海南霸王岭热带山地雨林森林循环与树种多样性动态

通过对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林的调查 ,研究了热带山地雨林树种多样性特征随森林循环的动态变化规律。结果表明 :( 1 )热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段斑块在森林景观中所占的面积比例分别是 :林隙阶段 ( G)占 38.5 0 % ,建立阶段 ( B)占 2 8.5 0 % ,成熟阶段 ( M)占 2 7.0 0 % ,衰退阶段 ( D)占 6 .0 0 %。 ( 2 )热带山地雨林中乔木树种的密度随森林循环的变化趋势是由 G→B→M呈现出逐渐增加的趋势 ,以成熟阶段达到最大 ,而到衰退阶段又趋于下降。灌木树种则表现出 G阶段斑块的密度最大 ,B阶段的最小 ,从 B到 M有所增加 ,到 D又稍有下降。 ( 3)热带山地雨林中不同高度级和不同径级的树木的密度在森林循环的不同阶段表现出不同的增减趋势 ,其随森林循环过程呈现出的动态变化可能与不同阶段斑块内的空间、环境及物种生物学特性有关。 ( 4 )热带山地雨林中树木的平均胸径、平均高、平均胸高断面积、平均单株材积随森林循环过程呈现出不断增加的趋势 ,其中平均胸径和平均高随森林循环的变化较为平缓 ,而平均胸高断面积和平均单株材积之变化较为陡急。 ( 5 )热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段的物种多样性指数不同 ,其中 G和 B阶段的物种丰富度和多样性指数值较接近 ,M阶段的物种丰富度达到最大 ,D阶段则最小。     

秦岭大熊猫栖息地主要森林群落类型稳定性分析

为了揭示秦岭大熊猫栖息地主要森林植物群落稳定性现状,于佛坪和长青国家自然保护区各设置1条样线,每条样线上按海拔每升高100m设置1~4个500m~2(20m×25m)典型样地(共计60个)进行样方调查。在分析调查数据基础上,选取分布最广且具有代表性的16个群落类型林地,并利用模糊数学隶属函数对其优势种更新、林地质量、群落物种多样性、群落复杂性、土壤肥力、保护程度6个方面对各群落类型林地的植物群落稳定性进行综合分析评价。结果表明:(1)栓皮栎群落林下的幼苗和幼树数量相对最多,隶属函数最大,其更新能力较强;华山松群落林下的幼苗和幼树数量为零,其更新能力最差。(2)华山松和油松混交林群落林地的立木蓄积量、平均高度、枯落物厚度等3个隶属函数平均值最高,其林地质量相对最好;油松和锐齿槲栎混交林则相反,林地质量相对较差。(3)群落林地土壤肥力6项指标分析显示,太白红杉林隶属函数值最大,土壤肥力相对较高,而板栗林、亮叶桦林隶属函数较小,土壤肥力相对最低。(4)群落林地物种多样性分析显示,铁杉林隶属函数最大,物种多样性表现更为突出,太白红杉林隶属函数值最小,其物种多样性表现相对最差。(5)铁杉林林地群落的复杂性3个方面隶属函数相对最高,复杂性最高,太白红杉则相对最低。(6)太白红杉、巴山冷杉因分布在保护区核心区域,群落林地的保护程度最高,而毛栗林、亮叶桦因分布于保护区边缘的实验区,保护程度最差。(7)综合对比6个指标隶属函数发现,16个群落林地的稳定性由大到小顺序为:铁杉林短柄枹栎林太白杨林华山松林锐齿槲栎林巴山冷杉林白桦林=红桦林油松+华山松=牛皮桦林油松+锐齿槲栎混交林油松林太白红杉林栓皮栎林板栗林亮叶桦林。     

格氏栲群落林窗边缘效应研究

应用Shannon—Wiener物种多样性指数、Simpson生态优势度指标以及边缘效应强度指数,对福建三明格氏栲保护区森林群落林窗的边缘效应现象进行了研究．格氏栲群落的38个林窗样地不同部位上述指标的测定结果表明,用物种多样性指数测定的林窗边缘效应强度值为0．7～1．3左右;而用生态优势度值测定的林窗边缘效应强度值为0．3～1．8左右,林窗边缘区由于边缘效应的作用有增大物种多样性的趋势,林窗的面积及林窗所在的森林群落类型,都对处于不同发育阶段的林窗的边缘效应强度产生影响．从而为格氏栲群落生物多样性保护与森林经营管理提供理论基础．     

