实验室条件下唐鱼两性异形及其与游泳能力关系

为了解唐鱼两性异形及其与游泳能力关系,检测了性成熟阶段唐鱼躯干部和鱼鳍形态特征以及爆发游泳速度(U_burst)和临界游泳速度(U_crit)在雌雄之间的差异,旨在从形态适应角度探究长期进化中雌雄唐鱼各自面对选择压力所产生的游泳能力差异及其机制,从而为野生唐鱼保护提供基础数据.结果表明: 雌性唐鱼的体长、头高、头宽、尾鳍面积以及吻端至枕骨后末端、腹鳍起点至背鳍末端等长度均与雄性无显著差异.而体高、体宽、腹鳍起点至背鳍起点等反映腹腔大小的形态参数以及吻端至背鳍起点、吻端至臀鳍起点、枕骨后末端至背鳍起点等反映躯干部大小的形态参数均显示为雌性显著大于雄性,但头长以及胸鳍面积、腹鳍面积、背鳍面积和臀鳍面积均显示为雄性显著大于雌性.对所有数据进行主成分分析,结果显示第1主成分贡献率为74.2%,负载量较大的是体长、头长、头高、体高、头宽、体宽以及各鳍之间距离等主要反映唐鱼躯干整体特征的参数;第2主成分贡献率为15.7%,负载量较大的是胸鳍面积、腹鳍面积、背鳍面积和臀鳍面积等主要反映鱼鳍特征的参数.唐鱼性别在第1主成分上无法区分,但在第2主成分却可以明显区分.根据体宽、胸鳍面积、腹鳍面积、背鳍面积和臀鳍面积等建立的性别判别方程对雌雄判断准确率达到91.8%～92.5%.唐鱼游泳能力测定结果显示,雌性U_burst与雄性无显著差异,但U_crit显著小于雄性.以上结果表明,雌雄唐鱼两性异形主要集中在与游泳能力相关的鱼鳍特征上.相比雄性,雌性唐鱼虽然胸鳍等鱼鳍面积较小导致其U_crit小于雄性,却具有更长的躯干部以保证其同样具有较高的爆发游泳能力,从而有利于在流速波动很大的溪流中躲避捕食和进行其他应急活动;相比雌性,雄性唐鱼则具有较大的鱼鳍面积保证其U_crit高于雌性,以利于日常活动及在繁殖过程中追逐雌性等相对持久性游泳运动.     

红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼异速生长

运用生态学和传统理论生物学的研究方法,对孵化后红鳍笛鲷（Lutjanus erythropterus）仔、稚鱼在早期生存和环境适应上的异速生长及器官优先发育生态学意义进行了研究,以期为红鳍笛鲷人工繁殖、育苗提供参考资料。以17日龄为红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼的区分时期,结果表明,红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸摄食和游泳等器官快速分化,均存在异速生长现象。在头部器官中,吻长、口宽、眼径和头高在仔鱼期均为正异速生长,稚鱼期吻长为等速生长,口宽、眼径和头高为负异速生长。在身体各部位中,仔鱼期头长和体高为正异速生长,躯干部和尾长为负异速生长;稚鱼期体高和躯干长为正异速生长,头长和尾长为等速生长;在游泳器官中,仔鱼期红鳍笛鲷背鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍为正异速生长,胸鳍为等速生长,稚鱼期臀鳍为正异速生长,腹鳍、胸鳍和尾鳍为等速生长,背鳍为负异速生长。红鳍笛鲷这些关键器官的快速发育,使外源性营养开始后以最小的代谢损耗获得了生存能力的显著提升,对挑战和适应纷繁变换的外界压力具有重要的生态学意义。     

剪掉鳍的鲫鱼运动现象的观察

在“鲫鱼”一节的小实验中提到,剪掉胸鳍和腹鳍的鲫鱼及剪掉尾鳍的鲫鱼,与保留全部鳍的鲫鱼对比,它们的游泳姿态和速度有什么不同？对这一小实验,我们不仅按课本上的要求进行了操作,而且还对这个实验进行了改进,做了较深入的研究和观察。1剪掉不同奇鳍的情况1．1只剪去背鳍：鲫鱼能侧立水中;运动时速度和方向基本同于正常鱼,只是身体略微有点摆动。1．2只剪去臀鳍：鲫鱼的平衡和运动情况与正常鱼无明显差别。1．3只剪去尾鳍：鲫鱼能侧立水中,尾部明显上翘;运动时,速度明显减慢,尾部摆动幅度较大,转弯不灵活。2剪掉不同偶鳍的情…     

