猪囊尾蚴CE18重组蛋白的复性纯化及抗原性鉴定

猪囊尾蚴CE18重组蛋白(rCE18)在大肠杆菌表达后形成包涵体, 为了获得高纯度的、有生物活性的rCE18, 本研究采用超声破碎菌体, 0.2%、2% DOC(脱氧胆酸钠)逐次洗涤包涵体及0.9% SKL(十二烷基肌氨酸钠)溶解包涵体后, 利用透析与凝胶过滤层析技术相结合对rCE18进行复性和纯化。同时, 采用GST-FF亲和柱层析及SDS-PAGE胶回收蛋白两种方法纯化rCE18, 比较三者的纯化效果。并通过间接ELISA检测复性蛋白的生物学活性。结果表明: 经透析与凝胶层析复性纯化后的rCE18蛋白的纯度可达到60%以上, 活性回收率为41.3%, 间接ELISA证实, 复性后的rCE18蛋白能特异性识别猪囊虫阳性血清, 检测敏感性高达97.2%, 与全囊虫抗原检测的符合率为100%。本试验初步建立了猪囊尾蚴rCE18包涵体纯化及复性的有效方法, 为猪囊尾蚴rCE18蛋白的诊断应用奠定了基础。     

重组人胰激肽原酶复性工艺的研究

目的:研究重组人胰激肽原酶包涵体变性及复性的工艺。方法:对本实验室构建的重组人胰激肽原酶大肠杆菌进行IPTG诱导表达表达成功后,菌体经超声破碎释放包涵体,包涵体经洗涤、变性、稀释和尿素梯度凝胶过滤色谱这两种方法复性后(Sephadex-G75),通过测定酶活检验复性效果。结果:①重组人胰激肽原酶工程菌经过IPTG诱导后能够表达目的蛋白,目的蛋白以包涵体形式存在,将细胞破碎后,包涵体经过3次洗涤,纯度达到71.93%;②变性包涵体经24小时稀释复性后,蛋白浓度达到72.61μg/m L,酶的比活达到13.84 U/mg;③变性包涵体经过2个小时的尿素梯度凝胶过滤复性后,蛋白浓度可达到830.07μg/mL,酶的比活达到48.61 U/mg。结论:两种复性方法均可以使包涵体达到一定的浓度和比活,比较发现尿素梯度凝胶过滤色谱具有复性时间短和比活力高等优点,可作为重组人胰激肽原酶复性的一种有效的手段。     

铜绿假单胞菌LexA蛋白的纯化及免疫活性分析

目的：对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)的LexA蛋白进行表达、纯化,并检测其免疫活性。方法： lexA基因片段插入表达载体pET32a(+),在E.coli BL21(DE3)中表达。包涵体经洗涤并用8M尿素溶解,镍离子亲合柱层析为第一步纯化,Superdex 75凝胶过滤层析作为第二步精细纯化,HPLC测定蛋白的浓度,将纯化的LexA蛋白经注射途径免疫家兔,制备兔抗LexA血清,采用免疫双扩、ELISA及Western Blot分析LexA的免疫活性。结果：LexA以包涵体形式表达,经镍离子亲合柱层析和凝胶过滤层析二步组合纯化目的蛋白,经HPLC测定目的蛋白的最终纯度为98.97%,表达及纯化的LexA具有良好的免疫活性。     

牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRαA的原核表达和多克隆抗体的制备及应用

为研究牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRαA在牙鲆变态发育过程中的调控作用,将TRαA基因克隆插入融合表达栽体pET30a,并在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DE3(BL21)中进行诱导表达.表达菌株经1 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导4 h后,重组蛋白TRaA表达并形成包涵体.SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测鉴定表达产物.包涵体经变性后在His-Bind树脂进行亲和层析纯化,柱上复性法对重组蛋白复性,获得纯度较高的目的蛋白,蛋白复性的效果良好.用纯化后的目的蛋白免疫新西兰家兔制备多克隆抗体.Dot blotting检测抗体效价达1:200 000,检测证明抗体特异性良好.此外,通过染色质免疫沉淀技术鉴定了在活体细胞中多克隆抗体与TRαA的特异性结合.表明了甲状腺激素通过其受体在体内参与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)基因的转录调控.     

牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRaA的原核表达和多克隆抗体的制备及应用

为研究牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRαA在牙鲆变态发育过程中的调控作用,将TRαA基因克隆插入融合表达载体pET30a,并在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DE3(BL21)中进行诱导表达。表达菌株经1mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导4h后,重组蛋白TRαA表达并形成包涵体。SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测鉴定表达产物。包涵体经变性后在His-Bind树脂进行亲和层析纯化,柱上复性法对重组蛋白复性,获得纯度较高的目的蛋白,蛋白复性的效果良好。用纯化后的目的蛋白免疫新西兰家兔制备多克隆抗体。Dotblotting检测抗体效价达1:200000,检测证明抗体特异性良好。此外,通过染色质免疫沉淀技术鉴定了在活体细胞中多克隆抗体与TRαA的特异性结合,表明了甲状腺激素通过其受体在体内参与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)基因的转录调控。     

重组hepcidin的分离纯化及鉴定

建立了重组hepcidin的分离纯化方法,并鉴定其抗菌活性。经金属螯合初步纯化的重组蛋白在cysteine/cystine氧化还原体系中氧化形成二硫键,用变性条件下的凝胶过滤除去多聚体,稀释复性后用于肠激酶酶切反应,得到重组hepcidin。融合蛋白His-hepcidin经氧化、复性后的总收率为50%,纯度大于95%。酶切后所得重组hepcidin经抑菌圈试验检验,对枯草芽孢杆菌具有抗菌活性。LC-ESI-MS与园二色光谱检测显示重组hepcidin与天然hepcidin相对分子质量相同、二级结构相似。     

重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ的复性及活性鉴定

建立尿素梯度凝胶过滤复性重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ的方法。将诱导表达的重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ包涵体通过初步纯化后变性,然后在尿素梯度凝胶过滤色谱柱Sephadex G-75中复性,洗脱流速0.4 mL/min,复性完毕后透析除去小分子复性剂,使用琼脂糖电泳法检验其有活性后,再用单向酶扩散法测定其酶活力为655.8 U/mg,复性得率为83.7%。最后通过LC-ESI-MS/MS从氨基酸序列组成上证明复性产物是重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ。结果表明,建立的方法能成功用于复性变性的重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ包涵体蛋白,获得了可用于结构和功能研究的具有生物学活性的重组人脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ。     

Eudragit S-100对人转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）复性的促进作用及其机制

本研究主要是考察一种对pH较为敏感的多聚化合物聚丙烯酸树脂Eudragit S-100是否对人转化生长因子β1（Transforwing growth factor,TGF-β1）复性具有促进作用. 将以包涵体形式存在TGF-β1进行变性,并将变性蛋白直接加入到含有不同浓度Eudragit的蛋白复性缓冲液中,采用MTT法、荧光分光光度法、圆二色谱以及高效液相色谱法等方法来比较分析不同浓度Eudragit S-100对变性TGF-β1的复性促进作用.实验结果表明,在Eudragit S-100作用下TGF-β1的复性产率比普通稀释复性法显著增高且最高达到53%,研究还表明Eudragit S-100的促进蛋白复性的作用是基于Eudragit S-100与TGF-β1发生了特异性的离子结合反应.通过这一反应,Eudragit S-100遮蔽了蛋白多肽间的疏水基团,有效的抑制了蛋白的聚集进而发挥其促复性功能.     

VISTA-Ig融合蛋白的表达及其包涵体复性研究

[目的]构建VISTA-Ig融合蛋白表达载体,进行诱导表达获得VISTA-Ig融合蛋白。[方法]以C57BL/6小鼠脾脏细胞c DNA为模板,扩增小鼠VISTA胞外段基因,利用重叠延伸PCR的方法合成VISTA-Ig融合基因,构建重组质粒p ET-22b-VISTA-Ig,在大肠杆菌表达菌株E.coli BL21(DE3)中诱导表达。[结果]VISTA-Ig融合蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在。变性后,利用镍柱纯化,通过采用氧化型/还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)复性体系,复性效率达到80%以上,提高了复性效率。利用r Protein A柱对目标蛋白进一步纯化,Western Blot鉴定结果显示,能与Ig G Fc(HRP)抗体特异性结合。[结论]成功构建了重组质粒p ET-22b-VISTA-Ig,纯化的VISTA-Ig包涵体蛋白复性效率得到明显提高,为后续VISTA-Ig免疫学功能的研究奠定了基础。     

