不同水分条件下控释尿素对夏玉米产量和叶片衰老特性的影响

采用旱棚土柱试验,以郑单958为材料,研究不同水分处理(重度干旱胁迫W₁、轻度干旱胁迫W₂、正常水分条件W₃)和不同控释尿素施氮处理(N₀:不施氮肥;低氮N₁:施纯氮150 kg·hm^-2;中氮N₂:施纯氮225 kg·hm^-2;高氮N₃:施纯氮300 kg·hm^-2)对夏玉米产量及叶片衰老特性的影响.结果表明: 控释尿素与水分耦合对延缓叶片衰老、提高功能叶作用时间和效率以及提高产量方面存在显著互作效应.相同氮素条件下,随着土壤水分含量的增加,夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、穗位叶叶绿素含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著提高,可溶性蛋白含量增加,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,产量增加;相同水分条件下,随着施氮量的增加,夏玉米LAI、穗位叶叶绿素含量及各种保护酶活性均显著提高,可溶性蛋白含量增加,而MDA含量显著降低,产量也呈增加趋势.但处理W₃N₃、W₃N₂和W₂N₃之间差异不显著,且相对于其他处理,各项指标(MDA除外)均保持较高水平,MDA含量较低,表明控释尿素与水分的耦合效应有利于维持穗位叶功能,延缓叶片衰老,促进光合产物的生产,进而提高夏玉米产量.综合产量、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和各种保护酶活性及MDA、可溶性蛋白含量,在土壤含水量为(75±5)%的田间持水量条件下(正常水分),控释尿素施氮量超过225 kg N·hm^-2后,继续增施氮肥不能持续提高花后叶片的保护酶活性,且导致保护酶活性下降加快,MDA含量显著升高,加速植株衰老,不利于氮素的高效利用;在土壤含水量为(55±5)%的田间持水量条件下,控释尿素施氮量在300 kg N·hm^-2条件下水氮耦合效应最佳.     

控释尿素条施深度对鲜食玉米田间氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

为提高鲜食玉米一次性施肥的氮肥利用率并降低氮肥的环境影响,通过田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照(CK),研究了控释尿素不同条施深度(0、5、10、15、20 cm)对鲜食玉米田间土壤氨挥发特征、鲜穗产量和氮肥利用率的影响. 结果表明: 玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的前2周,而窄行施肥带的土壤氨挥发在施肥后持续约1个月. 与CK相比,控释尿素表施(0 cm)处理不仅大幅度地提高了窄行施肥带的氨挥发损失量,同时也显著增加了玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的氨挥发损失量. 不同深度施肥处理全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量差异较大,为3.1～25.5 kg N·hm^-2,占施氮量的1.7%～14.2%.其中控释尿素条施10、15和20 cm深度处理的全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量相差不大,分别较表施(0 cm)和浅施(5 cm)处理显著降低了85.9%～87.8%和67.0%～71.6%. 在一定范围内增加控释尿素条施深度有利于提高鲜穗产量、植株氮积累量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率,各指标均以15 cm深度处理最高. 综上所述,控释尿素合理深施可以显著降低氨挥发损失,提高鲜穗产量和氮肥利用效率,本研究条件下控释尿素的最适宜施用深度为15 cm.     

水分胁迫和氮肥对花生根系形态发育及叶片生理活性的影响

以"花育22号"花生为试验材料,在中度干旱胁迫和充足灌水两个水分条件下,分别设置不施氮肥(N0)、中氮(N1,90 kg·hm-2)、高氮(N2,180 kg·hm-2)3个施氮水平,研究不同土壤水分和氮肥条件对花生叶片生理活性及根系形态发育特征的影响.结果表明:与不施氮肥处理相比,两个水分条件下中氮处理均显著增加花生产量,但对收获指数无显著影响.干旱胁迫条件下,中氮处理对总根系生物量和总根长无显著影响,但显著增加花生总根系表面积;中氮和高氮处理均显著增加20~40 cm土层内根长和根系表面积,且高氮处理显著增加40 cm以下土层内根系生物量和根系表面积;施用氮肥显著提高叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,而丙二醛(MDA)含量随施氮量的增加而降低.正常供水条件下,施用氮肥显著降低了花生根系表面积和40 cm以下土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积,中氮处理可提高叶片保护酶活性.相关性分析表明,20~40 cm土层内根长和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、CAT、POD活性与产量呈显著相关.     

