江苏近海生态系统服务价值评估

海洋生态系统服务是人类从海洋生态系统中获得的效益,对沿海地区社会经济具有重要的支撑作用。采用国家标准《海洋生态资本评估技术导则》的方法,评估了江苏省管辖海域的生态系统服务价值,并揭示了其空间分布特征。江苏近海海域面积1.18万km2,2008年提供的生态系统服务总价值为426.02亿元,供给服务、文化服务、调节服务和支持服务价值分别为226.38亿元,186.61亿元,12.68亿元和0.34亿元;3个沿海地市比较,盐城近海生态系统服务价值最高,为184.55亿元;其次是连云港近海,为155.58亿元;南通近海最低,为85.89亿元。江苏近海生态系统服务价值空间分布密度平均为361.91万元/km2,从近岸到远海总体呈逐渐降低趋势,高值区主要分布在滨海旅游区和海洋保护区,中值区出现在养殖区,其它海域的服务价值则较低。江苏近海生态系统服务利用属于供给服务和文化服务共同主导的综合开发利用型,连云港近海属于文化服务主导的开发利用型,盐城近海属于供给服务和文化服务共同主导的综合开发利用型,南通近海则属于供给服务主导的开发利用型。建议在江苏近海开展离岸养殖工程,以提高近海供给服务价值;在盐城,特别是南通近岸海域开发海洋公园、渔家乐和其他亲水性旅游活动以提高文化服务价值。     

Current Status and Future Prospects for the Assessment of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review

Background

Research on ecosystem services has grown exponentially during the last decade. Most of the studies have focused on assessing and mapping terrestrial ecosystem services highlighting a knowledge gap on marine and coastal ecosystem services (MCES) and an urgent need to assess them.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We reviewed and summarized existing scientific literature related to MCES with the aim of extracting and classifying indicators used to assess and map them. We found 145 papers that specifically assessed marine and coastal ecosystem services from which we extracted 476 indicators. Food provision, in particular fisheries, was the most extensively analyzed MCES while water purification and coastal protection were the most frequently studied regulating and maintenance services. Also recreation and tourism under the cultural services was relatively well assessed. We highlight knowledge gaps regarding the availability of indicators that measure the capacity, flow or benefit derived from each ecosystem service. The majority of the case studies was found in mangroves and coastal wetlands and was mainly concentrated in Europe and North America. Our systematic review highlighted the need of an improved ecosystem service classification for marine and coastal systems, which is herein proposed with definitions and links to previous classifications.

Conclusions/Significance

This review summarizes the state of available information related to ecosystem services associated with marine and coastal ecosystems. The cataloging of MCES indicators and the integrated classification of MCES provided in this paper establish a background that can facilitate the planning and integration of future assessments. The final goal is to establish a consistent structure and populate it with information able to support the implementation of biodiversity conservation policies.     

粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务识别、分类及制图

海岸带生态系统服务识别、分类与制图是合理利用海岸带自然资源,协调海岸带开发与保护矛盾的重要基础。现有生态系统服务分类方法在海岸带应用存在一定的局限性。在前人研究的基础上,以我国城市化和工业化水平较高的粤港澳大湾区为研究区,对该区域海岸带生态系统服务进行识别、分类,并在此基础上使用地图大数据与遥感解译的土地利用数据对海岸带生态系统服务进行了制图。共识别出35种海岸带生态系统服务,并对其中的31种服务进行制图。结果表明,建立的这套方法能较为系统地展示粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务的类型及空间分布特征。具体而言,该区域供给服务和文化服务在城市中心区较为集中,而调节服务多分布于城市周边。对识别的生态系统服务进行综合叠加分析,可将研究区分为文化服务主体区、供给服务主体区、调节服务主体区。建立的海岸带生态系统服务识别、分类体系和制图方法可操作性强,能为我国海岸带生态系统的保育、修复和重建提供科学基础。     