青鱼逃逸过程中的疾冲-滑行游泳行为

本实验以青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）为研究对象,定性分析了通过电击实验鱼受到惊吓而产生的快速逃逸游泳行为,并定量分析了其疾冲游泳过程中加速度、最大疾冲游泳加速度和减速过程中的加速度。在自然光照下,保持实验水温为（20.0±1.0）℃。青鱼的3种不同体长规格分别为稚鱼（9.21±1.89）cm（n=30）、幼鱼（17.83±2.67）cm（n=30）和亚成体（61.45±0.80）cm（n=10）。实验过程中发现实验鱼逃逸游泳行为主要以疾冲-滑行的游泳方式进行,即实验鱼到达最大疾冲速度后身体保持固定直线不变的形式减速。3种实验体长的青鱼,其对应的最大绝对逃逸速度分别为（1.261±0.279）m/s、（1.542±0.280）m/s和（2.292±0.567）m/s,到达最大逃逸速度的时间分别为（0.249±0.089）s、（0.293±0.067）s和(0.216±0.024) s,对应的最大相对逃逸速度（实验鱼每秒内游泳距离相对于体长的倍数）分别为（13.694±3.032）BL/s、（8.648±1.571）BL/s和（3.729±0.923）BL/s。单因素方差分析表明,实验鱼的绝对疾冲速度随体长的增加而增加,亚成体的最大疾冲游泳速度显著大于稚鱼（P<0.05）;相对疾冲速度随体长的增加而减小,3种实验鱼之间的最大相对疾冲游泳速度均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;亚成体的绝对滑行游泳加速度的绝对值显著高于幼鱼和稚鱼(P<0.05）。3种实验鱼之间的相对滑行加速度不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）。     

云南鲿科鱼类一新记录——越南拟鲿

于2007年11月5日在云南省河口县八字河采集到鱼类标本共57尾。其中6尾标本经鉴定为云南省鲿科鱼类一新记录种——越南拟鲿(Pseudobagrus kyphus)。本种的主要鉴别特征为:须四对,颌须短,不达胸鳍起点;脂鳍存在,后缘游离,不与尾柄相连;臀鳍条16–18;胸鳍和背鳍骨质硬刺强,前缘光滑,后缘具锯齿;背鳍上部具一明显黑斑,尾鳍上、下叶具很宽的黑缘。     

中国广西盲鳅一新种——环江高原鳅(英文)

2007年4月,在广西壮族自治区环江县川山镇乐衣村附近一洞穴采集到一批盲鳅类标本。经鉴定,为高原鳅属(Triplophysa)鱼类一新种,被命名为环江高原鳅(Triplophysa huangjiangensis)。该新种以以下组合特征与高原鳅属的其他已知种类相区别:无眼;通体无鳞;尾鳍分叉;尾柄上、下叶具发达的软鳍褶;背鳍后缘平截;背鳍起点距尾鳍基的距离短于距吻端的距离;背鳍分枝鳍条数为8~9;胸鳍分枝鳍条数为10~11;腹鳍分枝鳍条数为6~7;臀鳍分枝鳍条数为6;尾鳍分枝数为13~14;胸鳍长为胸鳍起点至腹鳍起点间距的52.3%~70.7%;腹鳍起点位于背鳍起点之前下方;外侧吻须最长,为侧面头长的47.0%~73.8%;前鼻孔位于一短管中,末端延长呈须状;鳔后室发达,末端可伸达腹鳍起点。     

