广东苦苣苔科植物新资料

报道了六个广东分布新记录：大齿马铃苣苔、匐茎短筒苣苔、短茎半蒴苣苔、圆唇苣苔和毡毛后蕊苣苔;描述了一个新变种：绵毛马铃苣苔。     

广西半蒴苣苔属(苦苣苔科)一新变种——翅茎半蒴苣苔

记载了广西苦苣苔科一新变种——翅茎半蒴苣苔Hemiboea subcapitata Clarke var. pterocaulis Z. Y. Li。该变种与原变种不同在于茎具翅,花期较早。     

广西报春苣苔属一新种及其系统位置(英文)

报春苣苔是一类生长在石灰岩基质上的多年生草本植物,目前已知的种类160余种,主要分布在我国南部和越南北部的石灰岩地区。该属植物许多种类分布极其狭域,往往仅零星分布在某个或少数几个地点。近年来,该属植物许多新种类不断地被发现和报道,预示着该属植物可能有更加丰富的多样性。该研究报道了在广西博白县发现的该属植物一新种。从形态上判断,该新种属于广义报春苣苔属,其具有的一些特别的形态特征,如花冠下唇比上唇长得多,上唇内部具有两个近圆形斑点(其它多数种类具有条形斑点),而易于与本属其它物种区分。而且,基于叶绿体mat K基因序列重建的系统发育关系表明,该新种的确属于报春苣苔属且广义报春苣苔属是单系类群。该新种与钟冠报春(P.swinglei)和疏花报春(P.laxiflora)最为近缘,其mat K基因与后两者分别有5个和11个碱基差异,暗示这些物种间经历了较长时间的独立演化或mat K基因在这些物种中具有较高的碱基替换速率。另外,该新种只生长在丹霞岩石上,而其近缘种以及同属大多数其它种类都生长在石灰岩基质上,暗示该新种获得了特殊的适应能力以及与其它近缘种间存在生态隔离。该新种以及近年来本属许多其它新种类的发现,进一步增加了对该属植物多样性的认识,以及该属植物的演化与多样性分化之谜。这些物种所具有的高度区域或局域特有性和稀有性,以及形态上的特殊性和遗传上的独立性,进一步强化了对该属植物开展保护的重要性。     

广西半蒴苣苔属（苦苣苔科）一新种——红苞半蒴苣苔

报道了在广西发现的苦苣苔科半蒴苣苔属Hemiboea一新种,即红苞半蒴苣苔H. rubribracteata Z. Y. Li & Yan Liu。该新种叶形与贵州半蒴苣苔H. cavaleriei Lévl.相近,不同在于茎较粗且坚硬,总苞红色,萼片较长,花冠外面白色,无毛,下唇3裂至中部。     

5种半蒴苣苔属植物光合特性的比较

对半蒴苣苔属( Hemiboea C. B. Clarke)植物半蒴苣苔( H. henryi C. B. Clarke)、贵州半蒴苣苔( H. cavaleriei H. Lév.)、疏脉半蒴苣苔( H. cavaleriei var. paucinervis W. T. Wang et Z. Y. Li ex Z. Y. Li)、华南半蒴苣苔( H. follicularis C. B. Clarke)和红苞半蒴苣苔( H. rubribracteata Z. Y. Li et Yan Liu)叶片的光合特性进行了分析和比较。结果表明：5种植物的光合参数及其日变化曲线、光响应参数〔(包括最大净光合速率( Pmax )、表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)〕、CO2响应参数〔包括CO2饱和净光合速率(CSPn)、羧化效率(CE)、CO2补偿点( CCP)和CO2饱和点( CSP)〕均有较大差异。半蒴苣苔、疏脉半蒴苣苔和红苞半蒴苣苔的净光合速率( Pn)日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,而贵州半蒴苣苔和华南半蒴苣苔的Pn日变化曲线均呈“双峰型”且“午休”现象明显;贵州半蒴苣苔和疏脉半蒴苣苔的气孔导度( Gs)和蒸腾速率( Tr)日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,而其他3种植物的Gs和Tr日变化曲线均类似“双峰型”;5种植物的胞间CO2浓度( Ci)日变化均呈先降后升的趋势;此外,5种植物的Pn与Gs均呈显著正相关、与Tr均呈正相关、与Ci均呈负相关。5种植物的光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线均有差异,但在光合有效辐射( PAR)低于200μmol·m-2·s-1或环境CO2浓度( Ce)低于800μmol·mol-1的条件下,它们的Pn均随PAR或Ce的升高急剧增加。5种植物中,贵州半蒴苣苔的Pmax最高,疏脉半蒴苣苔的CSPn最高;贵州半蒴苣苔的LCP最高(55.74μmol·m-2·s-1),其他4种的LCP均小于10μmol·m-2·s-1;5种植物的LSP均介于600~800μmol·m-2·s-1之间,CCP介于50~150μmol·mol-1之间,而CSP均在1000μmol·mol-1以上。研究结果揭示：供试5种植物均为阴生植物,但因产地生境及遗传特性差异使它们各自适应不同的光照条件,因而,在引种栽培过程中应根据各种类的光合特性采取适当的遮阳措施。     