不同施氮水平对巨桉幼树耐旱生理特征的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了巨桉幼树在N0(不施氮)、N1(1.4g尿素·盆-1)、N2(2.8g尿素·盆-1)3个氮处理水平下,连续干旱不同时间[分别停水0(D0)、3、6、9、12、15、18d]时巨桉的生理响应。结果显示:(1)除D0外,试验期内N1和N2处理的巨桉叶片含水量(LWC)、叶片相对含水量(LRWC)和叶片保水力(LWHC)基本低于N0水平,尤其在干旱中期最为明显,表明在干旱胁迫前施氮可能对巨桉叶片水分生理产生负面作用。(2)干旱初期,氮处理间的可溶性蛋白(SP)和可溶性糖(SS)含量的差异不大,而干旱处理后期(9~18d),N0处理的SP和SS较初期明显增加,但N1和N2处理相对于N0变化较为平缓,表明施氮不利于SP和SS积累;N1和N2处理下脯氨酸(Pro)含量的增幅随着干旱胁迫时间的延长明显大于N0处理。(3)随干旱时间延长干旱程度加重,N1、N2处理巨桉叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显高于N0处理,表明施氮使得巨桉在干旱条件下水分缺乏更为严重,产生更多的活性氧(ROS)。(4)整个干旱处理期内,施氮并未显著改变巨桉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,但N1和N2的过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显高于N0。(5)施氮增加了巨桉叶片的色素含量并在干旱初期和中期保持较高水平,在干旱初期(0~3d)增加了巨桉叶片的净光合速率(Pn),但随着干旱时间的延长而迅速下降;施氮(N1、N2)的蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)在干旱初期均显著小于N0,但在干旱中后期(6d以后)各处理间差异不显著且均处于极低水平。研究表明,水分充足时施氮有助于增强巨桉的光合同化能力,促进其生长,但遇到持续干旱时施氮更易面临水分亏缺,降低其抵抗干旱的能力,因此在巨桉人工林的经营管理过程中,不应在干旱或季节性干旱即将到来之前施氮,若干旱过程中需施氮则应采取灌溉等途径保证其充足的水分供应。     

水肥空间组合对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同土层水分、氮、磷空间组合对冬小麦不同生育时期光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:与0～90cm土层整体湿润相比,上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)水分处理显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和籽粒产量.2种水分条件下,氮磷配施处理对叶片SPAD、Pn和小麦籽粒产量的影响最为显著,其次是施磷处理,而施氮处理影响不显著.不同土层施氮在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势相同,均表现为0～90cm土层施氮小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量显著高于0～30、30～60和60～90cm土层施氮.不同土层施磷在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势也相同,表现为0～90cm土层施磷小麦叶片SPAD、Pn和籽粒产量与0～30cm土层施磷间差异不显著.不同土层氮磷配施在2种水分处理下表现不同:整体湿润条件下0～90cm土层施肥处理的小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量最高,与0～30cm土层差异不显著,但二者均显著高于30～60和60～90cm土层处理;上干下湿条件下各土层施肥处理间小麦叶片SPAD差异不显著,0～90cm土层施肥处理小麦叶片Pn和籽粒产量显著高于30～60cm土层施肥处理,30～60cm土层施肥处理显著高于60～90cm土层施肥处理和不施肥处理.表明在2种土壤水分条件下,氮磷配施时仍应施入0～30cm土层.     

