湖北神农架发现褐冠山雀

正2016年1~5月,在湖北神农架国家级自然保护区大龙潭附近多次在姊妹峰金丝猴繁育基地(31°29′14′′N,110°18′28′′E,海拔2 130 m)发现并拍摄到一种此前未记录到的鸟类,经查阅《中国鸟类野外手册》(约翰·马敬能等2000)和《中国鸟类志》(赵正阶2011)等资料,鉴定为褐冠山雀(Parus dichrous)。首次发现时间为1月6日,3只褐冠山雀与10余只黑冠山雀(P.rubidiventris)     

湖北省发现小黑领噪鹛

正2015年8~11月,在湖北神农架森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,3次发现一种此前未监测到的鸟类,鉴定为小黑领噪鹛(Garrulax monileger)。8月5日,在湖北宜昌市兴山县龙门河村黄崩口沟口西侧公路上方山坡(31°19′37′′N,110°28′59′′E,海拔1 292 m),小溪边的化香树(Platycarya strobilacea)林发现5只小黑领噪鹛并拍摄照片(图1);10月21日在龙门河东湾白栎子树包(31°19′32″N,110°31′19″E,海拔1 691 m)的巴山水青冈     

甘肃莲花山红喉歌鸲繁殖巢记述

正红喉歌鸲(Luscinia calliope)在我国境内的东北和西部地区繁殖,目前繁殖资料报道仅限于《中国鸟类志·下卷·雀形目》(赵正阶2001)中的记述,该记述是基于长白山地区繁殖种群的观察,其他地区繁殖种群的繁殖资料尚未有公开报道。2011年和2012年两个年度我们在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区的沙河滩保护站各发现红喉歌鸲1巢,两个年度发现的巢几乎位于同一地点(34°55′56″N,103°44′16″E,海拔2 815 m)。     

天津发现灰林【即鸟】

正2019年4月10日,在天津市滨海新区海洋高新区新河东干渠边绿化带里(39°04′6″N,117°37′50″E,海拔0 m)观察到一只小型雀形目鸟类在树枝上伺机捕捉飞过的昆虫。用尼康P900S数码相机拍摄照片多张,后经鉴定该鸟为灰林(即鸟)(Saxicolaferreus)(图1)。同区域亦有红胁蓝尾鸲(Tarsiger cyanurus)、黄腰柳莺(Phylloscopus proregulus)、斑鸫(Turduseunomus)、棕头鸦雀(Sinosuthorawebbiana)等栖息觅     

江西遂川发现白尾蓝地鸲

正2016年10月3日,在位于江西省吉安市遂川县的营盘圩(113°59′9.00″N,29°0′23.91″E,海拔1 076 m)环志站附近记录到了白尾蓝地鸲(Myiomela leucurum),此地主要植被类型为针叶林,该鸟确认为雌性,全身黄褐色,两翅羽缘红褐色,尾羽基部两侧具白斑,眼圈淡黄色,上喙黑色、下喙肉色。经作者查阅相关文献(黄族豪等2010,     

中国黑腹果蝇种组40种果蝇的核型多样性研究

通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法制片对中国黑腹果蝇种组(Drosophilamelanogasterspeciesgroup)8个种亚组40种果蝇的染色体进行了分析,共发现18种核型,即A、A′′、C、C′、C′′、C′′′、C′′′′、D、D′、D′′、E、E′、E′′、F、F′、G、H和I,其中A、A′′、C′′′、C′′′′、D′′和F′为新发现的核型。8个种亚组的基本核型分别是:嗜凤梨果蝇种亚组(D.ananassaesubgroup)的核型为F、F′、G和H型;牵牛花果蝇种亚组(D.eleganssubgroup)的核型为A和A′′型;细针果蝇种亚组(D.eugracilissubgroup)的核型为C型;嗜榕果蝇种亚组(D.ficusphilasubgroup)的核型为C′型;黑腹果蝇种亚组(D.melanogastersubgroup)的核型为C和C′型;山果蝇种亚组(D.montiumsubgroup)的核型为C、C′、C′′、D、D′、D′′、E、E′、E′′和I型;铃木氏果蝇种亚组(D.suzukiisubgroup)的核型为C′′′和C′′′′型;高桥氏果蝇种亚组(D.takahashiisubgroup)的核型为C、C′′′和C′′′′型。透明翅果蝇(D.lucipennis)雌性核型2n=8,雄性核型2n=7,雄性Ⅳ号染色体为染色体单体。此外还发现,吉川氏果蝇(D.kikkawai)、林氏果蝇(D.lini)、奥尼氏果蝇(D.ogumai)、拟嗜凤梨果蝇(D.pseudoananassae)和叔白颜果蝇(D.triauraria)5种果蝇有B染色体。本文确定了D.sp.likeelegans、D.sp.likenyinyii、D.sp.liketrapezifrons1、D.sp.liketakahashii、D.sp.liketrapezifrons2和D.sp.likeauraria等6个未描述种的核型和1个新记录种吉里果蝇(D.giriensis)的核型。本研究证明了在黑腹果蝇种组内、亚组内、种内和单雌系内的核型多样性,为果蝇遗传和进化提供了进一步的细胞学证据。     

