鱼类精子携带源基因导入

将鲤鱼（或泥鳅）精子在保存液内与人生长激素（ｈＧＨ）重组质粒ＤＮＡ保温,再与鲤（或泥鳅）卵受精。由此发育的鱼苗经ＤＮＡ分子杂交和ＰＣＲ检测证明,３３．３％（或３７．０％）的个体带ｈＧＨ基因,其拷贝数在４－１５０／细胞之间。在一定条件下,精子可作为携带外源基因的载体,通过受精作用产生转基因鱼。     

马铃薯HMGR基因的克隆,序列分析及其表达特征

采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,从马铃薯（Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍ ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ Ｌ．）幼叶中克隆了一个约１．０ｋｂ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,序列分析结果表明,该ｃＤＮＡ与忆报道的马铃薯ＨＭＧＲ基因家族的三种类型基因具有较高核酸序列同源性,与ＨＭＧＲⅠ基因同源性为７７．０％,ＨＭＧＲⅡ基因为９３．２％,ＨＭＧＲⅢ基因为７７．１％。其中３’端非翻译区序列与ＨＭＧＲⅠ、ＨＭＧＲⅡ、ＨＭＧＲⅢ三种基因同源性分别为５０．２％,８     

人生长激素基因在昆虫细胞中的表达(英文)

近年发展起来的昆虫细胞－杆状病毒基因工程系统具有良好的优越性：（１）表达产量高,（２）产物的免疫原性、功能性类似于天然产物,（３）适用于悬浮及无血清培养。本实验中,将外源基因ｈＧＨ克隆至质粒ｐＶＬ１３９３,形成转移载体ｐＶＬ１３９３／ｈＧＨ（Ｆｉｇ．１＆２）。与昆虫核多角体病毒ＡｃＮＰＶ基因组ＤＮＡ共转染秋粘虫细胞Ｓｆ９（Ｆｉｇ．３）,ｐＶＬ１３９３／ｈＧＨ与ＡｃＮＰＶ基因组ＤＮＡ发生同源重组,取代多角体蛋白基因。经空斑分析纯化得到不含多角体,单一表达的重组病毒ｒＡｃＶｈＧＨ（Ｆｉｇ．４）,感染滴度达到２．０３ｘ１０８ＰＵＦ／ｍＬ。经反复实验,１０５细胞／ｍＬ感染６～７天后收获培养上清液,可得到表达量为４０μｇ／ｍＬ的ｈＧＨ蛋白（Ｆｉｇ．５,６＆７）。     

不同卵龄小鼠卵母细胞激活和受精的比较研究(英文)

本实验比较了不同卵龄的小鼠卵母细胞受酒精人工刺激后的激活率和体外受精率,以探讨卵母细胞激活和受精的机制。向ＮＩＨ雌鼠腹腔注射孕马血清促性腺激素（ＰＭＳＧ）７．５单位,４８小时后注射人绒毛膜促性激素（ＨＣＧ）７．５单位,于不同时间杀小鼠,取卵母细胞与卵丘细胞的复合体（ＯＣＣ）。从注射ＨＣＧ后到取ＯＣＣ的时间视为卵母细胞的卵龄。将ＯＣＣ置于含８％酒精的Ｍ２中７分钟,再在Ｍ１６中培养５小时后,用０．３ｍｇ／ｍＬ的透明质酸酶去卵丘细胞。卵母细胞形成原核或速即卵裂为激活的标志。将ＯＣＣ加入已获能的精子悬液中,５小时后将从卵丘细胞中释放出来的卵母细胞转移到Ｍ１６中,次日发生卵裂为卵母细胞体外受精和激活的标志。小鼠卵母细胞卵龄为２０ｈ,其激活率为８１．６％,速即卵裂率为４８．０％;而卵龄进一步增加到２４ｈ,激活率和卵裂率转为下降（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。而卵母细胞受精子激活和受精则不同,卵龄为１５ｈ,卵母细胞的体外受精率为４５．４％;随着卵龄的进一步增加,体外受精率则下降（Ｔａｂｌｅ２）。Ｆｉｇ．１显示：新排出的卵母细胞容易被精子激活而受精;卵龄较大的卵母细胞较易被酒精的人工刺激而激活。可能是卵母细胞从成熟到老化过程中,细胞的结     

