双孢斑褶菇菌丝体与子实体培养研究*

双孢斑褶菇是一种著名的神经致幻菌物,菌丝体呈白色,具有明显的锁状联合。分类地位属于担子菌门,伞菌目,粪锈伞科。研究了C源、N源、C/N比、pH值、温度和培养料的料水比对该菌菌丝体生长的影响,及培养料的选择试验和出菇条件试验。菌丝体生长最佳的C源是淀粉、蔗糖、纤维素;酵母膏、硝酸钾、玉米粉和硝酸铵为最佳氮源;菌丝体生长对培养基碳氮比的适应比较广泛;适宜温度是5℃~35℃,最适为25℃~30℃;适宜的pH范围是4~13,最适为6.5~8.0;培养料适宜的含水量为45%~75%,最适为65%~70%。适合菌丝体     

莱芜灰树花生物学特性研究

目的:测定掌握莱芜灰树花野生菌株的生物学特性,为其开发利用提供科学依据。方法:采用组织分离法和菌丝尖端纯化技术分离纯化菌种;采用生长速率法测定其生长适宜条件。结果:该野生菌株的菌丝体生长的最适温度为28℃;最适pH值为5.5;在被测的11种碳源和7种氮源中,最佳碳源为甘露糖,最佳氮源为(NH4)2SO4;KH2PO4对菌丝体的生长具有明显的促进作用,促进效果达223.64%;培养料最适含水量为65%;子实体生长发育温度24~30℃,平均转化率为66.37%。结论:莱芜灰树花野生菌株为转化率中等的高温型株系。     

双孢斑褶菇菌丝体与子实体培养研究

双孢斑褶菇是一种著名的神经致幻菌物,菌丝体呈白色,具有明显的锁状联合。分类地位属于担子菌门,伞菌目,粪锈伞科。研究了C源、N源、C／N比、pH值、温度和培养料的料水比对该菌菌丝体生长的影响,及培养料的选择试验和出菇条件试验。菌丝体生长最佳的C源是淀粉、蔗糖、纤维素;酵母膏、硝酸钾、玉米粉和硝酸铵为最佳氮源;菌丝体生长对培养基碳氮比的适应比较广泛;适宜温度是5℃～35℃,最适为25℃～30℃：适宜的pH范围是4～13,最适为6．5～8．0;培养料适宜的含水量为45％～75％,最适为65％～70％。适合菌丝体和子实体生长的培养料为食用菌出菇废料、稻麦草、牛粪。子实体形成的温度是18℃～28℃,最适温度是20℃～25℃,空气相对湿度为70％～85％。子实体产量为0.1％～0.3％。     

刺芹侧耳生长条件和栽培特性的研究

对刺芹侧耳[Pleurotus eryngii(DC.ex Fr.)Quel]生长条件与栽培特性进行了分析.结果表明:刺芹侧耳菌丝生长的适宜pH值为pH 5～pH 7,最适pH值为pH 6;黑暗环境有利于菌丝生长,光照对菌丝生长具有抑制作用;菌丝生长适宜的碳源为可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖和蔗糖,适宜的氮源为蛋白胨和钼酸铵,葡萄糖和蛋白胨的适宜浓度分别为50和1 g·L-1;在马铃薯黄豆粉培养基、黄豆粉玉米粉培养基和马铃薯蛋白胨培养基中可较好地形成菌丝球.采用液体菌种栽培,菌丝的生长速度比使用玉米固体菌种快,其中用马铃薯黄豆粉液体菌种栽培,菌丝生长最快;使用马铃薯蛋白胨液体菌种在木屑棉籽壳混合培养料中栽培,可获得菌柄长菌盖大的子实体,而且产量高.     

哈茨木霉的培养及其对烟草疫霉生长的抑制研究*

哈茨木霉是一类重要的植病生防因子。哈茨木霉TH-1分别在PDA培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查氏培养基和琼脂培养基上培养均能产孢,其中PDA培养基为最适培养基。PDA培养基上,菌丝生长适宜温度27.5℃~35℃,最适温度32.5℃,产孢最适温度27.5℃。菌丝生长适宜pH值为3~7,产孢适宜pH值为5~9,生长与产孢最适pH值为5。光照对菌丝生长影响不大但明显影响菌株的产孢数量,光照时间越长产孢量越大。对峙培养试验表明TH-1明显抑制疫霉菌的生长速率,其无菌滤液明显抑制烟草疫霉菌游动孢子的萌发,并抑制游动孢子芽管     