四川缙云山森林群落林窗边缘效应的研究

 本文运用Shannon—Wiener物种多样性指数、Simpson生态优势度指标以及边缘效应强度指数,对缙云山亚热带森林群落林窗的边缘效应现象进行了初步研究。29个林窗样地不同部位上述指标的测定表明用物种多样性指数拟合边缘效应测度通式,缙云山亚热带森林群落林窗的边缘效应强度值为1—3左右;而用生态优势度值拟合边缘效应强度测式,则上述边缘效应强度值为0.1一1.2左右。研究表明林窗边缘区由于边缘效应的作用有增大物种多样性的趋势。而林窗面积、所处坡向以及林窗所在的森林群落类型,都对处于不同发育阶段的林窗的边缘效应强度具有影响。在此基础上,本文对林窗边缘效应强度的变化规律、效应性质、测定意义以及对森林营造和优化管理上的作用进行了一定探讨。     

太白红杉种内和种间竞争研究

采用逐步扩大范围的方法确定影响对象木 (Objectivetree) 的最佳竞争范围, 利用单木竞争指数的改进模型对太白红杉 (Larixchinensis) 种内和种间竞争强度进行了定量分析, 并讨论了不同竞争强度下太白红杉的形态变化。结果表明 :随对象木胸径的增大, 由于太白红杉种群自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用, 植株距离增加, 种内竞争强度降低 ;太白红杉主要分布于亚高山地段, 群落内其它物种较少, 个体普遍较小, 结果种间竞争相对较弱, 种内与种间竞争关系顺序为 :太白红杉 太白红杉 >巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii) 太白红杉 >牛皮桦 (Betulaplatyphylla) 太白红杉 >其它树种 太白红杉 ;竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系 (CI =AD-B), 当太白红杉胸径达到 35cm以上时, 竞争强度几乎没有变化, 所得的预测模型能很好地预测太白红杉种内和种间的竞争强度 ;不同竞争强度下, 太白红杉主茎各层的分枝角度、总分枝数、当年生枝条长、平均枝长和活枝数均表现出显著的差异。表明采用逐步扩大范围的方法能有效地确定竞争木范围, 较好地反应太白红杉种内和种间的竞争关系。同时, 太白红杉通过自身形态变化, 提高了对光的截获能力和对不同竞争强度的适应能力。     

太白红杉（Larix chinensis）混交林径级结构与竞争的关系

混交林的径级结构和竞争关系的研究可在一定程度上预测群落的动态变化趋势。探讨了太白山太白红杉(Larix chinensis)混交林的径级结构和竞争关系,并对该区域森林的动态变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明:①在混交林内,太白红杉幼苗数量较少,更新差,种群径级结构呈衰退型;而巴山冷杉(Abiesfargesii)幼苗数量较多,更新良好,种群径级结构为增长型。②太白红杉种内竞争强度大于种间竞争强度,巴山冷杉种内竞争强度小于种间竞争强度。在混交区域,巴山冷杉处于群落的优势地位,而太白红杉处于劣势地位,应加强对太白红杉的保护,合理抚育管理太白红杉幼苗。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林林窗分布格局及其成因

林窗数量特征及其空间分布格局对南亚热带森林生态系统的动态变化、物种共存及生物多样性的维持等具有重要意义。本文基于鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 ha动态监测样地2015年的植被调查数据,结合无人机航拍图像处理技术和地理信息系统,分析了样地内林窗的几何特征和空间分布格局。结果表明:该样地的林窗空隙率为13.72%,密度为35.75个/ha,平均面积38.37 m~2。具体特征有:(1)区域内林窗数量随林窗面积的增加呈负指数分布,整体表现为小林窗多、大林窗少的规律。(2)不同成熟度林分中,过熟林林窗平均面积大于成熟林;成熟林更能体现出小林窗多而大林窗少的特点。(3)各生境林窗分布与大样地整体表现出基本一致的规律,但低谷与其他生境差异显著,林窗平均面积、林窗空隙率等都大于其他生境,而山脊林窗也在林窗空隙率与林窗密度方面低于其他生境。(4)林窗面积和地形因子显著相关:与海拔和凹凸度呈显著负相关;与坡度和坡向呈显著正相关。据此提出建立利用无人机进行森林群落林冠变化与格局的监测体系,是实现林窗与林下群落动态变化同步监测的新手段。     