肝细胞生长因子刺激大鼠离体肝细胞DNA合成的剂量—与时间—效应

本工作采用３ＨＴｄＲ掺入ＤＮＡ法观察重组人肝细胞生长因子（ｒｈＨＧＦ）刺激大鼠离体肝细胞ＤＮＡ合成的剂量与时间效应。实验结果表明：ｒｈＨＧＦ是最强的促肝细胞分裂剂,在一定剂量范围内,ｒｈＨＧＦ与肝细胞ＤＮＡ合成有明显的量效关系。１ｎｇ／ｍｌｒｈＨＧＦ即可引起３ＨＴｄＲ掺入显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,随剂量增加,刺激ＤＮＡ合成的效应也随之增强;１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ时３ＨＴｄＲ掺入量最大,较对照组高７倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）,剂量再增加即出现抑制效应;ｒｈＨＧＦ刺激肝细胞ＤＮＡ合成存在时间效应关系,表现为ｒｈＨＧＦ作用２４ｈ,ＤＮＡ合成量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,４８ｈ作用达最高（Ｐ＜０．００１）,随后开始下降,至９６ｈ下降到相当于２４ｈ的水平。     

人生长激素基因导入金鱼受精卵内的整合、表达和促生长效应研究

通过显微注射法把小鼠ＭＴ启动子与人生长激素的融合基因（ＭＴ－ｈＧＨ）导入红龙睛金鱼受精卵内,共注射１５０６个卵子,获得８００多尾成鱼。经斑点和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分子杂交表明,导入的ＭＴ－ｈＧＨ基因与部分受体鱼的染色体ＤＮＡ发生了整合,整合率为２２％,转基因鱼血清中的生长激素含量平均高于对照组,平均生长速度高于对照组。导入的ＭＴ－ｈＧＨ基因可以遗传给后代。     

人生长激素基因导入金鱼受精卵内的整合,表达和促生长效应研究

通过显微注射法把小鼠ＭＴ启动子与人生长激素的融合基因（ＭＴ－ｈＧＨ）导入红友睛金鱼受精卵内,共注射１５０６个卵子,获得８００尾成鱼,经斑点和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ分子杂交表明,导入的ＭＴ－ｈＧＨ基因与部分受体鱼的染色体ＤＮＡ发生了整合,整合率为２２％,转基因鱼血清中的生长激素含量平均高于对照组,平均生长速度高于对照组,导入的ＭＴ－ｈＧＨ基因可以遗传给后代。     

用重组痘苗病毒表达pGHcDNA的研究

构建了含有ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒,用ＥＬＩＳＡ证明该重组病毒在被感染的ｈ１４３细胞中,可表达出猪生长激素并将之分泌到培养基中,表达量约为１．０５μｇ／１０＾６细胞（２４ｈ）,用定位免疫化学法进一步证明该病毒可感染小鼠并在小鼠体内表达ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ,同时还构建了含双拷贝ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒,并证明其ｐＧＨ表达量比单拷贝重组病毒有明显提高,约为１．５０μｇ／１０＾６细胞（２４ｈ）     

用重组痘苗病毒表达pGHcDNA的研究

构建了含有ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒,用ＥＬＩＳＡ证明该重组病毒在被感染的ｈ１４３细胞中,可表达出猪生长激素并将之分泌到培养基中,表达量约为１．０５μｇ／１０￣６细胞（２４ｈ）。用定位免疫化学法进一步证明该病毒可感染小鼠并在小鼠体内表达ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ。同时还构建了含双拷贝ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒,并证明其ｐＧＨ表达量比单拷贝重组病毒有明显提高,约为１．５０μｇ／１０￣６细胞（２４ｈ）。     

应用放射性自显影技术检测外源DNA与鸡精子的结合

应用放射性自显影技术检测外源ＤＮＡ与鸡精子的结合ＤＥＴＥＣＴＩＮＧＡＳＳＯＣＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＸＯＧＥＮＯＵＳＤＮＡＷＩＴＨＣＨＩＣＫＥＮＳＰＥＲＭＵＳＩＮＧＡＵＴＯＲＡＤＩＯＧＲＡＰＨＹ关键词鸡，精子，脂质体，ＤＮＡ与精子的结合ＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＣｈ...     

