金鱼PP2A-B′家族δ基因cDNA的克隆及表达分析

通过3′-RACE及5′-RACE技术克隆得到了金鱼蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase2A,PP2A)调节亚基B′家族δ(Delta)基因的cDNA全序列.结果显示,金鱼δ基因cDNA全长2415bp,编码一个含555个氨基酸的蛋白.序列分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白与已知其他物种对应的B′家族蛋白质均有着很高的同源性.RT-PCR分析证明,该基因mRNA表达水平在大脑中为最高,肝脏、精巢、卵巢、肾脏和鳃中次之,鳍中最少.在不同胚胎时期中,两细胞期、多细胞期、囊胚期和原肠胚期表达最高,其他时期相对较低.在蛋白水平上,精巢、卵巢、大脑和心脏中最高,肝脏中次之,肾脏、鳃和鳍中最少.在胚胎中,两细胞期、多细胞期、囊胚期、原肠胚期和神经胚期及视原基期表达最高,脑泡分化和眼色素期表达量最少.由此可以推测PP2AB′-δ基因在金鱼不同组织和胚胎发育的不同时期中可能起着多种重要作用.     

金鱼PP2A-B′家族δ基因cDNA的克隆及表达分析

通过3′-RACE及5′-RACE技术克隆得到了金鱼蛋白磷酸酶2A（protein phosphatase2A,PP2A）调节亚基B′家族δ（Delta）基因的cDNA全序列.结果显示,金鱼δ基因cDNA全长2415bp,编码一个含555个氨基酸的蛋白.序列分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白与已知其他物种对应的B′家族蛋白质均有着很高的同源性.RT-PCR分析证明,该基因mRNA表达水平在大脑中为最高,肝脏、精巢、卵巢、肾脏和鳃中次之,鳍中最少.在不同胚胎时期中,两细胞期、多细胞期、囊胚期和原肠胚期表达最高,其他时期相对较低.在蛋白水平上,精巢、卵巢、大脑和心脏中最高,肝脏中次之,肾脏、鳃和鳍中最少.在胚胎中,两细胞期、多细胞期、囊胚期、原肠胚期和神经胚期及视原基期表达最高,脑泡分化和眼色素期表达量最少.由此可以推测PP2AB′-δ基因在金鱼不同组织和胚胎发育的不同时期中可能起着多种重要作用.     

PP-1与PP-2A在金鱼眼(球)不同组织/细胞中的表达模式

为确定蛋白磷酸酶-1和-2A(protein phosphatase-1 and phosphatase-2A,PP-1,PP-2A)在水生低等脊椎动物眼球不同组织/细胞中的表达模式,提取金鱼眼球中4种组织视网膜、晶体上皮细胞、晶体纤维和角膜的RNA和蛋白,利用RT-PCR和Western印迹技术进行检测.同时运用荧光免疫组织化学技术进行了定位表达研究.结果表明:1)在mRNA水平上,PP-1催化亚基α和PP-2A催化亚基β在金鱼视网膜、晶体上皮和角膜中表达强烈,与其在高等哺乳类脊椎动物如小鼠中的表达形成鲜明的对比;2)在蛋白水平上,PP-1和PP-2A催化亚基在金鱼视网膜和晶体上皮细胞中的表达较高,而在角膜中的表达最低.这与它们在小鼠眼球视网膜和角膜中同时具备高表达的模式形成对比;3)在金鱼发育48h的眼球中,PP-1和PP-2A催化亚基定位于视网膜的色素视网膜和神经视网膜细胞中,晶体上皮和纤维细胞中及角膜上皮细胞中,而在性成熟金鱼眼球中,此二酶催化亚基主要定位于视网膜的色素视网膜,神经视网膜及晶体上皮细胞中.这些结果为探讨PP-1和PP-2A在金鱼眼球不同组织中的功能打下了重要基础。     

