控释尿素条施深度对鲜食玉米田间氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

为提高鲜食玉米一次性施肥的氮肥利用率并降低氮肥的环境影响,通过田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照(CK),研究了控释尿素不同条施深度(0、5、10、15、20 cm)对鲜食玉米田间土壤氨挥发特征、鲜穗产量和氮肥利用率的影响. 结果表明: 玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的前2周,而窄行施肥带的土壤氨挥发在施肥后持续约1个月. 与CK相比,控释尿素表施(0 cm)处理不仅大幅度地提高了窄行施肥带的氨挥发损失量,同时也显著增加了玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的氨挥发损失量. 不同深度施肥处理全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量差异较大,为3.1～25.5 kg N·hm^-2,占施氮量的1.7%～14.2%.其中控释尿素条施10、15和20 cm深度处理的全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量相差不大,分别较表施(0 cm)和浅施(5 cm)处理显著降低了85.9%～87.8%和67.0%～71.6%. 在一定范围内增加控释尿素条施深度有利于提高鲜穗产量、植株氮积累量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率,各指标均以15 cm深度处理最高. 综上所述,控释尿素合理深施可以显著降低氨挥发损失,提高鲜穗产量和氮肥利用效率,本研究条件下控释尿素的最适宜施用深度为15 cm.

Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in the field of fresh edible maize as affec-ted by different band fertilization depths of controlled-release urea

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of controlled-release urea (CRU) application on ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and fresh ear yield of fresh edible maize. The treatments included one control (CK: no N fertilizer application) and four different band fertilization depths (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm). Results showed that NH₃ volatilization from non-fertilization band and planting band mainly occurred in the first two weeks after the fertilization, which lasted for almost a month in the fertilization band. Compared to CK, surface broadcasted CRU (0 cm) significantly increased NH₃ volatilization from wide-row non-fertilization band or planting band in field. Soil NH₃ volatilization amounts ranged from 3.1 to 25.5 kg N·hm^-2 with the different depths of CRU application treatments, accounting for 1.7%-14.2% of total N applied. The cumulative NH₃ volatilizations were comparable among the depths of 10, 15 and 20 cm of CRU fertilization treatments, which were significantly decreased by 85.9%-87.8% and 67.0%-71.6% as compared with surface broadcasted CRU and 5 cm of CRU fertilization, respectively. The increases of CRU application depth within a certain extent could increase fresh ear yield, total nitrogen accumulation of plants during milking stage, partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizer, and the maximum values of these indices were recorded for 15 cm depth. We concluded that CRU application at 15 cm depth would be the optimal practice in terms of reducing NH₃ volatilization and improving N use efficiency of fresh edible maize.