林窗研究进展（综述）

林窗研究已为当前森林生态学关注的热点之一。它是森林循环更新的一个重要阶段,也是维持森林生物多样性的一个重要环境。本文从林窗的基础理论、概念、特征、林窗的影响作用、林窗模型以及林窗与森林经营等方面,简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗的研究状况、热点及展望。     

贵州部分森林群落物种多样性初步研究

 本文根据贵州省178个森林群落样地的数据研究了群落物种的多样性。测定的指标有群 落物种丰富度,群落Simpson多样性指数和群落均匀度。测定结果表明;不同垂直带生物气 候条件下的森林群落有不同的多样性。相同垂直带生物气候条件下,基质生境相同时,不同森林植被亚型的群落的多样性近似,基质生境不同时,群落多样性则不同;同一群落类型的各个样地的多样性也有变化,结构不同的群落个体,其多样性指数不同,演替趋势也不同。乔木第二亚层的多样性普遍地高于乔木第一亚层。同一演替系列中,越接近顶极阶段多样性越高。多样性指数与群落物种丰富度,均匀度呈紧密的正相关,与群落个体总数没有相关。认为多样性测定在比较、说明群落的结构、类型、组织特征、生境、演替等方面有一定意义。     

秦岭太白山4类森林土壤种子库的储量分布与物种多样性

种子是种子植物的繁殖体。了解种子生态学对于发展群落结构和功能的理论具有关键性作用。土壤种子库可以从另一个角度表现植被的潜在更新能力。本文通过野外植被调查和室内试验 ,从 2 4 0份土样中 ,采用物理方法挑选土壤中的种子进行分类统计 ,研究了秦岭太白山南坡的锐齿槲栎 (Quercusalienavar.acuteserrata)林、糙皮桦 (Betulautilis)林、巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii)林、太白红杉 (Larixpotaniniivar .chinensis)林 4类森林的土壤种子库分布状况 ,了解土壤种子库储量分布以及物种多样性特点。主要研究结果如下 :(1) 4类森林中 ,糙皮桦林的土壤种子库总储量最大 ,为 1.77× 10 4ind ./m2 ;太白红杉林的土壤种子库总储量最小 ,为 1.74 2× 10 3 ind ./m2 。种子的特性对于土壤种子库储量有较大的影响。 (2 ) 4类森林的土壤种子库储量在土层中的垂直分布为枯落物层 >腐殖质层 >心土层 ;锐齿槲栎林土壤种子库中物种种类最多 ,有 5 0种 ;阔叶林中潜在的群落优势度为多个种群分配 ,而针叶林的种子库中优势种较少 ;巴山冷杉林种子库群落均匀度大于其他 3种林地的。 (3)土壤种子库的种子储量与种子密度的变化规律基本一致 ;用种子密度来表示种子库的大小特征 ,考虑了土壤性质等对种子库的影响 ,比用种子储量来     

热带森林中的斑块动态与物种多样性维持

斑块作为景观要素之一,直接到景观结构的空间格局及其内部各要素之间的相互关系,其动态也将导致景观格局的变化。异质性的斑块在自然森林中是普遍存在的,这就是说,顶极森林中仍然存在着由不同种类或不同生长时期的植物种群组成的森林斑块。由自然或人为干扰所驱动的森林生长循环导致敢这些斑块在空间上的镶嵌,对于持定的地域片段,也导致了不同生长时期的森林斑块的周期性循环。在热带森林中,森林的生长循环由林窗期（ｇａｐ     