PP2A通过Akt/Skp2通路调控p27~(Kip1)的表达并抑制肺癌细胞的致瘤能力

蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)是由36 k Da的催化亚基C(PP2Ac)和65 k Da的结构亚基A(PP2Aα/β)一起组成PP2A的核心酶,并且和各种不同的调节亚基B形成具有不同功能的PP2A全酶复合体。在细胞中PP2A发挥着重要作用,特别是在抑制肿瘤的形成当中,编码PP2Aα/β基因的突变将导致肿瘤的形成和其他疾病。当非小细胞肺癌细胞H1299中过表达PP2A-Aα时,细胞生长被抑制,细胞周期停留在G0/G1期,致瘤能力也同时被抑制。进一步研究证明当PP2A-Aα过表达时,Akt被去磷酸化失活使Skp2的表达下调,从而导致细胞周期抑制因子p27kip1的表达上调。肿瘤细胞软琼脂克隆形成实验的结果表明过表达PP2A-Aα之后H1299细胞的锚定非依赖性生长能力明显的降低,形成的克隆细胞团也较小,这些结果和裸鼠成瘤实验的结果是一致的。     

金鱼PP2A调节亚基PR55基因的克隆及表达分析

蛋白磷酸酶2A是一种重要的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶,对于调控多细胞的生命活动起重要作用。以金鱼大脑为材料,运用RT-PCR技术克隆得到PP2A调节亚基B55家族中PR55基因编码区部分序列。结果显示PR55基因cDNA长1218 bp,编码的多肽共含405个氨基酸。序列分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白与已知其他物种对应的PR55蛋白质均有着很高的同源性。用RT-PCR的方法检测了PR55基因在金鱼不同组织和胚胎发育不同时期的mRNA表达水平。结果表明,PR55基因表达呈现明显的组织和胚胎发育阶段差异性。在成体组织中,仅在大脑和鳍中有表达。在胚胎发育过程中,PR55从神经胚开始出现,整体呈现上升趋势,在出膜期达到最高水平。据此推测,PR55基因可能在金鱼胚胎发育中具有多种重要作用。       

间隙连接蛋白43基因在斑马鱼和金鱼中的表达模式分析

间隙连接蛋白43(connexin43,Cx43)是间隙连接蛋白家族的成员之一,在多种组织和细胞类型上广泛表达,参与体内平衡、胚胎发育、细胞分化及生长等生理活动。现以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和金鱼(Carassius auratus)为材料,运用RT-PCR方法检测了Cx43基因在其组织和胚胎发育中的表达模式。结果显示:在斑马鱼的组织中,Cx43基因在心脏中的表达量最高,而在肾脏和卵巢的表达量较低;在不同发育时期的胚胎中,Cx43基因在体色素期和出膜期中的表达量较高,而在胚胎发育早期的表达量相对较低。在金鱼组织中,Cx43基因在心脏中的表达量较高,而在鱼鳍和眼睛的表达量较低;在不同发育时期的胚胎中,Cx43基因表达模式基本上与斑马鱼的12个时期相一致。研究表明,Cx43基因在鱼类不同组织和不同胚胎发育时期中可能行使不同的功能,但其具体的功能和机制还有待进一步研究。     

荧光转基因斑马鱼Tg(ttn.2:EGFP)的构建

为了建立一种用于研究肌肉和心脏发育及其相关疾病的绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)转基因斑马鱼品系,本研究使用斑马鱼ttn.2基因编码区上游启动子序列和绿色荧光蛋白基因编码序列构建了重组表达载体,并将该载体和Tol2转座酶的加帽mRNA显微共注射入斑马鱼1-细胞期胚胎,通过荧光检测、遗传杂交筛选和分子鉴定等方法,成功建立了能稳定遗传的Tg(ttn.2:EGFP)转基因斑马鱼品系。荧光表达分析及原位杂交分析结果表明,绿色荧光信号在斑马鱼肌肉和心脏组织中特异表达模式与ttn.2基因的mRNA表达一致。通过反向PCR鉴定转基因表达载体在F1代斑马鱼品系中的随机整合位点,结果表明:No.33转基因品系的EGFP基因整合在斑马鱼的4号和11号染色体上,No.34转基因品系则整合在1号染色体上。该荧光转基因斑马鱼品系Tg(ttn.2:EGFP)的成功构建为肌肉和心脏发育以及相关疾病研究提供了一个新的理想实验模型。此外,绿色荧光强烈表达的斑马鱼品系还可以作为一种新的观赏鱼。     