NaCl胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

为探讨盐胁迫下两类不同地区藜麦品种幼苗的耐盐机制,该文利用不同浓度的NaCl溶液,对来自青海省海东市乐都区的‘LD-13’(低盐地区)和来自青海省海西州乌兰县的‘WL-192’(高盐地区)的2个藜麦品种的种子和幼苗进行盐胁迫处理,研究了种子萌发指标(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数),生长指标(鲜重、根长、茎长)及生理指标(MDA含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性)等的变化。结果表明:低浓度盐(NaCl浓度小于250 mmol·L~(-1))胁迫下,2个藜麦品种种子的萌发、幼苗生长及生理活性表现均较适宜;但中、高浓度盐(NaCl浓度大于250 mmol·L-1)胁迫下,其种子萌发、生长及幼苗生理活性均受到不同程度的抑制。从耐盐性综合评价值D值来看,虽然同为山谷型的藜麦品种,但适应盐碱地栽培的‘WL-192’品种比低盐土壤中生长的‘LD-13’品种更耐盐。推测‘WL-192’比‘LD-13’耐盐性除了受选育地区土壤盐度的影响外,还可能与品种自身及光周期、温度、海拔、纬度等外部生长环境等因素有关。结合青海西部地区气候环境和盐碱土地资源开发利用,‘WL-192’品种更适合在青海地区推广种植。     

干旱胁迫对桢楠幼树渗透调节与活性氧代谢的影响及施氮的缓解效应

以二年生桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)幼树为研究对象, 采用盆栽控水的方法, 探讨了桢楠幼树在干旱胁迫下渗透调节和活性氧代谢的变化, 以及施氮对桢楠幼树应对干旱胁迫能力的影响。试验先将土壤含水量调整到4个梯度(田间持水量的80% (80% FC)、50% FC、30% FC和15% FC), 1周后测定受胁迫植株的相关生理指标, 之后进行3个水平的施氮处理(对照N0, 中氮MN, 高氮HN, 各施氮量分4次(即干旱梯度形成后第7、14、21和28天)分别施入)。在施氮结束后30天(即开始施肥处理后51天)再次测定各项生理指标。结果表明: 1)干旱处理7天后, 桢楠叶片中游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖(SS)含量均随胁迫强度增大而显著增加, 重度干旱(15% FC)下的Pro含量增加尤为明显, 可溶性蛋白(SP)含量则呈先增加后降低的趋势。施氮后, 各种土壤水分状态下的Pro含量进一步增加。水分充足和轻度干旱MN水平下, SS含量也增加, 而在中度和重度干旱下的SS含量显著降低, HN水平各干旱状态下SS含量变化均不显著。施氮结束后30天时, 80% FC和50% FC下的SP含量表现为施氮组低于对照组, 而30% FC和15% FC下则相反。2)施氮前随着干旱胁迫的增强, 桢楠幼树叶片中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著上升, 而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。施氮后, H₂O₂含量总体上表现为减少趋势, 且MN水平下降幅度最大, HN水平反而不利于降低H₂O₂的含量。3种酶活性的变化则因干旱程度和施氮水平的不同而呈现出不同的变化趋势。3)施氮前随着干旱胁迫的增强, 叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量呈显著上升趋势, 相对电导率(REC)先显著下降后显著上升; 施氮后, 除重度干旱胁迫外, 其他各干旱处理植株的MDA含量都表现为在MN水平下有所下降, 而在HN水平下有所回升, 但在重度干旱时, 无论是MN或HN处理, MDA含量均呈上升趋势, 表明在重度干旱胁迫下, 难以通过施氮的方式缓解干旱胁迫产生的伤害。4)双因素方差分析显示, 施氮与干旱胁迫间具有极显著的交互效应。以上结果表明: 施一定量的氮肥有利于缓解桢楠幼树受到的干旱胁迫, 以年施氮量计, 施中氮(N元素质量为1.35 g·株 ^-1)对除重度干旱外的干旱胁迫具有一定的缓解作用, 但施高氮(N元素质量为2.70 g·株 ^-1)时反而会对植株造成不利影响。     

Effects of drought stress on the osmotic adjustment and active oxygen metabolism of Phoebe zhennan seedlings and its alleviation by nitrogen application