苹果炭疽菌低毒性菌株生物学特性的研究

研究了温度、pH值及碳源对苹果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)强毒性菌株及低毒性菌株的生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:菌丝生长温度范围10℃~35℃、最适温度为28℃,低毒菌株生长速率较快,产生分生孢子的温度范围与分生孢子萌发的温度范围为15℃~35℃,低毒菌株孢子萌发率较高,菌丝生长的最适pH值基本相同,pH在3~10的范围内均能生长和产孢,产生分生孢子的最适pH值为4~5,但经离子注入的低毒性菌株C100-2-5的产孢量在不同的pH值和温度下却一直低于经磁场处理的C0.25-1-2和强毒性菌株(对照)。分生孢子的致死温度为47℃、15 min或50℃、5 min。但菌丝的致死温度却不同,对照为60℃、20 min,C0.25-1-2为60℃、25 min,C100-2-5为60℃、30 min,65℃下5 min(及5 min以上)。     

钟形斑褶菇的生理特性和子实体的培养研究

首次报道了钟形褶菇的苗种分离、菌丝体生理特性和栽培技术。钟形斑褶菇菌丝具有明显的锁状联合。菌丝生长适宜的温度是１０～４０℃,最适为２０～２５℃;适宜的ｐＨ范围是４．５～１３,最适为６～８．５;培养料适宜的含水量为４５％～７５％,最适为６５％～７０％;最佳的Ｃ源是：淀粉、蔗糖、纤维素;酵母粉、干酪素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵为最佳氮源。麦芽、麸皮、松针、干平菇、小麦、牛粪等天然材料的热水提取物对菌丝生长有利。子实体形成的温度范围为 ２０～３５℃,最适宜的温度范围应为２４～３０℃,正常的出菇季节为４～９月;最适宜的空气相对湿度应为７０％～８５％;子实体具有向光性、负向地性。栽培出菇的培养料为牛粪粉、草粉、麸皮及食用菌栽培的废料。瓶、袋栽均可,干物质生物学效率２％～５％。新鲜木屑、棉籽壳不适宜菌丝生长和出菇。说明该菌是草腐生菌物。子实体可直接在培养料上形成,出菇不需要覆刺激。     

尖顶羊肚菌液体培养基质与条件的研究

通过对尖顶羊肚菌液体培养基质与条件的研究,明确其菌丝生长的最适pH值、最适温度、适宜光照条件、适宜葡萄糖和蛋白胨浓度、适宜培养基,以便应用于尖顶羊肚菌液体菌种的生产和工业发酵。结果表明:菌丝的最适生长温度为2 5℃;最适生长pH值为6 ;葡萄糖和蛋白胨最适浓度分别为2 0 0g/L和10g/L ;菌丝在黑暗环境下生长良好,光照对菌丝生长具有抑制作用;用胡萝卜酵母膏培养基振荡培养形成的菌丝球多,菌丝生长量大;菌丝球在不同培养基中生长,可引起培养液pH值的上升或者下降;菌丝球可利用培养基内的氨基酸,使氨基酸降解,在胡萝卜酵母膏培养基中振荡培养8d的菌液总氨基酸含量较原液减少了36 71% ,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和甲硫氨酸含量的下降幅度最大     

寄生于蒙古黄榆上的粗毛纤孔菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

为了研究不同温度、初始pH、碳源和氮源在固体培养条件下对粗毛纤孔菌菌丝生长的影响,对以上4个因素进行单因素试验,从中选出3个最优的水平进行正交试验。结果表明,粗毛纤孔菌的最适生长温度为30℃;最适初始pH为6.5;最适碳源为木糖;最适氮源为酵母浸粉。在玉米、高粱和小麦3种基质中,对原种培养基进行了筛选,实验结果表明高粱和玉米在接种后的第1天和第2天开始萌发,且可更好地促进粗毛纤孔菌菌丝的生长。对粗毛纤孔菌栽培料的3种配方进行了筛选,实验结果表明配方：木屑78%、稻壳2%、玉米粉17%、蔗糖1%、石灰1%、石膏1%、含水量60%-62%的比例为栽培种培养料可使粗毛纤孔菌菌丝在接种28d后长满菌袋,且生长旺盛,可较快地培育出子实体。     

