RNA修饰类型及调控蛋白

RNA修饰是指发生在RNA上的各种修饰形式。自然界中的RNA修饰广泛存在于A、U、C、G四类核苷酸上,此外,极少的RNA修饰发生在次黄嘌呤核苷(I)上。目前已经在古细菌、细菌、病毒和真核生物中发现超过140种的RNA转录后修饰形式。在各种类型的RNA修饰中,甲基化修饰占到了三分之二,这些修饰广泛存在于各种RNA类型中,包括信使RNA(mRNA)、转运RNA(tRNA)、核糖体RNA(rRNA)、核内小RNA(snRNA)、核仁小RNA(sno RNA)、微小RNA(miRNA)、小干扰RNA(siRNA)、piwi蛋白相互作用的RNA(piRNA)和长非编码RNA(lncRNA)等。现介绍主要的RNA修饰类型,并对其调控蛋白进行归纳总结。     

竞争性内源RNA在转录后水平调控基因表达

竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ce RNA)假说提出了一种RNA在转录后水平调控基因表达的机制,即信使RNA(message RNA,m RNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)、假基因(pseudogene)转录物及环状RNA(circular RNA,circ RNA)通过竞争结合相同的微小RNA(micro RNA,mi RNA)来影响靶基因RNA的稳定性或翻译活性,实现转录后水平的基因表达调节。这一全新的基因表达调控机制目前已在肌肉的分化、胚胎干细胞的分化、中脑的发育及癌症的转移等多个研究领域被发现,并且被证实参与多个生物学过程的调控。ce RNA这种以mi RNA为媒介实现RNA与RNA相互调控的机制,使得编码基因和非编码基因在全转录组范围内形成了一个庞大而精细的调控网络,增加了基因调控网络的复杂性。文章就ce RNA的分子类型、ce RNA机制所涉及的生物学功能、影响ce RNA机制的重要因素及ce RNA调控网络预测这几个方面进行综述。     

环状RNA与病毒感染之间相互关系的研究进展

非编码RNA (non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是指一类不具有编码蛋白质功能的RNA,包括转运RNA (transfer RNA,tRNA)、核糖体RNA (ribosomal RNA,rRNA)、微小RNA (micro RNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)以及环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)等.近年来circRNA在癌症,肿瘤以及心脑血管疾病等多种疾病中被证实发挥重要作用,此外研究还发现宿主circRNA与病毒来源的cicrRNA均会参与到病毒感染进程,但其中circRNA发挥的功能还有待进一步研究,因此,该文综述了circRNA的发现、分类、主要功能以及宿主circRNA和病毒来源的circRNA与病毒感染之间相互关系的研究进展,将有助于理解circRNA与病毒感染之间的互作机制.     

竞争性内源RNA的研究进展及研究策略

竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ce RNA)通过结合同一种mi RNA参与其靶基因的表达调控。研究发现,假基因转录物、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)、编码蛋白质的m RNA、环形RNA(circular RNA,circ RNA)等都可以作为ce RNA参与基因表达的调控,并与肿瘤的发生发展有着重要的联系。本文在近年来ce RNA研究进展的基础上,从ce RNA研究的常用技术、研究策略、生物信息学分析、ce RNA表达一致性等方面进行综述,开展ce RNA研究需要采取的研究策略。     

非编码RNA与基因表达调控

近年来,随着对基因组的深入研究,发现真核生物中存在许多形态和功能各异的非编码RNA分子,这类RNA分子并不表达蛋白质,但它们在基因转录水平、转录后水平及翻译水平起了重要的调控作用。具有调控作用的RNA分子种类非常丰富,如长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)、miRNA、PIWI相互作用RNA(PIWI-interacting RNA,piRNA)、内源性小干扰RNA(endogenous small interfering RNA,endo-siRNA)、竞争性内源RNA(competitive endogenous RNA,ceRNA)等,它们使基因表达过程更为丰富、严谨和有序。本文综述几类典型的非编码RNA对基因表达的调节作用,以助于理解细胞中RNA分子调节网络的功能和机制。     