以二年生桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)幼树为研究对象, 采用盆栽控水的方法, 探讨了桢楠幼树在干旱胁迫下渗透调节和活性氧代谢的变化, 以及施氮对桢楠幼树应对干旱胁迫能力的影响。试验先将土壤含水量调整到4个梯度(田间持水量的80% (80% FC)、50% FC、30% FC和15% FC), 1周后测定受胁迫植株的相关生理指标, 之后进行3个水平的施氮处理(对照N0, 中氮MN, 高氮HN, 各施氮量分4次(即干旱梯度形成后第7、14、21和28天)分别施入)。在施氮结束后30天(即开始施肥处理后51天)再次测定各项生理指标。结果表明: 1)干旱处理7天后, 桢楠叶片中游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖(SS)含量均随胁迫强度增大而显著增加, 重度干旱(15% FC)下的Pro含量增加尤为明显, 可溶性蛋白(SP)含量则呈先增加后降低的趋势。施氮后, 各种土壤水分状态下的Pro含量进一步增加。水分充足和轻度干旱MN水平下, SS含量也增加, 而在中度和重度干旱下的SS含量显著降低, HN水平各干旱状态下SS含量变化均不显著。施氮结束后30天时, 80% FC和50% FC下的SP含量表现为施氮组低于对照组, 而30% FC和15% FC下则相反。2)施氮前随着干旱胁迫的增强, 桢楠幼树叶片中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著上升, 而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。施氮后, H₂O₂含量总体上表现为减少趋势, 且MN水平下降幅度最大, HN水平反而不利于降低H₂O₂的含量。3种酶活性的变化则因干旱程度和施氮水平的不同而呈现出不同的变化趋势。3)施氮前随着干旱胁迫的增强, 叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量呈显著上升趋势, 相对电导率(REC)先显著下降后显著上升; 施氮后, 除重度干旱胁迫外, 其他各干旱处理植株的MDA含量都表现为在MN水平下有所下降, 而在HN水平下有所回升, 但在重度干旱时, 无论是MN或HN处理, MDA含量均呈上升趋势, 表明在重度干旱胁迫下, 难以通过施氮的方式缓解干旱胁迫产生的伤害。4)双因素方差分析显示, 施氮与干旱胁迫间具有极显著的交互效应。以上结果表明: 施一定量的氮肥有利于缓解桢楠幼树受到的干旱胁迫, 以年施氮量计, 施中氮(N元素质量为1.35 g·株 ^-1)对除重度干旱外的干旱胁迫具有一定的缓解作用, 但施高氮(N元素质量为2.70 g·株 ^-1)时反而会对植株造成不利影响。     

NaCl胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以国内首个藜麦自育品种"陇藜1号"为材料,采用温室盆栽法,以蒸馏水处理作为共同对照(CK),分别用100、200、300、400和500mmol/L NaCl水溶液处理藜麦种子和盆栽幼苗,通过测定种子萌发指标及处理后第5、10、15天藜麦幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量及抗氧化酶活性,分析NaCl胁迫对藜麦生长发育及其生理特性的影响,探讨藜麦的耐盐生理机制。结果表明:(1)随NaCl浓度的升高,藜麦种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数先升高后下降,且在200 mmol/L NaCl处理下种子各发芽指标均达到最高,比CK分别升高了6.40%、28.18%、20.77%和30.91%。(2)随NaCl浓度的升高,藜麦幼苗根部和茎部生长均受到抑制,且茎部生长受到抑制程度大于根部。(3)随NaCl浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,藜麦幼苗叶片叶绿素含量先升高后下降,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量逐渐升高,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性增强。研究发现,低浓度盐胁迫处理可增加藜麦幼苗叶片内渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除多余活性氧,从而促进幼苗根系生长,提高幼苗耐旱性;初步推断藜麦耐盐阈值为200~300mmol/L NaCl。     

