中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(二)：植夫橐吾的名实订正

通过文献和标本考证,发现《中国植物志》第77卷第2分册和《Flora of China》第20~21卷中均误将黑穗橐吾(Ligularia melanothyrsa Hand.-Mazz.)鉴定为植夫橐吾(L. fangiana Hand.-Mazz.),而真正的植夫橐吾应处理为川鄂橐吾[L. wilsoniana (Hemsl.) Greenm.]的异名。     

中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(三)：芥形橐吾、岷县橐吾和半裂橐吾的名实订正

将芥形橐吾（Ligularia brassicoides Hand.-Mazz.）、岷县橐吾（L. ianthochaeta C. C. Chang）和半裂橐吾（L. paradoxa Hand.-Mazz. var. palmatifida S. W. Liu     

中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(一)：狭舌橐吾的名实订正

由于对模式标本考证有误,狭舌橐吾(Ligularia angustiligulata C.C.Chang)长期以来被处理为沼生橐吾[L.lamarum(Diels)C.C.Chang]的异名。经我们考证,狭舌橐吾的主模式应为藏于PE的蔡希陶58004号标本(为唯一有狭舌橐吾的作者张肇骞先生所写定名签的标本),LBG藏有1份同号模式标本,它们与狭舌橐吾的原白完全吻合,而藏于KUN(2份)和SZ(1份)的同号标本与狭舌橐吾的原白在一些重要性状上相冲突,均非狭舌橐吾的模式标本;进而发现狭舌橐吾与叶状鞘橐吾(L.phyllocoleaHand.-Mazz.)在形态上没有本质区别,故应处理为后者的异名,而藏于KUN和SZ的3份标本均属于沼生橐吾。同时还指出长柄橐吾(L.longipes C.C.Chang)的名实有待进一步研究,其模式与叶状鞘橐吾有较大区别,似不宜将其处理为叶状鞘橐吾的异名。     

中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(五):君范橐吾、长毛槖吾和南川橐吾原白中一些排印错误的改正

对我国菊科橐吾属(Ligularia Cass.) 3种植物原白中模式标本引证的排印错误进行了改正。君范橐吾(L. lingiana S.W. Liu)原白中错误地将主模式标本引证为赵清盛82946,实际应为赵清盛、牟克平和杨亚斌8294。长毛槖吾(L. changiana S.W. Liu ex Y. L. Chen & Z. Yu Li)(=L. heterophylla C. C. Chang,为L. heterophylla Rupr.的晚出同名)主模式为蔡希陶59771,但L. heterophylla C. C. Chang 的原白中错误地将主模式标本引证为蔡希陶59711;该号标本属于唇形科的灯笼草[Clinopodium polycephalum (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu & Hsuan]。南川橐吾(L. nanchuanica S. W. Liu)原白中引证的副模式标本熊济华和周子林93871实际应为李国凤63871,前者属于桤叶树科的城口桤叶树(Clethra fargesii Franch.)。     

五种橐吾属植物的核型研究

首次报道了5种国产橐吾属植物的核型,结果如下：东俄洛橐吾(Ligularia tongolensis)核型为2n=58=32m 14sm 12st;侧茎橐吾(L.pleurocaulis)四川稻城居群核型为2n=58=24m 32sm 2st 3～5B,云南中甸居群核型为2n=58=36m 22sm;云南橐吾(L．yunnanensis)核型为2n=58=28m 30sm;叶状鞘橐吾(L．phyllocolea)核型为2n=58=30m 24sm 4st 1B;浅苞橐吾(L．cynthceps)核型为2n=58=24m 34sm。5种橐吾染色体数目都为58。在叶状鞘橐吾和四川稻城产侧茎橐吾中发现有B染色体存在,这在以前对橐吾属及近缘属植物的核型研究中未见报道。     

