两株戴氏霉对水稻秸秆的降解及产酶研究

本文旨在构建能够高效降解水稻秸秆的戴氏霉组合菌。通过兼容性试验,选取木质素降解菌灰戴氏霉H57.1菌株与纤维素降解菌合川戴氏霉H08.1菌株组合发酵降解水稻秸秆,以失重法和范氏洗涤剂法检测其对秸秆的降解效果,用胞外酶活测定法探索其产酶规律。结果表明,菌株H57.1和H08.1具有良好的兼容性;组合菌H57.1+H08.1对水稻秸秆的降解能力明显高于单一菌株,秸秆失重率高达55.7%,木质素、半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别为48.9%、72.6%和57.0%;对发酵过程产酶情况的分析进一步表明,组合菌H57.1+H08.1降解水稻秸秆的能力与其产酶能力密切相关。     

秸秆降解菌的筛选及其纤维素降解性能的研究

通过秸秆粉平板、刚果红染色法以及小麦秸秆降解率来筛选高效秸秆降解菌,并测定菌株的胞外纤维素酶活来研究其秸秆纤维素的降解能力。结果表明,在所筛选的4株真菌中,菌株z-5的秸秆降解率最高,为47%;其次是菌株4-1、3-1和2-2,分别为45%、32%和31%,滤纸腐解实验结果与秸秆降解试验结果相似。4株秸秆降解菌均具有外切葡聚糖酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶等3种纤维素酶,但变化趋势不同。菌株z-5和菌株4-1的三种酶活呈现出较好的协同性,菌株2-2和菌株3-1协同性较弱。通过秸秆粉平板,秸秆降解率测定以及滤纸孔洞法可以更准确快速地得到目的菌株;纤维素酶在秸秆降解中起着主导作用。     

纤维素降解菌的筛选与复合菌系的初步构建

目的针对大庆地区土地盐碱化较严重,盐碱面积较大等现状,从大庆特征性盐碱地区土壤样品中分离出能够降解纤维素的菌株,为降解植物废料以及缓解土壤盐碱化改善土壤环境提供功能菌株。方法通过刚果红染色法初步筛得到具有纤维素降解能力菌株,进一步用比色法测定其纤维素降解率,同时测定菌株耐盐、耐碱、产酸性能,选择性能优良的3株菌作为纤维素降解菌复合菌系构建菌株,通过耐盐性、耐碱性和纤维素降解率实验测定复合菌系菌株最佳组合,进一步通过上述实验确定复合菌系菌株最佳混合比例。结果得到由DX-5和DX-9按照2∶3进行组合复合菌系纤维素降解率最高,达到87.96%,且具有较高的耐盐以及耐碱能力。结论通过实验得到纤维素降解菌的复合菌系,具有较高纤维素降解率以及改善土壤盐碱性能力。     

纤维素高效降解菌YN1的筛选及其降解特性

为了获得降解天然纤维素的微生物菌株,并用于农田秸秆腐熟及竹林地稻壳促腐。从牛羊粪堆肥中筛选出一株纤维素降解菌YN1,对其进行了形态和系统发育分析;测定了YN1的液、固体发酵酶活;进行了YN1对纤维素的失重测定;对YN1在纤维素表面上的定殖及其对纤维素的降解进行了电镜观察。经菌株形态分析和ITS基因序列分析,将YN1鉴定为曲霉(Aspergillussp.);在YN1菌株的液体发酵培养第3天,内切酶、外切酶、β-糖苷酶和总纤维素酶活性都达到最大值,分别为95.7、14.6、20.5和26.6U/mL,固体发酵培养第5d各酶活均达到峰值,依次为1192.2、100.6、136.9和210.7U/g;在失重测定中,YN1在7d内可降解41.87%的秸秆,31.59%的稻壳;在扫描电镜下可明显观察到YN1对滤纸、秸秆和稻壳的降解。YN1可有效降解天然纤维素,对农田秸秆腐熟及竹林地稻壳促腐具有较好的应用前景。     

白腐菌及黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的生物降解

研究了白腐菌及纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的协同生物降解。结果表明,利用黄孢原毛平革菌固态发酵稻草秸秆的过程中,LiP和MnP的最大活力可以达到28.3U/g和12.6U/g,同时,秸秆中的木质素能被有效降解,但纤维素、半纤维素降解率较低。添加黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶能有效地促进秸秆腐熟程度。在接入白腐菌培养10天后,每克稻草添加3 IU纤维素酶液并酶解48h可以使稻草秸秆中纤维素降解53.8%,半纤维素降解57.8%,木质素降解44.5%,干物质损失46.3%。此时细胞壁出现大范围破损,整个组织变得松散,秸秆完全腐熟。     