野生花脸香蘑人工控制条件栽培技术初探

花脸香蘑是一种尚待开发的野生食药用菌。发酵料、室外荫棚熟料覆土和室内可控出菇试验房栽培对比试验结果表明,花脸香蘑可以在人工控制条件下进行周年栽培,培养条件为菌丝最适培养温度22～25℃,子实体原基形成温度18～22℃,子实体发育最适温度18～26℃;菌丝适宜生长的培养料含水量为60%～65%,空间相对湿度以60%为宜,子实体原基形成和发育的空间相对湿度90%～98%,要求通风良好,覆盖富含腐殖质且透气性、保湿性良好的土壤有利于花脸香蘑子实体原基形成和生长发育。     

Studies on the Biology of Macrofungi with Reference to their Cultivation

Nutrition, pH, temperature, moisture, light, and aeration as factors influencing mycelial growth, primordia formation, and development of sporophores of 25 species of basidiomycetous macrofungi were studied, of which 18 species produced normal or nearly normal fruit-bodies in the laboratory. It was found that various agricultural by-products and farm wastes, such as sawdust, wood shavings, fallen leaves, soybean hay, bean pods, corn culms, paddy straw, rice glumes, wild grasses, etc. enriched with 20%–25% by weight of rice or wheatbran, made suitable substrata for most of the lignicolous species investigated with the exception of Tremella fuciformis and Lentinus edodes, and that well fermented dungs of domestic animals, such as horse, cow, pig, sheep, rabbit, and poultry, appeared to be satisfactory substitutes for bran as accelerators for fructification. Yields of carpophores were more or less directly proportional to the percentages of accelerators added to the substratum. The vegetative growth of the majority of species studied took place over a wide pH range of 3.0–8.0, with the optimum at 5–6, while the optimal pH for Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes, and Hericium erinaceus being about 4.0 and the maximum pH limit for H. erinaceus only 5.4. In Auricularia hispida, the pH range for fructification and that for mycelial growth were almost the same, but in Collybia velutipes and Agaricus bitorquis the pH range for sporogenesis was much more restricted, the optimal being 5–6 and 7–8 respectively. Most of the species investigated produced mycelium within a temperature range of 6–36℃, the optimum being about 24–27℃. However, the optimal temperatures for Auricularia auricula, Poria cocos and Volvariella volvacea var. heimii were found to be 30℃ or more. The temperatures required for sporophore and for primordia formation varied from species to species. While the fruit-bodies of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus sapidus appeared only after "chilling", temperature fluctuations did not exert any stimu- lating effect on primordia differentiation in some other species. Using the temperature requirement for the initiation of primordia as the criterion, the species studied were grouped into the following categories: (1) high-temperature species, such as Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus rhodophyllus, Collybia radicata, Volvariella bombycina, and Volvariella volvacea var. heimii, with their optimum and maximum tem- peratures for primordia initiation exceeding 24℃ and 30℃ respectively; (2) intermediate species, such as Auricularia auricula, Tremella fuciformis, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pholiota adiposa, Agaricus bitorquis, and Agaricus rubellus, with their maxima not exceeding 28 ℃ and with the optimum lying within 20–24 ℃; and (3) low-temperature species, such as Auricularia hispida, Hericium erinaceus, H. caput-medusae, Pleurotus sapidus, Lentinus edodes, Collybia velutipes, and Agaricus bisporus, with their maxima not exceeding 24 ℃ and with the optimum under 20 ℃. Thus, under natural climatic conditions of a given region, without artificial heating or cooling, it was deemed practicable to arrange, according to the temperature response of the various species, a series of mushroom crops to be grown in rotation the year round. Moisture was found to have considerable influence on vegetative growth as well as reproduction. Most of the lignicolous species grew well on the sawdust medium, which contained 100%–340% by weight of water. Moisture content between 260%–340% was more favourable for fruiting, and several flushes were secured. At 100% moisture, fruiting was considerably delayed and only one flush of poorly developed carpophores was obtained. Aeration also played an important role in basidiocarp development. Stagnant humid air or CO2-laden atmosphere markedly inhibited pileus development, diminishing the size of pilei and causing morphological abnormalities. Adequate supply of fresh air with 80%–90% relative humidity tended to maintain a normal rate of transpiration, thereby guaranteeing a flourishing crop. In some species, such as Ganoderma lucidum, Tremella fuciformis, Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Volvariella bombycina, Hericium erinaceus, Auricularia hispida, Armillaria mucida, and Lentinus edodes, light was found to be absolutely necessary. In these species, primordia formation would not commence until exposed to light. Certain other species, such as Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus rhodophyllus, Collybia velutipes, Pholiota adiposa, and Agaricus bitorquis, were able to fructify in total darkness, though their primordia formation was promoted by light. For the normal development and pig- mentation of fruit-bodies, light appeared to be essential. Morphological abnormalities, such as long slender stipes and thin rudimentary pilei occurred in total darkness. Results of experiments indicated that in most of the species studied, light reduced mycelial growth. The inhibitory effect was mainly due to the blue region (380–540 mμ) of the visible spectrum rather than the red region (570–920 mμ). On the contrary, light at the blue end was shown to be most effective and even essential for fructification; the red end being similar to darkness, evoked almost no response. Having analyzed the results obtained, it seems reasonable to assume that the ontogeny of higher Basidiomycetes consists most probably of four developmental stages, viz., (1) the stage of vegetative growth, (2) the stage of primordia initiation, (3) the stage of sporophore development, and (4) the stage of basidiospore formation, each of which has its own physiological characteristics and metabolic speciality.Hence the requirements of the various stages differ considerably.     