新分类系统下长蒴苣苔亚科(苦苣苔科)细胞学研究概述

在最新分类系统框架下对长蒴苣苔亚科(Didymocarpoideae)的染色体资料进行了详细的整理和分析,结果表明,长蒴苣苔亚科的细胞学研究仍存在不足,尤其在种级水平上的研究不足25%,且存在一些属的染色体数据空白的现象。在新的分类系统下,一些修订后的属染色体数目表现出一致性或更加具有合理性,但也存在一些属的染色体数目变异仍十分复杂,如汉克苣苔属(Henckelia)和长蒴苣苔属(Didymocarpus)。基于已有的染色体数据,对长蒴苣苔亚科内一些重要属的染色体进化模式及其对物种分化的影响进行了探讨,推测染色体数目的多倍化及非整倍化进化可能对各类群的物种分化具有重要作用,但需要今后利用基于DNA探针的荧光原位杂交技术并结合分子系统学和基因组学研究才能深入地解析染色体的进化模式及其对物种分化的影响。     

中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析。结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%。种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种)。在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属)。含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种)。这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属。此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论。     

中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

越南苦苣苔科植物四新记录种

报道了4个苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)植物在越南的分布新记录,其中1种为半蒴苣苔属(Hemiboea)的红苞半蒴苣苔(H.rubribracteata),2种为报春苣苔属(Primulina Hance)的文采报春苣苔(P.wentsaii)和疏花报春苣苔(P.laxi flora),还有1种为吊石苣苔属(Lysionotus)的桂黔吊石苣苔(L.aesch ynanthoides)。文中列出了每个种的标本引证和地理分布情况。     

陕西宁强县苦苣苔科野生植物资源调查及分析

目的：基于第四次全国中药资源普查项目，对陕西宁强县域内苦苣苔科野生资源进行详细的调查。方法：通过野外样方调查，结合线路调查和重点区域调查，采集标本、鉴定物种及查阅相关文献，对县域内苦苣苔科植物资源汇总分析。结果：宁强县域内分布的苦苣苔科野生资源有6属8种，分别为直瓣苣苔（Ancylostemon saxatilis）、旋蒴苣苔（Boea hygrometrica）、大花旋蒴苣苔（B. clarkeana）、珊瑚苣苔（Corallodiscus Batalin）、降龙草（Hemiboea subcapitata）、纤细半蒴苣苔（H. gracilis）、白花金盏苣苔（Isometrum farreri）和吊石苣苔（Lysionotus pauciflorus）。其中直瓣苣苔、纤细半蒴苣苔和白花苣苔偶见，吊石苣苔一般，大花旋蒴苣苔和珊瑚苣苔少有分布，降龙草相对较多。它们具有广泛的科研和生态价值、药用价值和园林园艺观赏价值。结论：宁强县苦苣苔科野生资源比较丰富，种类较多，但个别种类分布区域狭小，种群逐年减少。因此，建议加强资源保护，同时积极开展种苗繁育基础研究工作。     

Hemiboea guangdongensis comb. & stat. nov., a cryptic species segregated from H. subcapitata (Gesneriaceae) based on morphological and molecular data

The taxonomic problem of cryptic species has long been recognized. Hemiboea subcapitata C. B. Clarke is a widespread and morphologically diverse species including two varieties, H. subcapitata var. subcapitata C. B. Clarke and H. subcapitata var. guangdongensis (Z. Y. Li) Z. Y. Li. However, genetic distance and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ITS and four plastid DNA sequences (atpB‐rbcL, matK, rbcL, rpS16 intron) revealed that H. subcapitata var. guangdongensis is sister to H. subacaulis, and separated from H. subcapitata var. subcapitata, suggesting that it should be raised to the rank of an independent species as H. guangdongensis (Z. Y. Li) X. Q. Li & X. G. Xiang, comb. & stat. nov. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from H. subacaulis by its calyx 5‐sect from base, segments narrowly oblong‐lanceolate (versus calyx 5‐sect from base or 2‐lipped and adaxial lip 2‐lobed from below middle, segments ovate), peduncle glabrous (versus pubescent), and vermiform sclereids dispersed in leaf mesophyll (versus without sclereids).     