转基因红鲤体细胞的核移植

以F4代转hGH基因红鲤体细胞（肾脏和尾鳍）及培养18代的F4代转hGH基因红鲤尾鳍细胞为核供体,泥鳅或黄河鲤成熟卵为受体,进行了核移植,以探讨外源F4代转基因鱼体外源基因的分布与存在形式,稳定性和克隆转基因鱼的可能性。F4代红鲁肾脏细胞核与泥鳅卵配合的核移植胚胎有12．4％发育到囊胚,0．33％发育到神经胚;F4代尾鳍细胞核移入泥鳅卵后的重组胚发育到囊胚,神经胚、肌节期和肌肉效应期的胚胎分别为24．5％、0．3％、0．2％和0．1％;对照卵无发育。F4代红鲤尾鳍培养细胞与黄河鲤卵子配合的重组胚胎有50．53％发育到囊胚,5．69％发育到原肠胚,0．53％发育到神经胚,0．4％发育到肌节期。说明由于同种细胞核与卵细胞的相容性高于异种核卵的相容性,早期发育率高;而由于培养细胞的异倍化,后期的发育率降低。用PCR技术对供体鱼不同个体及同一体不同组织外源基因检测,结果100％个体为阳性鱼,而且不同组织的阳性率也是100％,说明外源基因均匀分布在不同组织中。无论F4代转基因鱼的肾脏细胞、尾鳍细胞还是培养的尾鳍细胞作核移植供体,核移植胚胎中hGH基因的检出率为100％。说明F4代转基因红鲤个体不同细胞都存在hGH基因,而且经长期培养不会丢失。表明F4代转基因红鲤中的外源hGH基因已基本稳定,体细胞核移植可以作为获得同质化转基因鱼的有效手段,但核移植效率还很低。另外还讨论了核质的相容性、细胞周期的协调、染色体的变异等因素对核移植的影响。     

青鱼β-actin基因克隆及其启动子功能的初步检测

高保真PCR克隆青鱼β-actin基因开放阅读框和5’端侧翼序列,DNA测序结果表明：青鱼β-actin基因开放阅读框编码一段含375个氨基酸的蛋白,与其他物种actin家族相比较具有高度保守性。青鱼β-actin与鲤鱼、草鱼及斑马鱼的同源性均为100％,而与人和Norway鼠β-actin的同源性均为99.2％,与鸡和Kenyan爪蟾β-actin的同源性分别为98．9％和98．1％。将青鱼β-actin基因5’端启动调控区插入不含启动子的pEGFP1载体构建青鱼β-actin启动子／EGFP表达载体,与第一次卵裂之前显微注射该重组质粒入泥鳅受精卵,同时也用该重组质粒转染HeLa细胞系。观察结果表明：GFP在50％的泥鳅胚胎和2／3的HeLa细胞有所表达。GFP在泥鳅胚胎的各个部分均有表达,且在某些胚胎中GFP的表达遍布全身。因此,以EGFP为报告基因证实了青鱼β-actin基因启动子为一种非特异性表达的启动子。     

Cloning of Black Carp β-actin Gene and Primarily Detecting the Function of Its Promoter Region

A 3 338 bp DNA fragment including the open reading frame and 5′-flanking region of β-actin gene for black carp genome was obtained through PCR amplification. Analysis of the sequencing results indicated the ORF of black carp β-actin gene encoding a 375 amino acid protein that shares a high degree of conservation to other known actins. The black carp β-actin sequence showed 100% identity to common carp, grass carp, and zebrafish, 99.2% identity to human and Norway rat β-actin gene, 98.9% and 98.1% identity to chicken and Kenyan clawed frog β-actin gene, respectively. The promoter region of black carp β-actin gene was inserted into the promoterless pEGFP₁ vector. The recombinant plasmid was microinjected into the fertilized eggs of mud loach before two-cell stage as well as transfected into HeLa cell line. GFP expression was found in 50% of mud loach embryos and 2/3 HeLa cells. The GFP expression could be observed in every part of the mud loach embryos, and in some embryos, the GFP was expressed in the whole body. Thus, the usefulness of black carp β-actin promoter as a ubiquitous expression promoter was confirmed using the EGFP as a reporter gene.     

Introducing foreign genes into fish eggs with electroporated sperm as a carrier.