一株纤维素分解菌的筛选、鉴定及其对玉米秸秆的降解效果

为了筛选具有高效分解玉米秸秆纤维素能力的菌株,采集玉米秸秆还田土样作为样品,并于20℃条件下进行富集培养。利用以玉米秸秆纤维素为唯一碳源的固体分离培养基和刚果红染色法进行初筛,再将筛选到的菌株进行液体发酵培养并取上清液测定酶活,最终获得1株产纤维素酶能力较强的真菌SY-403。结合形态学特征与分子生物学鉴定结果得知,菌株SY-403为蓝状菌属（Talaromyces stollii）。对其所产纤维素酶酶学性质进行初步研究,结果表明,该酶最适反应pH为6.0,最适反应温度为20℃。在模拟室外条件（15℃）下进行秸秆降解试验,玉米秸秆经菌株SY-403处理40 d时,秸秆失重率及纤维素分解率分别达到42.67%、55.26%。利用傅里叶变换红外（Fourier transform infrared,FTIR）光谱技术对降解过程中官能团的变化进行分析,结果表明,纤维素相关谱峰（1 052~1 054 cm-1）相对强度减弱,而羟基相关谱峰（1 328~1 330 cm-1）相对强度增强,这说明纤维素已被分解为可利用的短链结构,即菌株SY-403可用于降解玉米秸秆。     

外源微生物及辅料对秸秆降解效果的影响

研究加入外源微生物及添加辅料对秸秆降解率的影响。通过秸杆固体培养进行了降解试验,结果显示,加入外源微生物后纤维素降解率明显提高,嗜热侧孢霉可提高34.76%,放线菌可提高18.99%。通过在秸秆中加入辅料香菇菌糠,培养后秸秆的纤维素含量由原来的32.11%降至14.19%,降解率达55.81%。加入外源微生物的秸秆降解过程具有升温快、温度高及高温维持时间长等优点。加入微生物的秸秆降解高温维持8 d,对照为6 d。秸秆降解过程中的最高温度分别为63℃和58℃。为下一步外源微生物的进一步研究及菌糠的大量利用提供参考。     

秸秆降解菌的筛选及对秸秆的降解效果

作物秸秆作处置不当可能严重影响农村生态环境。目前东北地区的秸秆处置方式主要为直接打碎还田,但秸秆在自然环境中不易腐化,影响春耕。从添加外源微生物促进秸秆原位腐化角度开发新型可培养秸秆降解菌,具有重要意义。本实验通过菌种富集培养、刚果红培养基初筛和滤纸条崩解试验复筛的方法,从腐烂的秸秆和牛肠道中分离筛选潜在的高效纤维素降解菌,测定其最适生长温度和pH,在液态发酵培养条件下考察菌株实际降解能力,共获得具有较高玉米秸秆降解能力的降解菌5株。5种菌株的生长峰值均出现在温度20～30℃,pH值7.5～8.5范围内。液态发酵培养15天后,秸秆失重率为菌株NX9(53.88%)NF6(51.36%)JF3(46.97%)JZ8(45.2%)JX4(35.79%)CK(23.88%)。其中,菌株NX9(温度30℃、pH 7.5)对秸秆半纤维素和木质素的降解能力最强,15天降解率分别为48%和37.7%;筛选出的NF6和JF3属于耐冷微生物,特别是菌株NF6在4℃条件下也能生长繁殖,为北方开展"外源微生物促进秸秆原位腐化"技术提供了基础。     

秸秆降解菌的筛选及对秸秆的降解效果

作物秸秆作处置不当可能严重影响农村生态环境。目前东北地区的秸秆处置方式主要为直接打碎还田,但秸秆在自然环境中不易腐化,影响春耕。从添加外源微生物促进秸秆原位腐化角度开发新型可培养秸秆降解菌,具有重要意义。本实验通过菌种富集培养、刚果红培养基初筛和滤纸条崩解试验复筛的方法,从腐烂的秸秆和牛肠道中分离筛选潜在的高效纤维素降解菌,测定其最适生长温度和pH,在液态发酵培养条件下考察菌株实际降解能力,共获得具有较高玉米秸秆降解能力的降解菌5株。5种菌株的生长峰值均出现在温度20~30℃,pH值7.5~8.5范围内。液态发酵培养15天后,秸秆失重率为菌株NX9(53.88%)>NF6(51.36%)>JF3(46.97%)>JZ8(45.2%)>JX4(35.79%)>CK(23.88%)。其中,菌株NX9(温度30℃、pH 7.5)对秸秆半纤维素和木质素的降解能力最强,15天降解率分别为48%和37.7%;筛选出的NF6和JF3属于耐冷微生物,特别是菌株NF6在4℃条件下也能生长繁殖,为北方开展"外源微生物促进秸秆原位腐化"技术提供了基础。     