降龙草的蒽醌类化学成分

为了解降龙草(Hemiboea subcapitata Clarke)的化学成分,从降龙草全草的乙醇提取物的石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取部位分离得到了5个蒽醌类化合物。经波谱学分析鉴定为digiferruginol(1)、1,4-二羟基-2-羟甲基-9,10-蒽醌(2)、1,7-二羟基-2-羟甲基-9,10-蒽醌(3)、1-羟基-7-甲氧基-2-羟甲基-9,10-蒽醌(4)和1,4,7-三羟基-2-甲基-9,10-蒽醌(5)。其中化合物4和5为新化合物,其它3个化合物为首次从降龙草中分离得到。     

Phylogenetic relationships between isolated populations of the limestone‐dwelling microsnail Gyliotrachela hungerfordiana (Gastropoda: Vertiginidae)

The vertiginid species Gyliotrachela hungerfordiana, an obligate limestone‐dwelling microsnail, is relatively widespread and is found on a large number of isolated limestone hills in Peninsular Malaysia. To elucidate the pattern of colonization of these hills, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis on G. hungerfordiana subpopulations from 15 separate limestone outcrops. As outgroups, we also included five related Peninsular Malaysian Vertiginidae (Gyliotrachela frequens, Gyliotrachela transitans, Gyliotrachela salpinx, Gyliotrachela depressispira and Paraboysidia tarutao), one population each. A combined analysis of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer 1) and mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase 1) sequences showed that (1) G. hungerfordiana is monophyletic; (2) there is a clear geographical pattern in the phylogenetic relationships between G. hungerfordiana populations, with genetic distances increasing with geographic distance; (3) this pattern is disturbed by a few long‐distance (north‐west to south‐east and north to south) colonizations.     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落数量分类与排序

植物群落的数量分类和排序可以客观地揭示植物群落与环境之间的关系,从而能为植被恢复与重建、森林经营与管理和生物多样性保护等提供理论依据。基于群落学调查和环境因子测定数据,采用Ward聚类、双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和多元回归树(MRT)对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落进行数量分类,选用冗余分析(RDA)进行排序,分析其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)3种分类方法所得结果基本一致,可将桂林岩溶石山青冈群落划分为3个群丛类型,分别为青冈-粗糠柴+龙须藤+红背山麻杆-三穗薹草群丛(Ass.Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Mallotus philippensis+Bauhinia championi+Alchornea trewioides-Carex tristachya)、青冈-龙须藤+红背山麻杆+干花豆-宽叶沿阶草+三穗薹草群丛(Ass.Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Bauhinia championi+Alchornea trewioides+Fordia cauliflora-Ophiopogon platyphyllus+Carex tristachya)、青冈-粗糠柴+干花豆-三穗薹草群丛(Ass.Cyclobalanopsis glauca-Mallotus philippensis+Fordia cauliflora-Carex tristachya);(2)冗余分析结果较好地反映出各群丛类型的分布格局及其与环境梯度的相互关系,在10个环境因子中,岩石裸露率、土壤含水量、pH值、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾这7个环境因子对群落的分布影响显著。土壤含水量和全钾含量可能是影响该植物群落物种组成与分布的重要生态因子。     

Hemiboea sinovietnamica sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from a limestone area along the boundary of Sino‐Vietnam

Hemiboea sinovietnamica W. B. Xu & X. Y. Zhuang, a new species of Gesneriaceae from a limestone area along the boundary of Sino‐Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to H. longgangensis Z. Y. Li with its yellowish corolla, but differs in having leaf blades glabrous on both sides, involucre trigonous, 2–3 cm in diameter, glabrous outside, glabrous cymes, a white calyx that is glabrous outside, and glabrous pistil and capsule.     