控释掺混尿素对稻、麦土壤氮与酶活性的影响

通过大田试验,共设7个处理,即不施氮、常规施肥以及掺混控释氮肥10%、20%、40%、80%、100%处理,探讨了不同施肥处理对土壤中4种形态氮(全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮)和3种氮功能性酶(脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶)活性的影响,以探究控释掺混尿素对稻、麦土壤肥力和环境的影响.结果表明: 土壤全氮在稻、麦全生育期内趋于稳定,且掺混比例20%以上各控释氮肥处理在稻、麦季均无显著差异;掺混40%以上控释氮肥能有效促进稻、麦生育中后期土壤无机氮水平;随稻、麦生育期推进,掺混40%以上控释氮肥处理可显著提高土壤微生物生物量氮,但常规施肥处理的微生物生物量氮整体呈明显下降趋势;掺混40%以上控释氮肥能明显提升稻、麦生育中后期土壤酶活性,土壤蛋白酶与硝酸还原酶活性在作物生育后期均随掺混比例增加而提高,以100%控释氮肥处理土壤酶活性最高.掺混20%以上控释氮肥处理能明显降低水稻季分蘖期脲酶活性,推迟铵态氮峰值期,有利于减少氮损失;掺混40%以上控释氮肥处理均可保障稻、麦生育中后期的氮素供应,刺激土壤脲酶与蛋白酶参与氮素转换,促进了土壤氮素有效性;100%控释氮肥处理对稻、麦生育后期土壤硝酸还原酶活性增加最明显,与掺混40%～80%控释氮肥处理相比,可显著减少小麦季20～40 cm土壤硝态氮残留量,在减少氮素损失方面的效果明显.     

Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics—effects of daily irrigation and fertilization

Root biomass, root nitrogen content, and root distribution down to 50 cm depth in winter wheat were determined by soil coring on five dates in four different treatments: control (C), drought (D), daily irrigation (I), and daily irrigation and fertilization (IF). The first three treatments received the N fertilizer application as a single dose in spring, whereas in IF daily doses of N were supplied in the irrigation water using a drip-tube system, according to the estimated nutrient demand of the crop. All treatments received 20 g N m⁻² year⁻¹. The maximum root biomass (104 g m⁻²) was reached earliest in IF. On 6 June, root samples were taken down to a depth of 100 cm, and the proportion of deep roots (50–100 cm) was least in I, indicating that it had the shaklowest root system. The root biomass as a fraction of the total plant mass decreased during crop development in all treatments down to about 4% at harvest. The decrease was more rapid in I and C than in D and IF. The higher proportion of roots during spring in D and IF coincided with a low nitrogen concentration in the roots, which was attributed to the restricted water supply and to the relative shortage of nitrogen during early crop development in D and IF, respectively. The dynamics of mass and nitrogen in macroscopic organic debris in the soil suggested that root turnover rates were high. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}     

Effect of soil mechanical impedance on root growth of two rice varieties under field drought stress

Two upland rice varieties, Azucena and Bala, were screened for root growth under droughted and irrigated treatments in two field sites at the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) experimental farm, Côte d’Ivoire, during the dry season of 1999/2000. The sites were chosen to represent contrasting soil profile penetration resistance (PR) characteristics on upland sites, although both were relatively impeding. The number of nodal root axes per unit area passing through horizontal transects (root density) was counted at 35, 56, 77 and 98 days after sowing (DAS) at 10 cm depth intervals. Azucena consistently maintained a greater root density than Bala and a greater proportion of Azucena roots grew to 30 cm depth (22.7% vs. 8.4% at 77 DAS). There was little detectable effect of water regime on root distribution but evidence of lower root numbers at depths below 20 cm in the higher PR site was revealed. A site by variety by soil depth interaction suggests that Azucena roots are more strongly affected by very high PR than those of Bala. PR between 0–30 cm depth increased greatly with decreasing soil water content during the drought as the soil dried. This increase is likely to have prevented or greatly impaired further nodal root growth within this layer. At 40 cm depth, PR was high (3–4 MPa) but did not increase during the drought. At this depth root growth rate was likely to be greatly reduced despite the availability of water. These results demonstrate that varietal differences in root morphology characterised in the laboratory can be also detected in impeding field soils as differences in the density of roots at depth. Relatively poor root growth in these fields in the absence of drought was probably due to the high mechanical impedance and/or the physiological stress of the plants in the dry season. Our results indicate that high mechanical impedance was a more fundamental constraint on root growth than soil water availability during the drought. Thus, varietal differences in root penetration ability might be very important for drought avoidance in soils of this type.     

