生态系统服务供给与需求的理论与管理方法

生态系统服务是当前可持续科学研究的热点之一。随着环境保护与管理需求的不断增加,政策制定者希望将生态系统服务信息更多地融入管理实践中。由于理论的不确定性和研究方法的局限性,如何准确地评价生态系统服务、如何考虑不同利益相关者的需求,提取重要的生态系统服务信息给决策者参考,仍然是当前该领域研究的难点。基于生态系统服务的产生、传递和消耗过程,区分生态系统服务的潜在供给、实际供给和人类需求;引入生态系统服务供需比和供给率两个指标,为区域间自然资源资产的比较提供一种方法;以白洋淀流域为案例,采用生态系统服务矩阵法,结合GIS空间模拟技术,揭示生态系统服务供给与需求的空间特征。白洋淀流域2010年生态系统服务的供给率和供需比分别是:0.4966和0.1131,说明流域生态系统服务供给状态较好,且处于盈余状态。对流域内供给率较高且供给处于盈余的区域,应作为生态保护与补偿的主要区域;对生态系统服务需求较大的区域应进行必要的生态建设与修复。研究结果为区域生态环境管理和政策制定提供了实际的科学依据。

Ecosystem service supply and demand:Theory and management application

Ecosystem service is a very important issue for current, sustainable scientific research. Environmental protection and management requirements are increasing and policymakers hope to incorporate ecological service information into decision-making and consultations. Because of theory uncertainty and methods limitation, it is, at present, very difficult to accurately evaluate ecosystem services and extract important ecosystem services information that can help decision-makers meet the demands of various stakeholders. In this study, we first identified and defined ecosystem service potential supply, actual supply (flow), and human demand based on the processes and mechanisms involved in ecosystem service generation and delivery. Two indicators were then introduced, the supply rate and supply-demand ratio, which provide a mean that can be used to compare the status of natural capital between regions. We also investigated the ecosystem service matrix and GIS spatial simulation technology and used these indicators to investigate the Baiyangdian River Basin as a case study. The aim was to reveal the spatio-temporal characteristics of service supply and demand. The supply rate and supply-demand ratio for the Baiyangdian River Basin in 2010 were 0.4966 and 0.1131, respectively. This indicated that the ecosystem service supply status was good and in surplus. The places with high supply rate should be considered as hotspots for ecological protection and compensation. However, places with high ecosystem service demand should concentrate on ecological construction and restoration. The results provide a scientific basis for regional ecological environment management and policy-making.