海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究综述

海洋生态系统服务是通过海洋生态系统的功能结构和生态过程,以物品和服务等方式直接或间接地给人类提供的效益。海洋生态系统服务价值衡量了海洋生态系统对人类经济社会的贡献度,加快海洋强国建设,急需加强海洋生态系统服务价值评价。通过对市场价值法、替代市场法和假想市场法三大类海洋生态系统服务价值评估方法进行比较分析后可知,各类方法各有利弊,但是,存在不同方法耦合和方法优化选择的空间。通过海岸带、近海、远洋等典型海洋生态系统服务价值评估的研究案例展现了海洋生态系统服务价值评估在海洋资源开发与保护的政策选择、海洋生态补偿与环境损害赔偿的价格决定中的重要作用。海洋生态系统服务价值评估研究前景广阔,在内涵认知深入化、评估方法科学化、评估指标体系化、结果应用广泛化等方面仍有进一步拓展空间。     

基于复合生态系统理论的海洋生态监控区区划指标框架研究

海岸带是海陆生态系统的交错带,其生态系统对社会经济发展和全球变化敏感、脆弱。随着沿海各省市新一轮开发规划的实施,近岸海域生态环境面临巨大压力,海洋生态管理面临着新的经济、环境问题,海洋生态监控区需要进行适应性调整。海洋生态监控区,指依据海洋生态特征和问题冲突特点而确定的、通过生态监测和评价而提出的用于保护管理和开发利用调控的海洋区域。海洋生态监控区是基于生态系统的海洋管理的重要手段,是海洋生态系统管理的重要基础。基于复合生态系统理论,从自然视角、经济视角和社会视角3个方面深入分析了海洋生态重要性区域的内涵,并结合生态社会与生态系统服务描述了海洋生态监控区内涵;结合沿海社会经济发展新趋势和海洋生态系统管理需要,从管理学、生态学、管理对象及管理实施等方面探讨了海洋生态监控区区划的原则;分析了影响海洋生态监控区的主要因素,结合近岸海域生态系统主要服务功能,构建了区划指标体系,包括自然环境、生态系统和社会经济和三大方面14个指标。     

山东近海生态资本价值评估——供给服务价值

海洋生态资本是沿海地区社会经济活动的重要生产要素,供给服务价值是海洋生态资本价值的关键构成要素之一。选择养殖生产、捕捞生产和氧气生产3个指标,分别采用市场价格法和替代成本法对山东近海生态系统提供的供给服务价值进行了评估,并揭示山东近海供给服务价值的空间分布规律。山东近海3.16万km²的海域,2008年产出的供给服务价值为574.1亿元,占全省沿海地级市生产总值的3.62%。其中,养殖生产价值452.86亿元,捕捞生产价值66.02亿元,氧气生产价值55.23亿元。山东沿海7个地级市比较,威海和烟台近海的供给服务价值最高,分别为180亿元和169.13亿元;其次是青岛近海,为103.58亿元;滨州、潍坊、日照和东营近海较低且相差不大。山东近海生态系统供给服务价值的分布密度平均为167.7万元/km²。供给服务价值的高值区集中分布于青岛和日照近海,中值区主要分布于威海和烟台近海,滨州、东营和潍坊近海的分布密度较低。山东近海生态系统供给服务价值空间分布遵守从近岸向外海总体降低的规律,有养殖区分布的局部海域,供给服务价值较高。山东近海供给服务与调节服务、支持服务存在正相关的关系,养殖生产、捕捞生产、氧气生产3项服务之间也存在互相促进的关系。山东近海供给服务价值,尤其是养殖生产对山东沿海经济发展有着重要的支撑作用。     

Marine ecosystem services: Linking indicators to their classification

There is a multitude of ecosystem service classifications available within the literature, each with its own advantages and drawbacks. Elements of them have been used to tailor a generic ecosystem service classification for the marine environment and then for a case study site within the North Sea: the Dogger Bank. Indicators for each of the ecosystem services, deemed relevant to the case study site, were identified. Each indicator was then assessed against a set of agreed criteria to ensure its relevance and applicability to environmental management. This paper identifies the need to distinguish between indicators of ecosystem services that are entirely ecological in nature (and largely reveal the potential of an ecosystem to provide ecosystem services), indicators for the ecological processes contributing to the delivery of these services, and indicators of benefits that reveal the realized human use or enjoyment of an ecosystem service. It highlights some of the difficulties faced in selecting meaningful indicators, such as problems of specificity, spatial disconnect and the considerable uncertainty about marine species, habitats and the processes, functions and services they contribute to.     