凝胶色谱柱复性在低分子量尿激酶原突变体(DscuPA\|32K)中的应用

将构建的一种具溶栓和抗栓双重功能尿激酶原突变体(DscuPA\|32K)基因,在大肠杆菌中进行表达。由于DscuPA\|32K分子较大并且表达量较高,目的蛋白质基本以包涵体的形式存在。包涵体中的蛋白质是无活性的蛋白质,为了获得有活性的蛋白质,就需要对包涵体进行变性及复性。尝试了一种新的凝胶色谱柱复性方法,并通过柱复性方法与常规的稀释复性方法进行了比较,发现柱复性方法明显优于稀释复性方法,具有成本低,效率高,并对目的蛋白质(DscuPA\|32K)进行了初步纯化等优点,尤其对酶这一类容易失活降解的蛋白质进行复性时,很值得进行推广应用。     

Renaturation of human proinsulin--a study on refolding and conversion to insulin

The production of human proinsulin in Escherichia coli usually leads to the formation of inclusion bodies. As a consequence, the recombinant protein must be isolated, refolded under suitable redox conditions, and enzymatically converted to the biologically active insulin. In this study we describe a detailed in vitro renaturation protocol for human proinsulin that includes native structure formation and the enzymatic conversion to mature insulin. We used a His(8)-Arg-proinsulin that was renatured from the completely reduced and denatured state in the presence of a cysteine/cystine redox couple. The refolding process was completed after 10-30 min and was shown to be strongly dependent on the redox potential and the pH value, but not on the temperature. Refolding yields of 60-70% could be obtained even at high concentrations of denaturant (3M guanidinium-HCl or 4M urea) and protein concentrations of 0.5mg/ml. By stepwise renaturation a concentration of about 6 mg/ml of native proinsulin was achieved. The refolded proinsulin was correctly disulfide-bonded and native and monomeric as shown by RP-HPLC, ELISA, circular dichroism, and analytical gel filtration. Treatment of the renatured proinsulin with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B yielded mature insulin.     

Wound-inducible pinene cyclase from grand fir: purification, characterization, and renaturation after SDS-PAGE.

The major wound-inducible monoterpene synthase (cyclase) of grand fir (Abies grandis) stems transforms geranyl pyrophosphate to both (-)-alpha-pinene (40%) and (-)-beta-pinene (60%). The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, coupled to discontinuous native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at neutral pH and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (also at neutral pH) followed by renaturation in 1% Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). The renatured enzyme produced a mixture of isomeric pinenes from geranyl pyrophosphate identical to that generated by the native form. The protein exhibited a molecular weight of 63,000 by gel permeation chromatography and of 62,000 by denaturing gel electrophoresis, indicating that the monomer is active. The enzyme required Mn2+ (Km = 30 microM) for activity, exhibited a Km value of 6 microM for the substrate geranyl pyrophosphate, showed a pH optimum at 7.8 and temperature optimum at 42 degrees C, and was inhibited by pyrophosphate (I50 = 0.17 mM), orthophosphate (I50 = 51 mM), and alpha-pinene, as well as by the histidine-directed reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (I50 = 0.64 mM) and the cysteine-directed reagent p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (I50 = 1.9 microM). Although similar in many respects to constitutive monoterpene cyclases of herbaceous species, this inducible cyclase, the first enzyme of this type to be purified to homogeneity from a conifer, is distinguished by the relatively high pH optimum, and the strict specificity and high affinity for the divalent metal ion cofactor.     