灌溉施肥深度对玉米同化物分配和水分利用效率的影响

 以夏玉米（Zea mays L.）（陕单9号）为供试材料,采用置于遮雨棚下的模拟土柱的方法,进行了不同灌溉施肥深度对夏玉米生长发育、地上与地下部分同化物分配、产量及水分利用效率的影响的试验研究。灌溉施肥深度分4个处理：表面灌施;20 cm 深度灌水施肥;30 cm 深度灌水施肥和40 cm深度灌水施肥。后3个处理为土表下灌施处理。4个重复。试验结果表明：土表下灌施抑制了玉米生育早期的地上部分生长,使根系向土壤中下层的分布加强,从而保证了作物中后期对水分养分的吸收利用,提高了水分利用效率。在本试验条件下,玉     

水深梯度对钝脊眼子菜生长和繁殖的影响

水深是影响湿地植物生长和分布的一个重要限制性因子,该研究以具有典型异型叶性的钝脊眼子菜(Potamogeton octandrus)为对象,通过分析浅水处理(10 cm和30 cm)和深水处理(50 cm和70 cm) 4个水深梯度下幼苗生长、生物量及繁殖策略等,探讨钝脊眼子菜在不同水深条件下的适应机制和表型可塑性。结果表明,钝脊眼子菜植株到达水面后出现异型叶,相对生长率显著降低,且与水深梯度呈正相关。钝脊眼子菜的株高随着水深的增加呈现爆发式的增长,10 cm水深的总茎长显著低于其他水深处理。水深对节间数也有显著性影响,其中,30 cm组处理节间数最多;而深水处理组的节间长和生物量均显著高于浅水处理组。分蘖数在4组处理之间均表现出显著性差异,随着水深的增加呈现显著性递减。生物量和地上生物量分配则随着水深增加而明显增加。水深处理对有性生殖指标有显著性影响,水深的增加抑制其有性繁殖。其中,10 cm条件下无花序形成,50 cm水深下的花粉量、P/O比和花序数显著高于其他处理组,且深水处理的结实数和结实率均显著高于30 cm组。这表明钝脊眼子菜可通过调整形态可塑性和生物量分配,并采取不同的繁殖策略,以达到对水深的最佳适应,其中最适水深生长范围在50 cm左右。     

单叶蔷薇幼苗根系对不同潜水埋深的适应机制

地下水是影响西北地区植被分布、生长和群落演替的重要因子,通过人工装置模拟30 cm(D30)、40 cm(D40)、50 cm(D50)、60 cm(D60)、70 cm(D70)5个潜水梯度,从生长发育、根系形态、拓扑结构与分形维数以及表型可塑性四个方面来分析不同潜水埋深对单叶蔷薇幼苗的影响,力求揭示单叶蔷薇幼苗对不同水分环境的适应性策略,这将对今后开展单叶蔷薇植被恢复和保育工作具有重要价值。研究结果表明:(1)单叶蔷薇幼苗可通过增加扎根深度、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、分支数量、地上干物质和根系干物质来应对不同潜水埋深带来的干旱胁迫,D50、D60、D70和CK处理下的幼苗还可以通过提高根冠比来适应更长久的干旱环境。(2)不同潜水埋深处理下,单叶蔷薇幼苗根系的拓扑指数基本保持在0.8-0.9之间,说明该根系属于典型的人字形分支模式,受环境影响较小。其中,短而细的密集细根(0-2 mm)构成了单叶蔷薇幼苗根系的主体。从资源分配的角度来看,该种拓扑结构相对简单、内部竞争较小、碳消耗少,有利于根系扩大土壤资源获取效率,从而保障植株生长发育的物质供需平衡,这是单叶蔷薇对环境胁迫的适应性策略。(3)适度的干旱,如50-70 cm的潜水埋深,可以促进单叶蔷薇幼苗扎根深度;而在较浅的潜水埋深(30-40 cm)环境中,单叶蔷薇幼苗能快速解除干旱,转向地上器官的生长发育,同时它通过降低垂直根系长度、增加分支和根尖数量来获取更多氧气和适应水分充足的新环境,到第75天时生长旺盛,在株高、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、分支数量、地上干物质、根系干物质、根组织密度和分形维数10个指标上与CK组具有显著差异,说明单叶蔷薇幼苗对水分充足和严重干旱的极端环境均有较好的适应能力,表型可塑性强。     