Urban ecosystem services assessment along a rural–urban gradient: A cross-analysis of European cities

The main objective of this paper is to present an assessment approach for ecosystem services in an urban context covering the local and the regional scale. It was applied to different European cities. A set of indicators representing important urban ecosystem goods and services – local climate regulation, air cooling and recreation – was tested using spatial data along an urban–rural gradient. The results show that there is neither a typical rural–urban gradient in terms of urban ecosystem service provisioning nor a uniform urban spatial pattern of service provisioning that can serve as a generic model for cities. The results demonstrate that (1) core cities do not necessarily provide fewer ecosystem services compared to their regions and (2) there were no patches found within the four case study cities where all of the indicators report very high performance values. The analysis further shows that a high degree of imperviousness does not necessarily entail low ecosystem service provisioning if an urban structure contains a considerable amount of mature trees which support carbon storage and biodiversity. The results of the present paper provide insights into potentials and trade-offs between different urban ecosystem services that should be considered during urban planning when setting targets and establishing thresholds to protect environmental resources, ecosystem services and biodiversity for residents.     

Ecosystem services provision today and in the past: a comparative study in two Baltic lagoons

The European Biodiversity Strategy asks EU Member States for an assessment, mapping and valuing of Ecosystem Services (ES). While terrestrial ES concept is advanced and different tools are available, they are largely lacking for coastal and marine systems. We develop a stepwise methodological process to assess ES in coastal and marine systems which we name Marine Ecosystem Services Assessment Tool. We applied it to two large Baltic lagoons, the Szczecin and the Curonian Lagoons demonstrating a quantitative and qualitative assessment approach. Firstly, an initial status is defined reflecting, according to the European Water Framework Directive, a past situation when the ecosystems where in a so called good ecological state. In both Baltic lagoons, this refers to a situation around 1960. Secondly, a present state is defined, assessed and compared to the initial status. Increasing anthropogenic impacts in Szczecin Lagoon caused an overall decrease ecological status which may influence the system’s ability to provide services. Assessing ES changes semi-quantitatively via 39 indicators and 22 services, we show a decrease in provisioning and regulating and maintenance and an increase of cultural services’ provision. According to 15 expert valuations, the Curonian Lagoon displays no changes in provisioning but an increase in regulating and maintenance and cultural service provision. We discuss how these results can serve different marine management approaches and support different polices. Through our application we show how the tool can be used to assess ES changes over time and thus provide key information on sustainable use and ES for future generations.     

社会-生态综合视角下海岸带生态监管框架与应用——以深圳为例

海岸带作为海洋与陆地两大生态系统的连接与桥梁，既是国民经济、社会发展的重要区域与战略中心，也是生态环境破坏和污染的热点区域。以往针对海岸带区域开展的城市化对生态环境的影响研究，主要利用30 m空间分辨率的Landsat数据分析城市扩张对自然生态系统的侵占，如自然用地减少、景观异质性降低、填海造陆速度变快等，而针对污染产业、人类活动等引起的河口水质污染、水温异常、自然岸线退化等复杂生态环境问题关注不足，难以满足陆海统筹管理、综合防治的需求。因此，研究围绕海岸带面临的主要问题，面向海岸带生态环境综合管制，构建了“问题识别-格局量化-地面调查-生态监管”的综合框架，通过明确生态环境问题，量化社会-生态格局，开展实地调查，制定生态监管目标和策略。通过融合高分影像、兴趣点、道路等多源异构数据并结合地面调查，准确识别影响生态环境的社会-生态格局因子，实现空间显性的生态监管。进一步以深圳为典型案例，探讨该概念框架的应用，将深圳市海岸带划分为了四类共980个生态监管单元，其中包括153个优先保护单元，主要为分布在海岸带东部的林地，7个生态风险较大的核心管控单元，597个几乎分布在海岸带西部的重点管控单...     