Renaturation of recombinant Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane protein 1 into a trimeric, hydrophobic, and porin-active conformation

We have previously observed that while native Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane protein 1 (Tromp1) is hydrophobic and has porin activity, recombinant forms of Tromp1 do not possess these properties. In this study we show that these properties are determined by conformation and can be replicated by proper renaturation of recombinant Tromp1. Native Tromp1, but not the 47-kDa lipoprotein, extracted from whole organisms by using Triton X-114, was found to lose hydrophobicity after treatment in 8 M urea, indicating that Tromp1's hydrophobicity is conformation dependent. Native Tromp1 was purified from 0.1% Triton X-100 extracts of whole organisms by fast-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) and shown to have porin activity in planar lipid bilayers. Cross-linking studies of purified native Tromp1 with an 11 A cross-linking agent showed oligomeric forms consistent with dimers and trimers. For renaturation studies of recombinant Tromp1 (rTromp1), a 31,109-Da signal-less construct was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by FPLC. FPLC-purified rTromp1 was denatured in 8 M urea and then renatured in the presence of 0.5% Zwittergent 3,14 during dialysis to remove the urea. Renatured rTromp1 was passed through a Sephacryl S-300 gel exclusion column previously calibrated with known molecular weight standards. While all nonrenatured rTromp1 eluted from the column at approximately the position of the carbonic anhydrase protein standard (29 kDa), all renatured rTromp1 eluted at the position of the phosphorylase b protein standard (97 kDa), suggesting a trimeric conformation. Trimerization was confirmed by using an 11 A cross-linking agent which showed both dimers and trimers similar to that of native Tromp1. Triton X-114 phase separations showed that all of renatured rTromp1, but none of nonrenatured rTromp1, phase separated exclusively into the hydrophobic detergent phase, similar to native Tromp1. Circular dichroism of nonrenatured and renatured rTromp1 showed a marked loss in alpha-helical secondary structure of renatured rTromp1 compared to the nonrenatured form. Finally, renatured rTromp1, but not the nonrenatured form, showed porin activity in planar liquid bilayers. These results demonstrate that proper folding of rTromp1 results in a trimeric, hydrophobic, and porin-active conformation similar to that of the native protein.     

A strategy for high-level expression of a single-chain variable fragment against TNFα by subcloning antibody variable regions from the phage display vector pCANTAB 5E into pBV220

A phage display single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library against TNFα was constructed using a recombinant phage antibody system (RPAS). The cloned scFv gene was introduced into the phage display vector pCANTAB 5E and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a yield of up to 0.15 mg/l of total protein. With the attempt to improve the expression level of TNF-scFv, a strategy was established for subcloning the scFv gene from pCANTAB 5E into the plasmid pBV220. Under the control of a highly efficient tandem P(R)P(L) promoter system, scFv production was increased to 30% of total protein as inclusion bodies. After extraction from the cell pellet by sonication, the inclusion bodies were solubilized and denatured in the presence of 8M urea. Purification of denatured scFv was performed using nickel column chromatography followed by renaturation. The purity and activity of the refolded scFv were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western blotting and by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). The results reveal that the overall yield of bioactive TNF-scFv from E. coli flask cultures was more than 45 mg/l culture medium and 15 mg/g wet weight cells. The renatured scFv exhibited binding activity similarly to soluble scFv. In conclusion we developed a method to over-express TNF-scFv, which have biological function after purification and renaturation.     

A study on the renaturation of membrane proteins after solubilization in SDS or following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS,with special reference to a phosphatase from acholeplasma laidlawii

It may be easier to renature SDS-denatured hydrophobic proteins than to renature SDS-denatured water-soluble proteins. This paper presents some support for this hypothesis in the form of literature reports and an experiment of our own with an intrinsic membrane protein (a phosphatase from Acholeplasma laidlawii), that could be completely renatured, to judge from the restored activity, which was equal to (or higher than) that of the untreated enzyme. If this hypothesis is correct it might be possible to devise general methods to reverse the SDS denaturation of hydrophobic membrane proteins. This would be a breakthrough in the purification of at least some membrane proteins, because the high-resolving polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS could then be used to prepare membrane proteins in a native state. The method used for the renaturation of the SDS-denatured, entirely inactive, phosphatase comprised removal of SDS with the aid of conventional dialysis against a buffer containing the neutral, very efficient and non ultraviolet light-absorbing detergent G3707. For renaturation of the enzyme following an SDS-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide the gel was immersed in the same buffer for several hours; by staining for phosphatase the enzyme could easily be localized in the gel in the form of a yellow band, coinciding with a protein zone.     