A new method has been developed for introduction of foreign genes into fish eggs. The procedure is based on the incubation of fish sperm cells suspended in dilute citrate solution with plasmid DNA, followed by application of high-field-strength electrical pulses (electroporation) to increase DNA binding., uptake, or both. Tissue homogenates and genomic DNA extracts of free swimming fry developed from eggs fertilized with treated sperm was tested to evaluate the efficiency of gene transfer. Dot blot hybridization and gene expression assay demonstrated the presence and expression of the reporter genes introduced in 2.6 to 4.2% of several hundreds of tested larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). No transgene has been found in the fry resulting from parallel experiments without sperm electroporation. This is the first report on successful application of electroporated sperm cells for production of transgenic fish.     

采用高分子介导精子作载体制备转基因泥鳅

为探讨树形高分子介导精子载体技术产生转基因动物,将泥鳅精子与具有标记基因LacZ的pCH110重组质粒和树形高分子在保存液内孵育,经DNA原位杂交检测发现树形高分子介导下精子携事外源DNA的效率得到较大的提高,将捕获了外源DNA的精子,再与泥鳅卵进行体外人工受精。由此发育的鱼苗经PCR和LacZ组织化学检测,获得了高比例的转基因泥鳅,外源基因LacZ在泥鳅幼苗头部得到了明显表达。     

葛洲坝水利枢纽兴建后对青、草、鲢、鳙繁殖生态效应的研究

本文分析了葛洲坝枢纽截流后,大坝上、下游草、青、鲢、鳙的繁殖条件,产卵场位置,产卵规模,鱼卵、鱼苗成色以及4种鱼的群体组成等。指出除原宜昌产卵场发生变化外,其余产卵场基本存在,并在上游新发现了几处产卵场。讨论了大坝对4种鱼的影响程度和上游存在草鱼地方性群体,论证了4种鱼不必过坝产卵的理由。       

Carotenoids in fish. XXII. Changes in carotenoids in Cyprinus carpio L.

The author investigated the presence of various carotenoids in the different parts of the body of Cyprinus carpio L. by means of columnar and thinlayer chromatography.The material in the form of the fertilized eggs, week-old fry, month-old fry, four-months old fry, one-year old fry and marketable carp were investigated.Yugoslavian carp brought to Poland as fry, and hybrid the wild carp crossed with of the cultivation carp, were also taken for analysis. The carotenoid content of Cyprinus carpio bred in waters polluted by municipal wastes and specimens suffering from diseases of the airbladder was also determined.The content of carotenoids, the provitamin of vitamin A, in Cyprinus carpio depends of many factors existing during the cultivation of these fish.     

The delivery of foreign genes into fertilized fish eggs using high-velocity microprojectiles.

Fertilized eggs of loach (Misgurnus fossilis), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were bombarded with high-velocity tungsten microprojectiles covered with plasmid DNA containing sequences of beta-galactosidase and neomycin phosphotransferase genes. About 70% of the eggs survived the bombardment. The activity of both transferred genes was revealed in the fish developed from the bombarded eggs. Neomycin phosphotransferase gene sequences were detected by means of PCR amplification and Southern hybridization in the total DNA of zebrafish that survived after G418 treatment.     

全鱼基因的构建及其在鲫鱼体内的整合与转录

利用PCR技术删除大麻哈鱼生长激素基因的启动序列,通过基因重组构建出全鱼基因（鲤鱼MT启动子－大麻哈鱼生长激素基因）;以融合全鱼基因为外源基因,通过显微注射方法将其线性片段导入鲫鱼受精卵内,研究其整合与转录效率。结果表明,全鱼基因在鲫鱼基因组中的整合率为36．4％（16／44）,对转基因阳性鱼的RNA样本进行Northern印迹杂交检测,转录率为25％（1／4）。因此,该全鱼基因可以作为转基因鱼研究和应用的外源基因。     

用直接注射法生产转基因鱼

本文报道了对鲤鱼、鲫鱼受精卵不加任何去膜处理,用显微操作器把外源基因直接注射到卵核附近,构建转基因鱼的方法。本法操作方便,孵化条件简单,成活率高。斑点杂交和Southern Blot杂交结果表明,外源基因的整合率与其它方法构建的转基因鱼的外源基因的整合率相近。从1988年至今,本组运用这个方法生产转基因鲤鱼、鲫鱼一万余尾。