Evaluation of ecosystem health for the coastal wetlands at the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai

Despite the growing awareness of the important ecological functions and values provided by coastal and estuarine wetlands, wetland degradation continues worldwide due to increasing anthropogenic disturbances. Chongming Dongtan wetlands, adjacent to Shanghai, the largest city and industrial and trading port in China in rapid urban expansion and socioeconomic development are currently threatened with biodiversity reduction, wetland loss, contamination, and invasion of exotic plant. Sustainable protection and management of Dongtan Nature Reserve necessitate research to develop diagnostic tools and indicators for a comprehensive and objective assessment of wetland ecosystem health condition. Based on the pressure-state-response framework and ecological and environmental surveys at the Dongtan wetlands, an indicator system was established for evaluating the coastal wetlands ecosystem health, using indicators detected from satellite imagery and current field surveys. Through the establishment of health assessment units and spatial quantification of the indicators, the spatial clustering analysis, integrated with remote sensing and geographic information system technique was applied to make an accurate diagnosis of ecosystem health for Chongming Dongtan wetlands and highlight the areas in subhealthy and unhealthy condition and urgent need of conservation and management. The results from this research indicated that the ecosystem health condition at the Dongtan wetlands showed spatial variation, to a certain extent, corresponding to the distributions of elevation and land cover types. More than 75 % of the total study area was at a relatively healthy level, with 34.19 km² for the very healthy zone and 41.08 km² for the healthy zone, while the subhealthy and unhealthy zones covered 18.23 and 4.76 km², respectively. This study demonstrated the potential for this integrated approach to give objective and effective evaluation of ecosystem health for the dynamic coastal and estuarine wetlands and provide up-to-date information to assist with early warning for ecological security and management decisions for Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve.     

市县级限制开发区环境功能区划研究——以河北省张家口市为例

限制开发地区是我国主体功能区划中划定的提供重要生态功能和农产品的地区,对其进行环境功能区划对于推动环境功能区划制度落地与实施,以及限制开发区的保护与发展有着重要意义。当前国家及省级的环境功能区划研究已经相对成熟,而市县尺度的限制开发地区环境功能区划相关研究较少。在总结现有环境功能区划研究方法的基础上,以河北省张家口市为例,探讨了市县级限制开发地区环境功能区划体系设计和技术方法,提出了以公里格网作为分析单元,结合县域行政边界,基于环境功能综合评价的结果,从自然生态安全、维护人群健康和区域环境支撑能力等3个方面,开展环境功能区划。基于该方法,将张家口市分为自然生态保留区、生态功能保持区、生态功能恢复区、农产品安全保障区、环境开发准入区、聚居发展维护区6类环境功能区,并根据各环境功能区的主要功能及生态环境特点提出相应的发展建议,以期为该区域管理提供可行的操作手段。本文提出的方法也可为其他限制开发地区的环境功能区划提供参考。     

Ecosystem service state and trends at the regional to national level: A rapid assessment

The concept of ecosystem services has helped rationalize humanity's dependence on and benefits from nature, pushing the paradigm of environmental sustainability from a charity in the direction of a necessity. However, globally many ecosystem services are declining despite their eminent value for society. A prime cause of this decline is allocated to land use change. While the body of empirical research showing various consequences of land use is growing, and the ecosystem service concept has helped make trade-offs more graspable, a lucid approach that neatly summarizes the extent of land use trade-offs is still lacking.In this paper, we introduce a rapid assessment to analyze both the state and trends of selected ecosystem services associated with given land use categories. Theoretically, the assessment can be performed for any given spatial unit, but the regional to national level appears to be the most appropriate spatial resolution. Each land use-ecosystem service relationship is classified from a strong disservice to a strong service. The results are displayed in adapted flower diagrams, which legibly display information on the ecosystem services in each land use, thus clearly summarizing trade-offs associated with changing land use.We illustrate this rapid ecosystem service assessment method by applying it to three land use categories on the spatial extent of Switzerland. We found that the simple but systematic approach is more flexible than traditional mapping approaches, i.e. it allowed us to combine a variety of spatially non-explicit but highly detailed indicators with spatially explicit indicators. Also, we were able to proceed faster than with a mapping approach, where many known and unknown spatial inaccuracies may arise have allowed. This flexible incorporation of spatially explicit and non-explicit data provides high quality information on the state and trends of ecosystem services at regional to national extents. For that reason, we are convinced that the rapid assessment method has the potential to advance knowledge of ecosystem services and land use trade-offs, especially in areas with low data availability and monitoring activity.     

