hampered timely revision of fishery policy in response to the drastic changes in the lavnun stock in 1992.     

Enhancing the fish production potential of Lake Victoria papyrus wetlands,Kenya, using seasonal flood-dependent ponds

We present the findings of a participatory experiment on integrated aquaculture-agriculture systems (Fingerponds) at the Lake Victoria wetlands, Kenya. Fingerponds are flood-based lacustrine or floodplain wetland fishponds. The aim of the study was to explore, within a wetland/floodplain interface environment, the potential of semi-intensive fish production to enhance the wetland fishery and protect the natural ecosystem from wide-scale, destructive encroachment. The ponds were stocked naturally by flood water. After flood recession, livestock manure was added to the ponds and the effects of manuring on water and sediment quality and fish yields were studied. Manuring had positive effects on the nitrogen, phosphorous and chlorophyll a concentrations of the pond water. Regression analysis results indicated that site, manuring and environmental and climatic variables explained 58–70% of the variation in dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous, and 71% of the variation in chorophyll a. Manuring enhanced the total phosphorus concentration in the sediment but it only had marginal effects on total nitrogen. Although the net fish yields were highly variable between sites and seasons, ranging from 402 to 1069 kg ha⁻¹, the data showed that manuring was advantageous. The duration of the culture period, site variability and manuring explained 82% of the variation in fish yields. We conclude that Fingerponds fertilized with livestock manure from abutting riparian subsistence agriculture can improve fish production, enhance food diversity and security and contribute to more efficient use of papyrus wetlands for food production. This in turn may reduce large-scale conversion of wetlands to agriculture.