苦苣苔科植物远缘杂交亲和性初探

该研究对苦苣苔科的蛛毛苣苔属[Paraboea(C.B.Clarke)Ridley]、马铃苣苔属(Oreocharis Bentham)、报春苣苔属(Primulina Hance)、吊石苣苔属(Lysionotus D.Don)、台闽苣苔属(Titanotrichum Solereder)、半蒴苣苔属(Hemiboea C.B.Clarke)、长蒴苣苔属(Didymocarpus Wallich)、光叶苣苔属(Glabrella Mich.MollerW.H.Chen)进行属间远缘杂交,对马铃苣苔属的马铃苣苔组、川滇马铃苣苔组、大叶石上莲组进行组间远缘杂交,统计不同杂交组合的结实情况及播种后的种子萌发情况,以明确不同属(组)间远缘杂交亲和性,为通过远缘杂交进行苦苣苔科种质资源的创新奠定基础。结果表明:(1)不同属作为父本,与同一母本进行杂交,以及同一属内不同种作为父本,与同一母本进行杂交,结实情况差异显著。(2)不同属作为母本,与同一父本进行杂交,以及同一属内不同种作为母本,与同一父本进行杂交,结实情况同样存在显著差异。(3)相同两个种正反交杂交成功率也并不一致。(4)马铃苣苔属与半蒴苣苔属,报春苣苔属与吊石苣苔属,吊石苣苔属与报春苣苔属和半蒴苣苔属,光叶苣苔属与报春苣苔属和吊石苣苔属之间部分种进行远缘杂交能够正常结实,且杂交种子能够正常萌发。(5)马铃苣苔属内组间杂交无明显生殖隔离的现象。     

Are Limestone Hills a Refuge or Essential Habitat for White-Headed Langurs in Fusui,China?

We studied the ecology of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Fusui Precious Animal Reserve, Guangxi, China, in 1997/1998 and conducted surveys of them in 1996–1997 and 2003. We collected data on vegetation fragments and the activities of white-headed langurs at different levels on limestone hills. The langurs selected less fragmented habitats with less human disturbance. They spent ca. 60% of the day at lower levels of the hills during maintenance activities, including feeding. When humans were absent, the langurs even came to the ground. The hills themselves were used as a refuge from human disturbance but were not otherwise essential habitat. Results of this study have implications for improving conservation management for the langurs.     

Directional mitochondrial introgression and character displacement due to reproductive interference in two closely related Pterostichus ground beetle species

Reproductive interference due to interspecific hybridization can lead to character displacement among related species with overlapping ranges. However, no studies have examined which reproductive traits are most important in reducing reproductive interference. We conducted molecular analyses of two nuclear genes (28S and Wingless) and a mitochondrial gene (COI) from two closely related ground beetle species, Pterostichus thunbergi and Pterostichus habui (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with overlapping distributions. In addition, we examined four reproductive traits (body size, organ morphologies of intromittent and non‐intromittent male genital organs, and female reproductive period) in sympatric and allopatric habitats. We compared male genital morphology using geometric morphometric analysis. The species determined by morphology were classified into separate groups based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by the nuclear gene (Wingless). However, according to the mitochondrial genes examined, P. thunbergi was not monophyletic, whereas at the sympatric sites, these species formed a monophyletic clade. This incongruence suggests that interspecific hybridization and subsequent mitochondrial introgression from P. habui to P. thunbergi have occurred. Concerning genital morphology, both of the intromittent and nonintromittent organs of P. thunbergi differed more from P. habui at the sympatric sites than between allopatric sites, suggesting reproductive character displacement. Pterostichus thunbergi, which likely arrived in P. habui habitat in small numbers, would have experienced stronger selection pressures than P. habui.     

Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae)

Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolutionary relationships among 61 of the 70 species of the parrotfish genera Chlorurus and Scarus (Family Labridae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences retrieved 15 well‐supported clades with mid Pliocene/Pleistocene diversification. Twenty‐two reciprocally monophyletic sister‐species pairs were identified: 64% were allopatric, and the remainder were sympatric. Age of divergence was similar for allopatric and sympatric species pairs. Sympatric sister pairs displayed greater divergence in morphology, ecology, and sexually dimorphic colour patterns than did allopatric pairs, suggesting that both genetic drift in allopatric species pairs and ecologically adaptive divergence between members of sympatric pairs have played a role in diversification. Basal species typically have small geographical ranges and are restricted to geographically and ecologically peripheral reef habitats. We found little evidence that a single dominant process has driven diversification, nor did we detect a pattern of discrete, sequential stages of diversification in relation to habitat, ecology, and reproductive biology. The evolution of Chlorurus and Scarus has been complex, involving a number of speciation processes. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 107 , 529–557.