National ecosystem services mapping at multiple scales ⿿ The German exemplar

The EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 requires the Member States of the European Union to map and assess ecosystem services. This paper presents a procedure for developing a national framework of ecosystem service indicators for Germany that is applicable at different scales and is transferable to other countries. The framework was set up to use existing indicators or datasets and to be compatible with international typologies of ecosystem services and their indicators. Starting with an evaluation of the importance of different ecosystem services for Germany and an analysis of existing monitoring systems, we define suitable indicators for mapping ecosystem services nationwide. We demonstrate how both the supply of and demand for ecosystem services can be mapped with different indicators and datasets and how these indicators have to be adapted for use at different scales. Subsequently, we analyze the resulting maps to draw conclusions about the suitability of the different indicators and their complementarity. Furthermore, we show synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Germany and discuss the applicability of the ecosystem services concept for decision making and spatial planning.     

赣南地区土地利用格局及生态系统服务价值的时空演变

江西省的赣南地区是典型的南方山地丘陵区,属于赣江流域重要的生态屏障区,生态保护的意义重大。以赣南为研究区域,基于1990—2015年间的6期遥感影像,利用遥感、地理信息技术和空间统计的方法,计算了该区域土地利用动态度,对不同生态用地所提供的生态系统服务价值进行评估,分析了生态系统服务价值时空差异的驱动因素,并将人均GDP、人口密度和城市化率3个因素与生态系统服务价值进行空间相关性分析。结果表明:(1)1990—2015年间,赣南地区综合土地利用动态度持续上升,各用地类型的综合土地利用动态度从0.06上升到0.13。(2)1990—2015年间赣南地区共减少生态系统服务价值20.42×10~8元,处于下降趋势,其中森林的生态系统服务价值损失最大。研究区调节服务价值最高,其供给服务较低,该地区森林覆盖率高,耕地分散是造成该结果的主要原因。(3)人均GDP、人口密度和城市化率3个因素是生态系统服务价值变化的主要驱动因素且与生态系统服务价值的局部空间相关性高度一致。城市化率越高,生态系统服务价值越低,并形成局部低-高型和高-高型集聚分布。本研究为合理布局和保护我国南方丘陵地区的生态用地,发挥赣南地区的生态屏障作用提供了理论依据和决策支持。     

粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统保护和修复策略

粤港澳大湾区是我国海岸带高强度开发区域,面临着生态环境质量不高、生态系统受损严重的压力,开展海岸带生态系统保护修复是绿色湾区发展的必然需求。在分析大湾区海岸带基底、生态环境现状及问题的基础上,提出大湾区海岸带生态系统保护修复规划的策略,从以下5个方面构筑粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统保护修复规划的体系：一是从陆海污染统筹治理来恢复海域生物生存环境;二是从自然岸线保护、自然保护地体系重构与规范化建设、珍稀濒危物种栖息地保护来加强海岸带生态的保护;三是通过岸线生态修复、典型滨海湿地生态系统（红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床）修复、受损海岛生态修复来构筑生态安全屏障;四是从海堤生态化改造与建设、沿海防护林体系建设和海岸带综合防护工程建设来促进生态减灾协同增效;五是打造智慧海岸带管理服务平台来保障海洋命运共同体健康发展。本研究提出大湾区海岸带生态保护修复策略,期望为大湾区生态建设和环境保护提供参考。     