林窗与生物多样性维持

自 2 0世纪以来 ,森林群落演替更新与生态系统的空间异质性 (ｓｐａｔｉａｌｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔｙ) ,逐渐成为当前生态学研究的热点。干扰 (自然或人为干扰 )作为群落时空格局及其动态的驱动力 ,是森林群落发展变化和结构维持的必要成分。将干扰状况与森林群落特征结合起来的研究方法 ,有助于对群落动态变化规律的深入理解 ,从而加深人们对森林群落调控机理的全面认识。生物多样性是全球关注的热点问题之一。对于生物多样性的维持与保护 ,提出了众多的理论与假说 ,但尚未形成一个完善的理论体系。空间异质性、物种竞争、边缘效应等都…     

The patch mosaic of an old-growth warm-temperate forest: patch-level descriptions of 40-year gap-forming processes and community structures

Old-growth forests consist of various types of small patches that reflect their own gap-forming process, which includes changes in environmental conditions occurring over several decades. We reconstructed the gap-forming processes that had occurred during a 40-year period for eight representative patches of an old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan, and examined the current community structure. The selected patches were based on (1) changes in canopy heights estimated from aerial photographs taken in four different years, (2) long-term ecological research (LTER) monitoring records, and (3) a recent field survey, so that they sufficiently covered characteristic gap-forming processes such as a new gap, an old gap and consistently closed canopy. Height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured on all living trees taller than 1.3 m. In their height distributions, currently almost closed patches that were open in 1966 show a rotated sigmoid, whereas their DBH distributions are an inverse J-shape. In contrast, patches that have been consistently under a closed canopy exhibit gentle inverse J-shapes for both distributions. For species composition, there are no clear contrasts associated with the past gap-forming processes except for the existence of fast-growing deciduous species in large currently open patches. Our results suggested that the variation in several decades of gap-forming processes played a central role in the high patch diversity and the complex patch mosaic of the forest. Diverse gap-forming processes created micro-environmental heterogeneity both vertically and horizontally, and contributed to the maintenance of the species-rich, warm-temperate old-growth forest.     

Effects of grazing on patch structure in a semi‐arid two‐phase vegetation mosaic

Abstract. Question: What are the grazing effects in the spatial organization and the internal structure of high and low cover patches from a two‐phase vegetation mosaic? Location: Patagonian steppe, Argentina. Methods: We mapped vegetation under three different grazing conditions: ungrazed, lightly grazed and heavily grazed. We analysed the spatial patterns of the dominant life forms. Also, in each patch type, we determined density, species composition, richness, diversity, size structure and dead biomass of grasses under different grazing conditions. Results: The vegetation was spatially organized in a two‐phase mosaic. High cover patches resulted from the association of grasses and shrubs and low cover patches were represented by scattered tussock grasses on bare ground. This spatial organization was not affected by grazing, but heavy grazing changed the grass species involved in high cover patches and reduced the density and cover of grasses in both patch types. Species richness and diversity in high cover patches decreased under grazing conditions, whereas in low cover patches it remained unchanged. Also, the decrease of palatable grasses was steeper in high cover patches than in low cover patches under grazing conditions. Conclusions: We suggest that although grazing promotes or inhibits particular species, it does not modify the mosaic structure of Patagonian steppe. The fact that the mosaic remained unchanged after 100 years of grazing suggests that grazing does not compromize population processes involved in maintaining patch structure, including seed dispersal, establishment or biotic interactions among life forms.     

What saplings can tell us about forest expansion over natural grasslands

Questions: 1. Do the species composition, richness and diversity of sapling communities vary significantly in differently sized patches? 2. Do forest patches of different sizes differ in woody plant colonization patterns? Location: São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29°28'S,50°13'W. Methods: Three woody vegetation types, differing in structural development (patch size) and recovering for 10 years from cattle and burning disturbances, were sampled on grassland. We analysed the composition and complexity of the woody sapling communities, through relative abundance, richness and diversity patterns. We also evaluated recruitment status (residents vs. colonizers) of species in communities occurring in different forest patch size classes. Results : 1. There is a compositional gradient in sapling communities strongly associated with forest patch area. 2. Richness and diversity are positively correlated to patch area, but only in poorly structured patches; large patches present richness and diversity values similar to small patches. 3. Resident to colonizer abundance ratio increases from nurse plants to large patches. The species number proportion between residents and colonizers is similar in small and large patches and did not differ between these patch types. 4. Large patches presented a high number of exclusive species, while nurse plants and small patches did not. Conclusions: Woody plant communities in Araucaria forest patches are associated with patch structure development. Richness and diversity patterns are linked to patch colonization patterns. Generalist species colonize the understorey of nurse plants and small patches; resident species cannot recruit many new individuals. In large patches, sapling recruitment by resident adults precludes the immigration of new species into the patches, limiting richness and diversity.     