桂西南褐翅鸦鹃的孵卵行为与节律

2016年3~6月,在广西西南部龙州县弄岗村(22°26′35.20′′~22°30′46.90′′N,106°57′46.35′′~107°03′32.99′′E),通过野外观察和自动温度记录仪相结合的方法对褐翅鸦鹃(Centropus sinensis)的孵卵行为与节律进行了研究。结果表明,1)褐翅鸦鹃边筑巢边产卵,每2 d产1枚卵,卵长径和短径分别为(36.11±0.42)mm和(28.46±0.38)mm,卵重(16.35±0.51)g(n=44枚)。窝卵数3~5枚,孵卵期为(16.75±1.65)d(n=4巢),孵化率为45.45%(n=44枚)。孵卵期与窝卵数之间无显著相关性(r=0.865,P0.05);2)白天双亲共同参与孵卵,夜晚则由其中1只负责。夜间亲鸟的在巢时间从19时左右持续至翌日晨6时左右;3)亲鸟采取离巢次数少和离巢时间长的孵卵策略。亲鸟日活动时间在700 min以上(n=45 d),日离巢次数为(8.82±0.34)次(n=45 d),平均每次离巢持续时间为(52.91±2.35)min(n=397次),每次离巢持续时间与环境温度呈显著负相关关系(r=﹣0.113,P0.05);4)巢内平均孵卵温度为(31.7±0.3)℃(n=4巢),随孵卵天数增加而增加,并与环境温度(最高温r=0.566,最低温r=0.537,平均温r=0.706,P0.01)和日活动时间正相关(r=0.506,P0.01);5)有延迟孵卵行为。延迟孵卵期间夜晚巢内最低温是22.1℃。在桂西南北热带气候环境中,高的环境温度是保障褐翅鸦鹃孵卵成功的主要因素之一。     

华南吴萸的化学成分及抗炎活性研究CSCD

综合利用各种分离提取技术对芸香科植物华南吴萸的化学成分进行研究,并利用核磁共振波谱技术进行结构鉴定。共分离纯化鉴定出13个化合物,分别为柠檬苦素(1)、6α-乙酰氧基-12α-羟基吴茱萸内酯醇(2)、12α-hydroxyevodol(3)、12α-羟基柠檬苦素(4)、臭辣树交酯A(5)、β-别隐品碱(6)、瑞特西宁(7)、野花椒甲素(8)、bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate(9)、bejolghotin G(10)、lynoiresinol(11)、(-)-(7R,7′R,7′′S,8S,8′S,8′′S)-4′,4′′-dihydroxy-3,3′,3′′,5-tetramethoxy-7,9′:7′,9-diepoxy-4,8′′-oxy-8,8′-sesquineolignan-7′′,9′′-diol(12)、3′,6-dipropyl apigenin(13)。其中化合物6、8、9和12为首次从吴茱萸属中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从华南吴萸中分离得到。并对其化合物进行乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放的抑制率测试,结果表明,化合物13对LDH释放的抑制活性较好,证明该化合物具有一定的抗炎活性。     

牛角瓜茎的化学成分及其细胞毒活性研究

为了研究牛角瓜茎的化学成分及其细胞毒活性,采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等多种色谱分离技术从牛角瓜茎乙醇提取物中分离得到10个化合物,通过质谱和核磁共振等波谱技术对其结构进行鉴定,分别为(-)-松脂醇-4′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1)、(+)-pinoresinol-4-O-[6′′-O-vanilloyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)、(-)-jatrointelignan B(3)、(+)-(7R,7′R,7′′S,7′′′S,8S,8′S,8′′S,8′′′S)-4′′,4′′′-dihydroxy-3,3′,3′′,3′′′,5,5′-hexamethoxy-7,9′;7′,9-diepoxy-4,8′′;4′,8′′′-bisoxy-8,8′-dineolignan-7′′,7′′′,9′′,9′′′-tetraol(4)、弗如糖苷(5)、(+)-dehydrovomifoliol(6)、3-吲哚甲酸(7)、2,3-二甲氧基苯甲酸(8)、对羟基苯甲酸(9)、香草酸(10)。其中化合物1、3、4和6～8为首次从牛角瓜中分离得到。采用MTT法测试化合物1～10对慢性髓原白血病细胞K562、人胃癌细胞SGC-7901、人肺癌细胞A549和宫颈癌细胞HeLa的体外细胞毒活性,结果显示化合物4和5具有不同程度的细胞毒活性,IC_(50)值范围分别为12.37～49.29和0.29～0.98μM。     

粗毛肉果草青藏高原新分布

报道了青藏高原通泉草科(Mazaceae)肉果草属(Lancea)粗毛肉果草(Lancea hirsuta Bonati)新分布。该种分布于西藏八宿县(30°12′3.8″N,97°16′48″E)、西藏林周县(30°4′58.8″N,91°16′48″E)、西藏当雄县(30°32′24″N,91°20′24″E)和青海杂多县(33°4′48″N,95°9′36″E),该次发现将中国该种自然分布区扩大到西藏、青海等地,海拔分布也增加至4 300m。凭证标本现存于中国科学院青藏高原生物标本馆(HNWP)。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

Polymorphism in Cepaea Hortensis in marginal populations in Spain

Cepaea hortensis (Mull) is found in Spain only in the western part of the Iberian mountain range. This is the southernmost limit of its range. The most frequent colour is yellow, brown being very rare. The most frequent band patterns are 12345, fused banded and unbanded. There are associations between maximum and minimum temperatures and pink and effectively unbanded yellow phenotypes. The populations may be grouped into two zones, one located in the north and the other in the south of the sampled area. Visual predation was not observed. The marginal populations studied by us were compared with others from Northern Europe, and it was observed that pink snails are more frequent at the southern limit, and unbanded ones at the northern limit. This was interpreted as a climatic selection.