微囊藻毒素LR对人HL7702细胞蛋白磷酸酶2A的影响

微囊藻毒素能显著抑制蛋白磷酸酶2A的活性,是公认的一类肝毒素。为进一步研究微囊藻毒素作用于离体细胞后细胞中PP2A相关指标的变化,实验用不同浓度的MC-LR对人正常肝细胞HL7702染毒24h后检测细胞中PP2A亚基蛋白和mRNA水平,并检测3、6、12和24h作用后细胞内PP2A的酶活性。结果发现,除B55α蛋白表达有明显的下降趋势且1000 nmol/L组有显著性降低外,其他亚基的蛋白没有明显改变;15种PP2A亚基mRNA水平在100 nmol/L组都显著升高,而500和1000 nmol/L组分别有7种和6种亚基的mRNA表现出显著性降低。用不同浓度MC-LR染毒6h后,细胞内PP2A酶活有显著性降低,并且呈现剂量依赖性关系,而3、12和24h染毒后酶活性没有明显变化。以上结果表明:一定浓度的MC-LR作用24h后影响了HL7702细胞PP2A相关亚基的转录,但没有明显改变蛋白质水平;MC-LR对细胞内PP2A的酶活抑制作用与染毒时间密切相关。       

皮层蛋白介导斑马鱼(Danio rerio)原肠化细胞运动

在胚胎发育过程中, 细胞运动对指导原肠期胚胎细胞的时空定位并决定其发育命运具有核心作用, 然而活体状态下原肠化过程中细胞运动的调控机制目前并不清楚. 微丝结合蛋白皮层蛋白(cortactin)是微丝核化过程的重要调控分子, 它通过激活微丝相关蛋白2/3复合物(Arp2/3 complex)促进微丝在细胞前导缘区域迅速组装, 从而直接作用于细胞运动. 为阐明斑马鱼(Danio rerio)原肠化细胞运动的分子调控机制, 本研究首先检测了皮层蛋白在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程的表达水平. Western blotting分析证明皮层蛋白在斑马鱼原肠期胚胎中大量表达; 整装胚胎抗体染色结果表明在斑马鱼原肠化过程中, 皮层蛋白主要分布于胚胎背侧胚盾区域的细胞中, 在发生活跃运动的上皮层细胞和下皮层细胞中含量较高;在亚细胞水平, 皮层蛋白和Arp2/3复合物共同定位于运动的皮层区域, 并在细胞连接处也有大量分布. 此外, 研究还发现皮层蛋白在发育中的中枢神经系统中表达量较高. 本研究结果首次表明皮层蛋白和Arp2/3复合物介导的微丝聚合参予了斑马鱼原肠化细胞运动, 并在中枢神经系统发育中扮演重要角色.     

铅和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的影响

为了研究铅(Pb)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)单独及联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎神经发育和细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响,考察两者对斑马鱼胚胎神经系统的毒性作用。将720个斑马鱼胚胎按3×3析因设计随机分为9组,以Pb(0、0.01 mg/L和1 mg/L)和DBP(0、0.005 mg/L和0.5 mg/L)单独及联合对斑马鱼胚胎暴露120 h。观察、记录胚胎的孵化、死亡情况,采用荧光定量PCR测定斑马鱼胚胎神经发育相关基因(NR1A、NR2A、NR2D)和神经细胞凋亡相关基因(bcl-2、c-fos)的表达变化情况。与空白对照组相比,各暴露组均可致斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低、死亡率增高(P0.05);联合暴露组NR1A、NR2A、NR2D、c-fos基因表达水平显著升高,bcl-2基因表达水平显著下降(P0.05)。Pb和DBP均可影响斑马鱼胚胎的发育,且具有一定的神经毒性,而二者联合暴露毒性复杂,对斑马鱼胚胎孵化率和死亡率的影响有交互作用,对神经发育和细胞凋亡相关基因无交互作用,其机制有待进一步研究。     

Molecular cloning and differential expression patterns of the regulatory subunit B′ gene of PP2A in goldfish, Carassius auratus