白腐菌混合发酵产酶及对秸秆木质纤维素的降解研究

采用平板显色法从五株白腐菌中筛选出一组相容性较好且产漆酶的组合,进行了混合发酵产酶及秸秆降解实验,结果发现混合发酵相对于纯种培养具有较明显优势,不仅体系中漆酶的活性大为增强,而且拥有更全的胞外酶组成;同比情况下,混合发酵对农作物秸秆木质纤维素的降解程度也最大.     

添加剂对水稻秸秆实地混合厌氧发酵产甲烷系统的作用

为提高水稻秸秆利用效率,改进水稻秸秆实地混合厌氧发酵产甲烷技术,本研究开展了添加剂在混合厌氧发酵系统的应用研究。试验选取水稻秸秆和猪粪作为发酵原料,通过分别添加不同的浓度的吐温20和腐植酸,测定甲烷的产气量和浓度、秸秆的降解和土壤肥力的变化,以揭示添加剂类型及其浓度对水稻田实地甲烷生产系统的影响。结果表明:添加剂的掺入并未影响产气的动态变化趋势,但显著地促进产气和提高产气浓度,整体效果由高到低为腐植酸吐温20对照,其中经腐植酸处理的产气量和产气浓度对照相比分别提高了50. 73%和24. 55%。添加剂的掺入有利于水稻秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解,但对木质素没有显著影响;其中以0. 15 g/L腐植酸和0. 30 g/L吐温20的降解率最高,相较于对照其纤维素降解率均提高了22. 11%,半纤维素降解率分别提高了107. 13%和98. 39%。添加剂的掺入能显著增加土壤肥力,以0. 15 g/L腐植酸和0. 30 g/L吐温20处理水平的效果最优,相较于对照,其土壤有机质分别增加了29. 63%和23. 72%,全氮分别增加了52. 32%和42. 38%,全磷分别增加了83. 33%和57. 14%。     

Microcalorimetry: A tool for the study of the biodegradability of straw by mixed bacterial cultures

Summary The biodegradability of straw by a mixed bacterial culture obtained from a pile of weeds was studied by microcalorimetry. All the cultures were grown at 30°C under anaerobic conditions in microcalorimetric vessels. The fermentation thermograms, obtained using well defined conditions, were very reproducible. The quantities of heat produced during straw degradation were found to be proportional to the quantity of straw introduced at the beginning of the fermentation.The recovered carbon was also found to be proportional to the initial quantity of straw. From both microcalorimetric and chemical analysis it was concluded that the limiting factor of the straw degradation was the cellulolytic activity of the mixed culture. This is supported by the fact that commercially available cellulase added to the growth medium increases the amount of straw degradation by about four times. The heat associated with fermentation of each cellulose monomer (C₆H₁₀O₅) was found to be 120 kJ, a value which is close to the heat associated with hexose fermentation by pure cultures. In conclusion, we propose that microcalorimetry can be used as a powerful tool for the analysis of the biodegradability of complex heterogeneous substrate by pure or mixed cultures.     

Biological pretreatment of wheat straw by Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented with inorganic salts

Inorganic salts and tween 80 are known to induce the lignin degrading peroxidase expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in submerged culture. In this study, the wheat straw pretreatment supplemented with inorganic salts (salts group), tween 80 (plus) and no supplementation to the biomass (minus) were examined. Among the solid state fermentation groups, salts group resulted in a substantial degradation of wheat straw within one week, along with the highest lignin loss (25%) and ～250% higher efficiency for the total sugar release through enzymatic hydrolysis. The results were correlated with pyrolysis GC-MS (Py-GC-MS), thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermogravimetric (DTG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results suggested that the supplementation of inorganic salts in the solid state fermentation of wheat straw significantly enhances the degradation rate of the biomass by P. chrysosporium which can be exploited as an alternative means to existing pretreatment technologies.     