生态系统服务供给与需求的理论与管理方法

生态系统服务是当前可持续科学研究的热点之一。随着环境保护与管理需求的不断增加,政策制定者希望将生态系统服务信息更多地融入管理实践中。由于理论的不确定性和研究方法的局限性,如何准确地评价生态系统服务、如何考虑不同利益相关者的需求,提取重要的生态系统服务信息给决策者参考,仍然是当前该领域研究的难点。基于生态系统服务的产生、传递和消耗过程,区分生态系统服务的潜在供给、实际供给和人类需求;引入生态系统服务供需比和供给率两个指标,为区域间自然资源资产的比较提供一种方法;以白洋淀流域为案例,采用生态系统服务矩阵法,结合GIS空间模拟技术,揭示生态系统服务供给与需求的空间特征。白洋淀流域2010年生态系统服务的供给率和供需比分别是:0.4966和0.1131,说明流域生态系统服务供给状态较好,且处于盈余状态。对流域内供给率较高且供给处于盈余的区域,应作为生态保护与补偿的主要区域;对生态系统服务需求较大的区域应进行必要的生态建设与修复。研究结果为区域生态环境管理和政策制定提供了实际的科学依据。     

南京市生态系统服务的空间流转

生态系统服务的空间流转研究是生态系统服务研究的重要部分,对于制定区域生态补偿标准具有重要意义。为了衡量地区生态系统服务流转到外部区域的相对价值大小,提出了地区比较生态辐射力概念,利用断裂点公式、指数距离衰减函数,衡量比较生态辐射力的大小。基于南京市主体功能区研究,定量研究南京市各保护型区域的生态系统服务对各开发型区域的辐射力,计算出各开发型区域从不同保护型区域提供的生态系统服务价值比例。结果表明:高淳县、江宁区、溧水县对于白下区、秦淮区比较生态辐射力相对较大,六合区对于鼓楼区、下关区比较生态辐射力相对较大,浦口区对于鼓楼区、秦淮区的比较生态辐射力相对较大。以白下区为例,提出了南京市实施生态补偿建议,根据白下区从外部保护型区域获得的生态系统服务总量,在其提供的生态补偿金中,浦口区、江宁区、六合区、溧水县、高淳县应分别获得总额的22.76%、22.67%、21.50%、17.27%与15.80%。     

基于土地利用变化和生态系统服务的海岸带生态安全综合评价——以胶州湾为例

以土地利用为主的陆域开发活动能改变近海环境质量,并影响和改变原有海岸带生态系统服务功能的供给模式,对海岸带生态安全产生一定的负面影响.目前在海岸带生态系统研究领域较多采用陆地生态系统研究模式,未能真正体现海岸带作为海陆结合的独立的环境体系的特点,并缺乏对陆域活动驱动与生态系统服务功能响应和生态安全实现之间复杂关系的科学解释.本研究基于海岸带生态系统服务的空间异质性和流动性特点,以“土地利用变化(LUCC)-生态系统服务(ES)-生态系统安全”为研究主线,构建海岸带生态安全评价模型,探讨以土地覆被变化为主的陆域活动对海岸带生态系统服务功能和区域生态安全的影响机理及其时空变异规律.从模型的评价结果上看,作为生态安全系统中主要压力表征的胶州湾陆域土地利用变化,与相应海域内的生态系统服务状况和生态安全状态呈现出一定的相关性和趋势性.随着环胶州湾地区城市化进程中大量用地流转为城乡建设用地,胶州湾中相应海域的生态系统服务状态下降,进而带来该海域生态安全状态恶化.本文所提出的基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架的海陆结合的生态安全评价模型,以探讨陆域活动对海岸带生态系统服务功能和区域生态安全的影响及其时空变异规律为目的,可以克服目前研究中只关注陆域部分而忽视陆域活动与海域部分之间的联系和相互影响的缺陷,对海岸带生态安全评价研究具有一定的改进作用.