一株硫酸盐还原菌的分离鉴定和系统发育分析

从处理硫酸盐废水的厌氧折流板反应器中分离得到一株硫酸盐还原菌D11, 该菌株革兰氏反应阴性, 无芽孢, 菌体杆状稍有弯曲, 宽度在0.6 μm~0.8 μm, 长度在1.8 μm~3.3 μm之间, 有极生单鞭毛, 能运动, 接触酶阳性, 氧化酶阴性。菌株生长的pH范围介于6.0~8.0之间, 最适pH为7.0, 生长温度范围为25°C~37°C, 最适温度为30°C。能够以葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸、乳酸、乙醇和丙二醇为唯一碳源生长, 不能利用丙三醇、丁醇、琥珀酸和苹果酸。菌株DNA的G+C含量为62.7 mo     

芹菜斑枯病菌生物学特性研究

以沈阳地区芹菜斑枯病菌的纯培养菌株为试材,通过对菌丝生长、孢子萌发的营养及环境条件的多因子试验,明确了芹菜斑枯病菌菌丝生长以在CDAMS—VI培养基上最好,其次是CSA、CCSA和PDA,菌丝生长及产孢对碳源、氮源种类有明显的选择性。菌丝生长的最适pH值为4～5,最适温度为21℃,致死温度为39℃（处理40min）,光照明显抑制菌丝生长。病菌分生孢子在水和芹菜汁中不能萌发,在水琼脂上萌发最好;孢子萌发的适宜pH值为4．6～6．6,适温为17—25℃,致死温度为42℃（处理20min）,RH100％最适宜孢子萌发。光照和变温处理可促进分生孢子器的形成,病菌在PDA上从孢子萌发到分生孢子器形成并释放出分生孢子需要16～18d。     

一株具有良好粘附性的植物乳杆菌的生物学特性及应用

本文研究了植物乳杆菌AR326的最适生长温度、最适接种量、生长曲线、最适初始pH、胆汁耐受性、NaCl耐受性,并进一步探究了单菌株发酵酸奶的性能。结果显示植物乳杆菌AR326生长较快,4 h进入对数期,14 h进入稳定期,最适生长温度为30℃,在初始pH 3.0~7.0范围可生长,适宜的接种量为1.5%~2.0%,耐受胆盐浓度达0.2%,耐高渗透压能力强,可在含NaCl 8%的MRS培养基中生长。发酵乳中菌落数和对照组一致,脱水收缩性优于对照组,因而可用于商业上生产功能性酸奶。     

温度光照pH对雨生血球藻CG-11绿色营养细胞生长的影响

采用BBM培养基,以雨生血球藻Haematococcus pluvialis CG-11为研究材料,进行环境因子对雨生血球藻绿色营养细胞生长影响的实验。温度梯度为16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃;光照梯度为30μmoL photons m^-2·s^-1、60μmoL photons m^-2·s^-1、90μmoL photons m^-2·s^-1、120μmoL photons m^-2·s^-1。初始pH值为6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0,进行单因子试验,测定各组的藻密度及色素含量。结果显示,雨生血球藻H.pluvialis CG-11生长的最适温度范围20～24℃,光照90μmol photons m^-2·s^-1,初始pH8.0。     

球孢白僵菌Bb174固态发酵产几丁质酶产酶及酶学特征研究

对球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)Bb174产几丁质酶进行了固态发酵条件及酶学特征的研究.结果表明,以4:1麸皮:蚕蛹粉、蛋白胨1g·L^-1作为产酶最适培养基,在75g培养基中接种3ml液态种子,自然pH下28℃培养2d,酶活可达最高,为126U·g^-1(干培养基).粗酶液的最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应pH5.0,在30～70℃保温1h,得半失活温度48℃.在30～40℃、pH4～6范围内,酶的性质最稳定.根据Lineweaver-Burk作图法,得到该酶的动力学参数K_m为0.52mg·ml^-1,V_m为0.7△E₆₈₀·h^-1.     