Evaluating the resistance of six rice cultivars to drought: restriction of deep rooting and the use of raised beds

Soil water deficits reduce rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity under upland field conditions. In this study, we constructed screening facilities to evaluate the performance of rice cultivars under drought conditions and to assess the roles of deep roots. Two experiments were conducted with six rice cultivars, including drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible cultivars, grown in two root environments: a root-restricted treatment that restricted rooting depth with water-permeable sheets, and a raised bed that reduced water availability in the surface soil by inserting a gravel layer between the topsoil and subsoil layers to interrupt capillary transport of water. In the root-restricted treatment, in which root growth was restricted to the surface 25-cm layer, leaf water potential decreased faster in cultivars with a large canopy during drought stress, and there was little difference in panicle weight among cultivars. With a normal (unrestricted) root environment, the deepest-rooting cultivar (‘IRAT109’) maintained higher leaf water potential during drought, although panicle weight under drought stress was affected by yield potential as well as by deep rooting. Under the intermittent drought stress in the raised bed, deep-rooting cultivars accumulated more nitrogen and produced more biomass, and the difference in panicle weight between deep-rooting drought-tolerant and shallow-rooting drought-susceptible cultivars was magnified by the raised bed compared with the yield differences under drought in a normal root environment. These results demonstrate that the drought screening facilities we developed can help to identify superior cultivars under upland field conditions without time-consuming measurement of deep root systems.     

欧美108杨细根形态及垂直分布对水氮耦合措施的响应

合理高效的水肥集约经营是有效地提高速生丰产林生产力的重要途径。细根是植物吸收水肥和维持生长的主要器官, 了解细根形态及其分布对水肥耦合措施的响应机制有助于解释树木生长和吸收水肥能力的差异性。该文基于水氮耦合措施对欧美108杨(Populus × euramericana ‘Guariento’)幼林表土层(0–30 cm)细根形态及分布的影响研究, 在连续两年的水氮管理后, 开展了欧美108杨0–60 cm土层细根形态及垂直分布对水氮耦合响应的研究。田间设计3个灌溉水平(灌溉土壤水势起始阈值为–75 kPa、–50 kPa、–25 kPa)和3个养分水平(施N 150 g·tree^–1·a^–1、300 g·tree^–1·a^–1、450 g·tree^–1·a^–1), 组合成9个水氮耦合处理, 另设1个对照处理(CK)。研究结果表明: (1)垂直方向上, 各处理细根生物量密度、表面积和平均直径均表现为10–20 cm土层最大(该层生物量密度占0–60 cm土层总生物量的27%–37%), 随后在30–60 cm土层逐层递减; 根长密度则随土壤深度的加深而逐层递减, 0–10 cm土层显著大于其他土层(该层根长密度占0–60 cm土层总根长密度的33%–45%)。(2) 6个土层的细根生物量密度、根长密度和平均直径均表现为高水高氮(D3F3)和中水高氮(D2F3) 2个处理间差异不显著, 但均显著高于其他处理, 其中, D3F3处理6个土层生物量密度是对照的3.12–47.74倍; 细根表面积则是D3F3处理显著高于其他处理, 是CK的4.36–30.57倍。(3)连续的水氮耦合管理措施不会改变细根的垂直分布格局(各处理均具有与CK一致的分布格局), 但在第二个生长季, 欧美108杨细根的整体分布随着林龄的增加趋于深层化; 另外, 中水高氮的耦合处理也可有效地促进细根的生长, 这种水氮需求水平与第一个生长季内需高水高氮才可显著促进其生长的特性不同。欧美108杨细根在第2个生长季主要分布于0–20 cm土层, 9个水氮耦合处理中, 除低水低氮处理外, 其他处理各细根形态指标值均显著高于CK, 这种差异性在浅土层更为显著, 而在深土层表现出相对较小的差异。当灌溉量一定时(尤其中、高灌溉水平), 增加施氮量可显著促进细根生长, 但当施氮量一定时(尤其低、中氮水平), 增加灌溉量对细根生长的促进效果不显著, 即欧美108杨细根生长趋肥性强于向水性。     