RNA修饰的生物学功能

上百种RNA修饰已经被发现,广泛分布于转运RNA(t RNA)、信使RNA(m RNA)、核糖体RNA(r RNA)及其他非编码RNA中。m RNA和t RNA上的一些RNA修饰被发现可逆动态调控且具有重要的生物学功能,如表观转录组修饰N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(m~6A)可以被甲基转移酶"写"、去甲基酶"擦除"及结合蛋白"读"。m~6A通过m~6A结合蛋白调控RNA加工代谢过程,从而传递m~6A对下游生理病理调控效应。该文拟从不同类型RNA出发,综述RNA修饰在m RNA、t RNA及其他RNA的代谢加工过程和相关功能中的调控作用,以及由此所影响的生理病理调控效应。     

正在崛起的RNA纳米技术

RNA纳米技术得益于纽约大学西曼(Nadrian C.Seeman)教授开创的DNA纳米技术,RNA是由腺嘌呤(A)、尿嘧啶(U)、鸟嘌呤(G)和胞嘧啶(C)构成的一种核糖核酸高分子,与DNA的Watson-Crick碱基配对(A-T,G-C)的双螺旋链的结构不完全一样,RNA的二级结构里经常出现一些非传统的碱基配对如环环相互作用,这些非传统配对促使RNA分子折叠成刚性结构。本文综述了正在崛起的RNA纳米技术,列举了一些著名的实验,如郭培宣(Peixuan Guo)等从自然界的phi29噬菌体中发现的pRNA纳米马达是由六个小RNA分子构成的六环结构,Jaeger等发展了RNA构造术(RNA-tectonics),根据已知的RNA分子的碱基和非传统配对,他们设计利用小RNA分子构造二聚体、一维线性多聚体、和二维网状的七巧板迷宫(jigsaw puzzle)等图案,用tRNA分子或设计用几条RNA分子来构建多面体如立方体和八面体等立体结构等。RNA纳米技术正在崛起,它将在医学、生物技术、合成生物学和纳米技术领域扮演重要的角色。     

竞争性内源RNA的生物学功能及其调控

最新研究表明,RNA之间可以通过竞争结合共同的microRNA反应元件(microRNA response element, MRE)实现相互调节,这种调控模式构成竞争性内源RNA(Competing endogenous RNA, ceRNA)。已发现的ceRNA包括蛋白编码mRNA和非编码RNA,其中后者包括假基因转录物、长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)、环状RNA(Circular RNA, circRNA)等。文章主要从ceRNA分类的角度,阐述各类ceRNA构成的调控网络发挥的生物学功能在病理和生理相关过程中的作用,以及可能影响ceRNA调控有效性的因素。     

真菌RNA沉默机制研究进展

RNA沉默(RNA silencing)或者RNA干扰(RNA interference)是由dsRNA(double-stranded RNA)介导的序列特异性降解或者抑制与起始dsRNA一样或者高度相似RNA的一种机制,在进化上存在保守性,具有基因调控、防御外源核苷酸入侵的功能。真菌RNA沉默依据sRNA来源不同,分为多种途径,主要有quelling、qiRNA、MSUD。参与不同途径的主要有Argonaute、Dicer、RdRP3种核心蛋白质,并且在不同真菌中数目变化很大,反映出真菌RNA沉默的多样性。有些真菌的RNA沉默在进化的过程中丢失,在抗病毒机制上进化出"互换"的killer系统。     

侵染花生的辣椒褪绿病毒SRNA全序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)是布尼亚病毒科(Bunyaviridae)中植物病毒组成的一个属,病毒粒子为球状,直径80~110nm,粒体外层由一层脂质包裹。基因组属于负单链RNA,由三个片段组成,分别被称为L RNA、M RNA、和S RNA。L RNA为负链、含单个开放阅读框架(ORF),M RNA和S RNA均为双义R     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.