The renaturation of reduced chymotrypsinogen A in guanidine HCl. Refolding versus aggregation

The refolding and reoxidation of fully reduced and denatured chymotrypsinogen A have been studied in the presence of low concentrations of guanidine HCl or urea. Renaturation yields of 60 to 70% were observed when the reoxidation was facilitated by mixtures of reduced and oxidized glutathione. Refolding occurred within a narrow range of denaturant concentration (1.0 to 1.3 M guanidine HCl and 2 M urea) in which the native protein was shown to be stable, and the reduced protein was shown to regain the correct disulfide pairing. Renatured chymotrypsinogen is indistinguishable from the native zymogen in chromatographic behavior, potential chymotryptic activity, sedimentation coefficient, and spectral properties. The kinetics of renaturation were determined. Some of the protein species obtained at various times of renaturation were characterized as incorrectly oxidized molecules which could be renatured by thiol-catalyzed interchange of disulfide bonds.     

重组羧肽酶原B的复性方法研究

构建的羧肽酶原B表达质粒在大肠杆菌中获得高表达。但目的蛋白是以包涵体的形式存在。为了获得活性羧肽酶B,必须对其包涵体进行变复性。首先利用稀释复性确定了羧肽酶原B复性的最佳缓冲液;在凝胶过滤复性中,研究了柱长和洗脱流速对羧肽酶原B复性效率的影响;另外对比了稀释复性、透析复性、凝胶层析复性和Ni2 亲合层析法等四种方法对羧肽酶原B的复性效果。结果发现,这4种方法的复性效果有以下顺序:凝胶过滤复性>稀释复性>Ni2 亲合层析>透析复性。     

精氨酸、精氨酸盐酸、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸对重组人tPA蛋白复性的影响

以重组人tPA蛋白为材料研究了精氨酸、精氨酸盐酸盐、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸对蛋白质复性效果的影响,重组tPA蛋白包涵体经尿素变性溶解后,在精氨酸、精氨酸盐酸盐、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸存在的条件下进行复性,结果表明,碱性的精氨酸在质量分数0.2%时可减少蛋白质凝聚,显著提高复性效果,tPA复性后的活性可提高50%以上,半胱氨酸单独使用具有类似β-巯基乙醇的作用,精氨酸盐酸盐和胱氨酸单独使用对复性无影响,而半胱氨酸和胱氨酸联合使用,有类似氧化-还原系统作用。可提高活性20%。     

Enzymatic properties, renaturation and metabolic role of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Enzymatic properties, renaturation and metabolic role of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli, and its physicochemical and enzymatic properties were investigated. The molecular weight of the polypeptide chain is 45,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions. High performance size exclusion chromatography gives an apparent molecular weight of 47,000 for the native enzyme, showing that D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is a monomeric NAD-dependent dehydrogenase. D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is rapidly denatured by 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Non-superimposable transition curves for the loss of activity and the changes in fluorescence suggest the existence of a partially folded inactive intermediate. The protein can be fully renatured after complete unfolding, and the regain of both native fluorescence and activity occurs rapidly within a few seconds at pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C. Such a high rate of reactivation is unusual for a protein of this size. D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is specific for mannitol-1-phosphate (or fructose-6-phosphate) as a substrate and NAD+ (or NADH) as a cofactor. Zinc is not required for the activity. The affinity of D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase for the reduced or oxidized form of its substrate or cofactor remains constant with pH. The affinity for NADH is 20-fold higher than for NAD+. The forward and reverse catalytic rate constants of the reaction: mannitol-1-phosphate + NAD+ in equilibrium fructose-6-phosphate + NADH have different pH dependences. The oxidation of mannitol-1-phosphate has an optimum pH of 9.5, while the reduction of fructose-6-phosphate has its maximum rate at pH 7.0. At pH values around neutrality the maximum rate of reduction of fructose-6-phosphate is much higher than that of oxidation of mannitol-1-phosphate. The enzymatic properties of isolated D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase are discussed in relation to the role of this enzyme in the intracellular metabolism.     

Denaturation and renaturation of human erythropoietin

Human erythropoietin can be denatured with 6M urea or with 6M urea/1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and renatured with restoration of biologic activity. Activity cannot be restored if the denatured hormone is exposed to 10mM 2-mercaptoethanol strongly suggesting the existence of one or more “buried” disulfide bonds critical for biologic activity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions resulted in an apparent molecular weight of 25,000, significantly lower then recent estimates.