Responses of the fine root morphology and vertical distribution of Populus × euramericana ‘Guariento’ to the coupled effect of water and nitrogen

Aims Irrigation and fertilization have great potentials to enhance yield in forest plantations. The integrated effect of water and nitrogen management on fine roots morphology and distribution of Populus × euramericana ‘Guariento’, however, remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water and nitrogen addition on fine root morphology and distribution in poplar plantations for developing the best water and nitrogen strategy for promoting fine root. Methods The soil core method was used to quantify the morphology and distribution of fine roots in the 0–60 cm in a poplar plantation with surface dripping irrigation and fertilization technologies. The experiment included nine treatments, which were a combination of three irrigation treatments where dripping irrigation was applied when soil water potential (ψ_soil) reached –75, –50, or –25 kPa, and three fertilization treatments at nitrogen additions of 150, 300, or 450 g·tree–1·a–1, respectively). A control plot with non-irrigation and non-fertilizationtreatment in growing season (CK) was also included in the study. Important findings The fine roots biomass density, fine root surface area density, average root diameter in all treatments were mainly found at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths, with root biomass density in the 10–20 cm of 1.03 to 1.21 times of that in the 0–10 cm, 1.25 to 1.80 times of that in the 20–30 cm, 1.62 to 22.10 times of that in the 30–40 cm, 2.77 to 54.35 times of that in the 40–50 cm, and 6.48 to 293.09 times of that in the 50–60 cm. The root biomass density in the 10–20 cm accounted for 27%–37% of the total biomass density in the top 60 cm. For root biomass density and average diameter, there were no significant differences between 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths, and between 40–50 cm and 50–60 cm depths. Fine roots in the irrigation and fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that of the CK, except the D1F1 treatment (i.e., with low water and low nitrogen level). Additionally, fine roots in the D2F3 treatment (i.e., with intermedia irrigation and high nitrogen level) and the D3F3 treatment (i.e., with high water and high nitrogen level) were significantly higher than those in other treatments, but not significantly different between D2F3 and D3F3. Compared with the CK, the fine roots biomass density in six soil layers were significantly enhanced at 359%, 388%, 328%, 3823%, 4774% and 2866%, respectively, for the treatment with high water and high nitrogen levels. The vertical distributions of fine roots appeared not affected by the interaction of irrigation and nitrogen addition. However, the surface dripping irrigation and fertilization treatments increased fine roots significantly. Finally, we found that the response of fine root growth and distribution was stronger to fertilization than to the irrigation in this poplar plantation.     

模拟干旱胁迫对巴东木莲种子萌发和芽苗生长的影响

巴东木莲原生种群天然更新差,林下鲜见更新幼苗或幼树。为探究其种子萌发和芽苗在生长期对干旱胁迫的耐受性,该文以巴东木莲种子为材料,采用不同质量浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,分析干旱胁迫对其种子萌发、芽苗生长及其相关的生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)不同质量浓度的PEG溶液对巴东木莲种子萌发和芽苗生长产生显著影响(P0.05),萌发率和存活率随着PEG质量浓度的增加而逐渐降低,当PEG质量浓度≥301 g·L~(-1)时,种子萌发受到抑制,且萌发时间明显推迟。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,巴东木莲芽苗叶绿素含量逐渐降低;可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现出不同程度的先升高后降低趋势;而脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化氢酶(APX)活性呈现逐渐升高的趋势。综上分析得出,巴东木莲种子萌发及芽苗的生长对水分需求明显,虽可通过渗透调节和提高保护性酶活性来适应一定程度的干旱胁迫,但在繁育过程中,需防止干旱损伤。该研究结果可为巴东木莲种子繁育更新提供理论依据,有助于巴东木莲种群的扩大。