海洋细菌Bacillus sp．HN07的分离鉴定及所产碱性纤维素酶性质研究

从渤海海域（121°30′00″E,40°25′00″N）海泥中筛选到一株产碱性纤维素酶的海洋细菌。通过形态观察、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,命名为Bacillussp．HN07。研究表明：HN07最适生长温度30℃,适宜在pH7．0～8．0、含2．0％～3．0％NaCl的培养条件下生长和产酶,并且具有较好的遗传稳定性。酶学性质初步研究显示,HN07所产碱性纤维素酶最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH为8．0,在碱性条件下具有较好的稳定性,具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

细毛樟愈伤组织培养

从富含香叶醇的细毛樟（ＣｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕｍｔｅｎｕｉｐｉｌｕｍＫｏｓｔｅｒｍ）叶片外植体诱导出愈伤组织。愈伤组织生长较合适的培养基为ｐＨ５．８附加ＩＡＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＫＴ０１ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基,在２５℃下暗培养。愈伤组织无性系继代培养到第６代后芳香成分初步分析结果表明主成分仍为香叶醇。     

Biodegradation of wheat straw lignocarbohydrate complexes (LCC)

Summary In laboratory and semi-industrial scale experiments the influence of the substrate water content, temperature, and incubation time on the progress of solid state fermentation of straw colonized by white rot fungi was investigated. The parameters used to evaluate the fermentation process were degradation of total organic matter and lignin, in vitro digestibility, the content of water soluble substances in the substrate and the pH.The degradation of total organic matter was species specific. Only Trametes hirsuta enhanced the degradation at elevated temperature (30 °C). With Abortiporus biennis, Ganoderma applanatum, and Pleurotus serotinus, elevated temperature had and adverse effect. Prolonged incubation only improved degradation of straw by the relatively slowgrowing fungi Ganoderma applanatum, Lenzites betulina, and Pleurotus sajor caju.Elevated temperature and prolonged incubation shifted the relative degradation rates in favour of total organic matter degradation. With Ganoderma applanatum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Pleurotus serotinus lignin degradation, even on an absolute scale, was less at 30 °C than at 22 °C.In general, the in vitro digestibility also decreased, when the incubation time and temperature were raised. With Ganoderma applanatum the in vitro digestibility dropped below the value of the sterile straw control.Solid state fermentation of straw was at an optimum at a medium water content of 75 ml/25 g of substrate. However, most of the fungi tested could digest straw over a wide range of water content. At higher water contents (125–150 ml/25 g of substrate) an increased production of aerial mycelium was observed.In semi-industrial batch experiments (40 kg) with Abortiporus biennis the in vitro digestibility dropped below the reference value for sterile straw during the first 19 days of incubation. Later, the in vitro digestibility again rose and reached its optimum after about 60 days. The in vitro digestibility in the semi-industrial experiments was always lower than in the laboratory experiments (+9% and +25%, respectively).In long term experiments (2.5 kg batches, 8 months of incubation) very different values for the in vitro digestibility were found, and these depended on the fungus used (Abortiporus biennis, +16%; Pleurotus ostreatus, +4%; and Ganoderma applanatum, –27%).     

天南星科、龙舌兰科、棕榈科观叶植物在闽中地区的引种适应性

对天南星科、龙舌兰科、棕榈科观叶植物的基本生态习性研究表明,三科观叶植物的适合生长温度多在18~28℃之间,当温度低于10℃或者高于35℃时,大多数植物出现寒害或热害,生长停滞。天南星科和龙舌兰科植物长势较好的遮光度分别为75%和50%左右;而棕榈科植物多数可在全光条件下正常生长。不同科植物之间对土壤水分的需求差异较大,天南星科植物要求最高(大于80%),其次是龙舌兰科,为70%,棕榈科植物要求较低,为55%;空气湿度85%~90%最有利于这几类观叶植物生长。