It is well established that the protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays very important roles in many different cellular processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, gene expres-sion, neurotransmission, apoptosis, and aging. PP2A consists of three heterogenic subunits: the scaffold subunit A, the catalytic subunit C, and the regulatory subunit B. While both the scaffold and the catalytic subunits contain only two forms, at least four families of the regulatory subunits, B, B, B′′, and B′′′ have been identified. These regulatory subunits from different families are encoded by different genes and bear other functions besides directing the specificity of PP2A. To study the functions of the regulatory subunits of PP2A in lower vertebrates, we have cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of the gene encoding the regulatory subunit B′δ of PP2A from gold fish, Carassius auratus using 3′-RACE and 5′-RACE cloning strategies. Our results revealed that the full-length B′δ cDNA contains 2415 bp and encodes a protein of 555 amino acids. The B′δ protein displays a very high level of sequence identity with the B′δ regulatory subunit from other species of vertebrates. Regarding its expression pattern, RT-PCR revealed that the highest level of mRNA was detected in brain, a less level detected in liver, spermary, ovary, kidney and gill, and the lowest level detected in the fin. During different developmental stages of gold fish, the highest level of mRNA expression was detected at the stages of two-cell, mul-tiple-cell, blastula and gastrula, and a decreased level of B′δ ?mRNA was detected in other develop-mental stages. At the protein level, the highest expression level of B′δ protein was found in spermary, ovary, brain and heart, a less amount found in liver and the lowest level detected in kidney, gill and fin. Developmentally, B′δ protein was strongly expressed at the stages of two-cell, multiple-cell, blastula, gastrula, neurula, and optic vesicle, and then decreased at the stages of brain differentiation and eye pigmentation. These results suggest that B′δ appears to play a very important role during gold fish development and also in adult tissue homeostasis.     

The role of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit Calpha in embryogenesis: evidence from sequence analysis and localization studies.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) constitutes one of the major families of protein serine/threonine phosphatases found in all eukaryotic cells. PP2A holoenzymes are composed of a catalytic subunit complexed with a structural regulatory subunit of 65 kDa. These core subunits associate with regulatory subunits of various sizes to form different heterotrimers which have been purified and evaluated with regard to substrate specificity. In fully differentiated tissues PP2A expression levels are highest in the brain, however, relatively little is known about expression in the developing embryo. In order to determine the composition of PP2A catalytic subunits in the mouse, cDNAs were cloned and the genomic organization of PP2A Calpha was determined. By a gene targeting approach in the mouse, we have previously shown that the absence of the major catalytic subunit of PP2A, Calpha, resulted in embryonic lethality around embryonic day E6.5. No mesoderm was formed which implied that PP2A plays a crucial role in gastrulation. Here, we extended our studies and analyzed wildtype embryos for Calpha expression at subsequent stages of development. After gastrulation is completed, we find high expression of Calpha restricted to the neural folds, which suggests that PP2A plays an additional pivotal role in neurulation.     

Protein phosphatase 2A carboxymethylation and regulatory B subunits differentially regulate mast cell degranulation

Asthma is characterised by antigen-mediated mast cell degranulation resulting in secretion of inflammatory mediators. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine protein phosphatase composed of a catalytic (PP2A-C) subunit together with a core scaffold (PP2A-A) subunit and a variable, regulatory (PP2A-B) subunit. Previous studies utilising pharmacological inhibition of protein phosphatases have suggested a positive regulatory role for PP2A in mast cell degranulation. In support of this we find that a high okadaic acid concentration (1 μM) inhibits mast cell degranulation. Strikingly, we now show that a low concentration of okadaic acid (0.1 μM) has the opposite effect, resulting in enhanced degranulation. Selective downregulation of the PP2A-Cα subunit by short hairpin RNA also enhanced degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells, suggesting that the primary role of PP2A is to negatively regulate degranulation. PP2A-B subunits are responsible for substrate specificity, and carboxymethylation of the PP2A-C subunit alters B subunit binding. We show here that carboxymethylation of PP2A-C is dynamically altered during degranulation and inhibition of methylation decreases degranulation. Moreover downregulation of the PP2A-Bα subunit resulted in decreased MK2 phosphorylation and degranulation, whilst downregulation of the PP2A-B′δ subunit enhanced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and degranulation. Taken together these data show that PP2A is both a positive and negative regulator of mast cell degranulation, and this differential role is regulated by carboxymethylation and specific PP2A-B subunit binding.     