7种橐吾属植物的核型

研究了7种橐吾属（Ligularia）植物的染色体和核形态。干崖子橐吾（L．kanaitzensis）的核型为2n＝2x＝58＝26m＋28sm 4st;窄头橐吾（L.stenocephala）的核型为2n=2x=58=26m 32sm;细茎橐吾（L.hookeri）的核型为2n=2x=58=30m 26sm 2st;宽戟橐吾（Llatihastata）的核型为2n=2x=58=28m 26sm(2sat) 4st;网脉橐吾（L.dictyoneura）的核型为2n=2x=58=26m 28sm 2st 2t;蹄橐吾（L.hodgsonii）的核型为2n=2x=58=28m 28sm 2t;棉毛橐吾（L.vellerea）的核型为2n=2x=58=22cm 34sm 2t。虽然这7个种的染色体数目相同,2n=58,核型主要是由m和sm染色体构成,但各类的染色体数目在种间有差异。核的对称性高,着丝点端值（T．C）为61．45％－64．96％。除窄头橐吾和鹿蹄橐吾的染色体数与前人报道的相同外,其它5个种的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

青藏高原东部橐吾属三种植物的繁育系统

研究青藏高原东缘分布的箭叶橐吾、黄帚橐吾和掌叶橐吾的繁育系统,箭叶橐吾和黄帚橐吾各自居群中有性生殖和克隆繁殖的权衡关系,分析三种植物的的克隆繁殖与生态适应,探讨橐吾属植物对高寒环境胁迫条件下的适应与进化。结果显示三种橐吾的花果期在6月中旬到10月初,花序为头状花序组成的总状排列。三种橐吾的杂交指数(OCI)均为4,繁育系统以远交为主、部分自交亲和、虫媒、需要传粉者;影响有性生殖成功的因素除昆虫侵食以外,黄帚橐吾和箭叶橐吾低的结实率主要原因是传粉媒介限制。限制结实的主要因素是高寒多风的环境限制了昆虫的活动,访花昆虫数量减少,从而使花粉转移效率降低,导致了低的结实率。植物采取的适应对策:大量开花,延长雌雄配子体的功能期和传粉媒介的泛化等,可见三种橐吾有性生殖的潜力依然很大。箭叶橐吾和黄帚橐吾在自然条件下主要进行有性生殖,在保护草场时,应针对其有性生殖器官采取措施。     

掌叶橐吾挥发油化学成分分析

掌叶橐吾[Ligularia przewalskii (Maxim.)Diels]为菊科(Compositae)橐吾属(Ligularia Cass.)植物,多年生草本,高30～130 cm,生于海拔1 100～3 700 m的河滩、山麓、林缘、林下及灌丛,产四川、青海、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西和内蒙古[1].橐吾属植物药用种类较多,有止咳化痰、活血化瘀、清热解毒、催吐、利尿、利胆退黄等功效[2],许多种类的根及根茎作为中药"紫菀"使用或作为其代用品.掌叶橐吾的根可用于化痰、止咳、平喘,在青海,甘肃天水和文县,陕西宝鸡、眉县和太白等地为当地所习用[3,4].     

七种菊科植物SSR标记在大黄橐吾和奇形橐吾杂交区类群中的通用性检测

牦牛山橐吾(Ligularia×maoniushanensis)是大黄橐吾(L.duciformis)和奇形橐吾(L.paradoxa)的一个自然杂交种。为了研究大黄橐吾和奇形橐吾杂交区类群的杂交关系和遗传结构,本研究利用两个杂交区杂交种及亲本的94个个体,从来自橐吾属、大吴风草属、千里光属和向日葵属7个种中已开发的145对核SSR引物进行筛选。结果表明在所研究的三个类群中至少能在其中一个类群中成功扩增的位点有54个,都能扩增的位点17个。在这17个位点中,牦牛山橐吾中11个位点具多态性,每个位点有2~14个等位基因,平均为4.8个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.053~1.000和0.051~0.887;大黄橐吾中9个位点有多态性,每个位点有3~12个等位基因,平均为7.4个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.200~0.971和0.283~0.844;奇形橐吾中10个位点有多态性,每个位点具4~15个等位基因,平均为7.6个,观测杂合度的值为0.025~0.974,期望杂合度的值为0.097~0.846。以上结果对大黄橐吾和奇形橐吾杂交区类群的杂交程度和遗传结构的进一步研究有重要作用。     