梭鱼早期发育阶段体色形成与鳍的分化

采集池塘育苗的39日龄之前的梭鱼(Liza haematocheila)仔、稚、幼鱼,对其早期发育阶段体色的变化以及鳍的发生、发育进行了连续观察。初孵仔鱼体表不具黑色素,仅卵黄囊具黑色素,孵化后2日龄体表黑色素增加,鳍膜无色透明。8日龄仔鱼开始变得不透明,腹侧有黑色线状斑点。在18~19日龄仔鱼转化为稚鱼时,鱼体背部具大量雪花状黑色素颗粒,在透色光下可观察到淡黄色斑点(黄色素)。30日龄幼鱼与成鱼相似,体表具淡白色,背褐腹白。梭鱼仔鱼在早期发育阶段各鳍的发育顺序是:胸鳍→尾鳍→腹鳍→背鳍→臀鳍→第二鳍棘。初孵仔鱼,鳍褶从头部后缘向后绕过尾部,终止于卵黄囊后缘油球外侧。2日龄仔鱼具胸鳍芽,全身由鳍膜包裹,5日龄仔鱼胸鳍和尾鳍鳍膜已具有相当的运动能力,能够起到推动和维持身体平衡的作用。梭鱼鳍在早期发育过程中最明显的变化是尾鳍的生长和鳍节的发育。梭鱼仔鱼在12日龄时出现腹鳍棘芽基,15日龄时第二背鳍棘出现。17日龄,尾椎骨向上弯曲,尾鳍基本发育完成,长鳍条16根,具10节,中间几根棘条末三节二向分叉,短鳍条上下各6~8根;背鳍有鳍条11根,具5节,最外侧鳍棘具刺,基部有支鳍骨。至30日龄,梭鱼幼鱼各鳍发育完全,与成鱼相似。     

中国金线鱼科鱼类一新纪录

2008年10月在广西北海市侨港镇渔港码头采获金线鱼科Nemipteridae、金线鱼属Nemipterus鱼类标本2尾,经鉴定为红棘金线鱼Nemipterus nemurus(Bleeker,1857),系我国鱼类1新纪录.其主要特征为:体延长,侧扁,体背缘前部陡高;眼较大;上颌前端具大犬牙3～4对;第1鳃弓上鳃耙钝而短,鳃耙数12～13枚;体被中等大薄弱栉鳞,侧线鳞50～53枚;背鳍X-9,臀鳍Ⅲ-7;胸鳍和腹鳍长,末端可达肛门;尾鳍叉形,上叶末端呈丝状延长.新鲜标本全身桃红色,具银白色金属光泽;体侧有2条较宽的黄色纵带;背鳍鳍膜浅黄色,背鳍前2枚鳍棘间的鳍膜上半部鲜红色;尾鳍浅红色,尾鳍上叶丝状延长呈金黄色.     

大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼仔鱼形态发育及生长

通过人工干法授精获得大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼的受精卵,观察了实验室孵化培育条件下的仔鱼形态变化过程。结果表明:在平均水温为11.86℃(9.0~16.0℃)下胚胎历时9 d出膜。初孵仔鱼全长11.65 mm±0.27 mm,鳃弓、口凹和肛门原基明显,眼色素和胸鳍原基出现,肌节43对(12+20+11),心跳140~160次/min。出膜9 d,仔鱼肠道贯通,鳔雏形和背鳍原基出现。臀鳍原基出现和尾鳍分叉分别于出膜后13 d和16 d发生。出膜19 d,腹鳍原基出现,此时背鳍鳍条4~6枚,臀鳍鳍条2~4枚。出膜32 d,鱼体全长22.99 mm±0.65 mm,除存在少量鳍褶外,基本具备成鱼的形态特征。仔鱼卵黄于出膜第12天吸收完全,卵黄囊体积与出膜后天数呈显著的多项式相关(P0.01)。体长、全长、头长和肛后长的生长均呈明显的二项式关系。研究结果丰富了大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼早期发育生物学资料,为人工养殖研究等提供参考。     

大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼异速生长及其生态学意义

运用实验生态学的方法, 对大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)卵黄囊期仔鱼的异速生长及器官优先发育在早期生存和环境适应上的生态学意义进行了研究。结果表明, 大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼的感觉、摄食, 呼吸和游泳等器官快速分化, 许多关键器官均存在异速生长现象。在身体各部分中, 头部和尾部为正异速生长, 躯干部为负异速生长, 体高有先增大后减小的趋势; 在头部器官中, 眼径、口宽、吻长和眼后头长均为正异速生长; 在游泳器官中, 胸鳍、腹鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、背鳍基、臀鳍基和尾鳍均为正异速生长, 脂鳍为负异速生长, 其中, 腹鳍在全长25.31 mm、12日龄出现生长拐点, 但拐点前后均为正异速生长。大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼感觉、摄食, 呼吸和游泳等器官的快速发育, 使出膜后的仔鱼在最短的时间内获得了与早期生存密切相关的各种能力, 对适应复杂多变的外界环境具有重要的生态学意义。       

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。