降解棉秸秆耐热菌株的鉴定及降解条件优化

【目的】鉴定从新疆棉花秸秆高温堆肥中分离出的两株耐热真菌Z1、Z2的属种,并通过优化影响菌株产生纤维素酶的因素来提高菌株对秸秆的降解率。【方法】经形态学和菌株的ITS区克隆与序列分析确定属种,以液体摇瓶发酵产滤纸酶活性(FPA)变化为衡量指标,对Z1、Z2以及二者混合菌(MS)的纤维素酶产生条件进行优化。【结果】菌株Z1为曲霉属烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen),Z2为蚀丝霉属(Myceliophthora Cost.)。确定Z1以棉秸秆为碳源、以NaNO3为氮源、起始pH 9.5、接种量11%、50°C摇床培养10 d,对棉秸秆降解率为10.19%;Z2以麦秸秆为碳源、以NaNO3为氮源、起始pH 5.5、接种量9%、50°C摇床培养10 d,对麦秆降解率为27.50%;MS以棉花秸秆为碳源、以蛋白胨为氮源、起始pH 5.5、接种量11%、50°C摇床培养10 d,对棉秸秆的降解率为53.45%。【结论】实验表明,MS(Z1、Z2混合)对秸秆的降解效果优于单株菌,降解率达到一半以上,本研究中的两株耐热真菌在降解棉花秸秆、小麦秸秆等农作物废弃秸秆中具有较高的应用价值。     

Development of an enrichment culture growing at low temperature used for ensiling rice straw

To speed up the conversion of rice straw into feeds in a low-temperature region, a start culture used for ensiling rice straw at low temperature was selected by continuous enrichment cultivation. During the selection, the microbial source for enrichment was rice straw and soil from two places in Northeast China. Lab-scale rice straw fermentation at 10 degrees C verified, compared with the commercial inocculant, that the selected start culture lowered the pH of the fermented rice straw more rapidly and produced more lactic acid. The results from denatured gradient gel eletrophoresis showed that the selected start culture could colonize into the rice straw fermentation system. To analyze the composition of the culture, a 16S clone library was constructed. Sequencing results showed that the culture mainly consisted of two bacterial species. One (A) belonged to Lactobacillus and another (B) belonged to Leuconostoc. To make clear the roles of composition microbes in the fermented system, quantitative PCR was used. For species A, the DNA mass increased continuously until sixteen days of the fermentation, which occupied 65%. For species B, the DNA mass amounted to 5.5% at six days of the fermentation, which was the maximum relative value during the fermentation. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first report on ensiling rice straw with a selected starter at low temperature and investigation of the fermented characteristics.     

Solid state degradation of paddy straw by Phlebia floridensis in the presence of different supplements for improving its nutritive status

Effect of different supplements on the degradation of paddy (rice) straw by Phlebia floridensis was studied and the conditions for best ligninolysis, lower loss in total organic matter (TOM) and enhancement in in vitro digestibility (IVD) were established. Effect of different supplements on lignocellulolytic enzymes production, degradation of cell wall fibres of paddy straw and their resultant effect on its nutritional quality was studied. Ammonium chloride, soya bean meal and moisture content were selected for response surface study on the basis of their important role in degradation. Finally, the process was successfully scaled up from 5 g to 200 g under optimized sold state conditions and the straw quality was upgraded in terms of increased IVD (40%) with a moderate loss (6%) in TOM during 20 days of incubation. Protein content, amino acid, total phenolics and antioxidant properties of the paddy straw improved with its fermentation.     

Manganese-Mediated Lignin Degradation by Pleurotus pulmonarius

Pleurotus pulmonarius produced the strongest degradation of lignin during solid-state fermentation of [(sup14)C]lignin wheat straw with different fungi. A manganese-oxidizing peroxidase seemed to be involved in lignin attack, since the addition of Mn(sup2+) to the culture increased lignin mineralization by ca. 125%. This enzyme was purified and characterized from both solid-state fermentation and liquid cultures.     

糙皮侧耳和康氏木霉二步混合发酵生产饲料蛋白的研究

研究了糙皮侧耳 (Pleurotusostreatus)和康氏木霉C 3(TrichodermaKoningiiC 3)降解稻草生产饲料蛋白的发酵工艺。发酵产物的粗蛋白含量达到 2 2 .7% ,粗纤维降解率为 34 %。