不同强度火干扰下盘古林场天然落叶松林的空间结构

基于2011年7月大兴安岭外业调查数据以林隙为主要研究对象,选取景观生态学中斑块类型指数分析样地内林隙状况,并结合林木分布状态,分析不同强度林火干扰对天然落叶松林空间结构的影响。结果表明:在受中度林火干扰的林分内,只保留了少量的落叶松中径木、大径木,先锋树种在林分内呈现聚集分布;在未受林火干扰的林分和受林火轻微干扰的林分内,天然落叶松均呈现显著聚集分布;由于受到不同强度的林火干扰,林下区域与林隙区域出现不同程度的相互转化,林分空间结构发生了改变。林分按照所受林火干扰强度的递减,在同一时间不同空间上表现出了森林循环过程中所经历的林隙阶段状态、建立阶段状态、成熟阶段状态。     

Structure and dynamics of the subalpine coniferous forest on Changbai mountain,China

The composition and structure of the subalpine coniferous forest communities on Changbai mountain, China, were studied. Two mixed-conifer forest types, indicated by different combinations of Picea jezoensis var. komarovii, Picea koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, and one type dominated by Larix olgensis and Abies nephrolepis were sampled. The number of woody species become less towards the higher elevation, while the herb layer was richer in the upper part due to the lower crown density. The Larix-dominated stand was established in a large gap presented as a building phase, and its composition and structure were simpler than the other two types. The dynamics of the forest zone, which had a mosaic structure consisting of Picea- and Larix-dominated patches, is characterized by patches transforming from one to another. This mosaic structure, with patch interchanging, is defined as the climax of the forest zone. Larix played an important role in sustaining the coniferous forest communities as a gap revegetator and a conditioner for the regeneration of Picea and Abies. Windfall was considered to be a frequent disturbance factor which caused the vegetation to become more heterogeneous and offered opportunities for Larix to establish.     

The effect of patch demography on the community structure of forest trees

The effect of patch demography on the structure of forest tree communities was examined using a patch-age and tree-size structured model of forest dynamics. Changes in abundance of species of different types (four different maximum tree-size classes each in two or three shade-tolerance classes) were numerically modeled in response to changes in the duration of the gap-formation-free lag phase. Average patch mortality was identical in all simulations. Tolerant species were more abundant without a lag phase due to larger variation in patch longevity, while subtolerant or intolerant species were successful when patch longevity was fixed with a long duration of lag phase. Variation in patch-age distribution facilitated species coexistence. Increasing ‘advance regeneration’, or surviving fraction at gap formation, brought about the exclusive dominance of the tolerant species. Results suggest that patch demography plays a significant role in the community organization of forest trees. In species-rich systems like tropical rain forests, longevity or canopy duration of large trees can differ among species, which brings about the variation in patch longevity, thus promoting further coexistence of species.     

The influence of scale and patchiness on spider diversity in a semi-arid environment

Semi-arid scrubland in the Middle East consists of a soil crust matrix overlain with patches of perennial shrubs. To understand factors influencing biodiversity in this vulnerable landscape we need to understand how this mosaic of habitats influences associated fauna. Spiders are particularly abundant in this habitat so we asked if spider diversity differed between habitat patches and if different patch types contained either a subset of the regional species pool or specific species guilds. We also asked whether changes in the fractal nature of the microphytic and macrophytic patch mosaic altered spider diversity in this habitat. We found that the semi-arid scrubland at Sayeret Shaked Park (Israel) contains different spider communities that require patches of a certain quality to develop fully. Different patch types contain communities of different species, but the community structure of the patches is similar. We suggest that large-scale environmental factors typical of the site as a whole influence coarse-grained community structure, while small-scale differences between patch types result in the specialisation of species to different patch types.