PP2A regulates autophagy in two alternative ways in Drosophila

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme is a heterotrimeric complex, consisting of A, B and C subunits. The catalytic subunit PP2A-C (microtubule star/mts) binds to the C-terminal part of the scaffold protein PP2A-A (PP2A-29B). In Drosophila, there are three different forms of B subunits (widerborst/wdb, twins/tws and PP2A-B'), which determine the subcellular localization and substrate specificity of the holoenzyme. Previous studies demonstrated that PP2A is involved in the control of TOR-dependent autophagy both in yeast and mammals. Furthermore, in Drosophila, wdb genetically interacts with the PtdIns3K/PTEN/Akt signaling cascade, which is a main upstream regulatory system of dTOR. Here we demonstrate that in Drosophila, two different PP2A complexes (containing B' or wdb subunit) play essential roles in the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy. The PP2A-A/wdb/C complex acts upstream of dTOR, whereas the PP2A-A/B'/C complex functions as a target of dTOR and may regulate the elongation of autophagosomes and their subsequent fusion with lysosomes. We also identified three Drosophila Atg orthologs (Atg14, Atg17 and Atg101), which represent potential targets of the PP2A-A/B'/C complex during autophagy.     

PP2A regulates autophagy in two alternative ways in Drosophila

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme is a heterotrimeric complex, consisting of A, B and C subunits. The catalytic subunit PP2A-C (microtubule star/mts) binds to the C-terminal part of the scaffold protein PP2A-A (PP2A-29B). In Drosophila, there are three different forms of B subunits (widerborst/wdb, twins/tws and PP2A-B'), which determine the subcellular localization and substrate specificity of the holoenzyme. Previous studies demonstrated that PP2A is involved in the control of TOR-dependent autophagy both in yeast and mammals. Furthermore, in Drosophila, wdb genetically interacts with the PtdIns3K/PTEN/Akt signaling cascade, which is a main upstream regulatory system of dTOR. Here we demonstrate that in Drosophila, two different PP2A complexes (containing B' or wdb subunit) play essential roles in the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy. The PP2A-A/wdb/C complex acts upstream of dTOR, whereas the PP2A-A/B'/C complex functions as a target of dTOR and may regulate the elongation of autophagosomes and their subsequent fusion with lysosomes. We also identified three Drosophila Atg orthologs (Atg14, Atg17 and Atg101), which represent potential targets of the PP2A-A/B'/C complex during autophagy.     

Assembly and structure of protein phosphatase 2A

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) represents a conserved family of important protein serine/threonine phosphatases in species ranging from yeast to human. The PP2A core enzyme comprises a scaffold subunit and a catalytic subunit. The heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzyme consists of the core enzyme and a variable regulatory subunit. The catalytic subunit of PP2A is subject to reversible methylation, medi-ated by two conserved enzymes. Both the PP2A core and holoenzymes are regulated through interac-tion with a large n...     

Expression of the scaffolding subunit A of protein phosphatase 2A during rat testicular development

Previously, we found that the poly(A)+ RNA of the scaffolding subunit A (alpha isoform) of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A-Aalpha) was clearly expressed by fetal gonocytes but weakly expressed by adult single (As), paired (Apr), and aligned (Aal) A spermatogonia. The scaffolding subunit A of PP2A (PP2A-A) is the major subunit in the formation of a functional PP2A holoenzyme. In this study, we investigated the expression of PP2A-A during testicular development in more detail using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot with testes of rats of various ages from 16 days postcoitum (pc) to adulthood. The expression of PP2A-A was detected in fetal proliferative gonocytes at 16 days pc, declining thereafter during the quiescent period of the gonocytes. From the day of birth to the start of spermatogenesis (Day 4 postpartum [pp]), the number of PP2A-A-immunopositive gonocytes increased. At Day 4 pp, the first A1 spermatogonia appeared along the basement membrane; all were PP2A-A positive. In the adult, PP2A-A was upregulated during the differentiation of the As, Apr, and Aal spermatogonia to the A1 spermatogonia and expressed thereafter by all other spermatogonia. Spermatocytes from the pachytene stage onward and all spermatids in the adult testis also showed clear expression of PP2A-A. In Sertoli cells, PP2A-A was detected during their proliferative period at 19 days pc to 15 days pp. The presence of a functional enzyme was confirmed by the additional detection of the catalytic subunit C of PP2A using Western blot analyses at various ages during testicular development. This apparent pattern of expression of PP2A-A during testicular development suggests that PP2A may play an important role in the proliferation of distinct populations of testicular cells and during meiosis and sperm maturation.