棉毛橐吾和穗序橐吾的自然杂交研究

在棉毛橐吾（Ligulariavellerea）和穗序橐吾（L．subspicata）同域分布的居群中存在形态特征介于两者之间的个体。经分析,这些个体有3种不同的形态类型,可能是这两个物种之间的杂交后代。为检验这一假设,对所采集的假设亲本和中间个体材料进行了核糖体内转录间隔区ITS4—5和叶绿体atpB．rbcL测序。假设杂交个体的ITS直接测序结果具明显的叠加性,之后的克隆测序也分离出两种与假设亲本种相同的序列类型．因此。这些假设杂交个体得到了证实。据母系遗传的叶绿体atpB—rbcL测序结果,穗序橐吾同是它们的质体贡献者,即虽然这些杂交个体具不同的形态特征,但都是以棉毛橐吾和穗序橐吾为亲本且以穗序橐吾为质体贡献者的杂交后代。     

稻城千里光(菊科-千里光族)的名实订正

通过标本(包括模式标本)检查,发现稻城千里光(Senecio daochengensis Y. L. Chen)与黑褐千里光(S. atrofuscus Grierson)属于同一种植物,故将前者处理为后者的异名。提供了黑褐千里光的地理分布图及其与近缘种的检索表。     

Reinstatement of Ocyroe (Compositae: Astereae)

Nardophyllum armatum, a species from the Puna region of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile is here transferred to genus Ocyroe, which in turn is resurrected from the synonymy under Nardophyllum. Ocyroe is characterized by thorny branches, discoid capitula, naked receptacles, glandular corollas with a globose swelling at the base, and a profuse 3- to 5-seriate pappus. The new combination Ocyroe armata and a lectotype for Dolichogyne armata are here presented.     

小五台银莲花(毛茛科)的名实订正(英文)

通过标本检查,发现小五台银莲花(Anemone xiaowutaishanica W.T.WangBing Liu)与银莲花(A.cathayensis Kitag.ex ZimanKadota)属于同一种植物,故将前者处理为后者的异名。由于银莲花属于银莲花亚组[subsection Omalocarpus(DC.)Tamura],故同时将根据小五台银莲花而建立的小五台银莲花组(section Leptothece W.T.WangBing Liu)处理为银莲花亚组的异名。     

Characterization of geographically isolated accessions in five Alstroemeria L. species (Chile) using FISH of tandemly repeated DNA sequences and RAPD analysis

In fifteen geographically isolated populations of five species of Alstroemeria L. (A. aurea, A. hookeri, A. ligtu, A. pelegrina and A. presliana) collected in Chile, karyotypes and variation of RAPD markers were investigated. Tandemly repeated DNA sequences - 5S and 18/25S rDNA genes and the sequence A001-1 (De Jeu et al. 1997) were used to characterize karyotypes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Ten somatic metaphases per population were used for measurement of chromosome length. Differences in RAPD marker bands were used for characterization of populations, creating a similarity index. FISH with all three DNA probes shows a high degree of polymorphism between and sometimes also within accessions of A. aurea, A. hookeri and A. ligtu. The number of chromosome pairs showing 5S rDNA signals is more different for the investigated species A. aurea, A. hookeri, A. ligtu, A. pelegrina and A. presliana with 5, 7, 5, 3 and 7, respectively, than the number of 18/25S rDNA signals in this succession with 7, 7, 6, 5 and 7 chromosome pairs, showing a high evolutionary dynamics within the genus. Furthermore, among the four populations of A. hookeri, accession 4181 was different in arm length of chromosome 3. RAPD markers (index of similarity) also showed a greater genetic distance of accession 4181 from the other three accessions of A. hookeri. The possible evolutionary mechanisms providing these polymorphisms were discussed.     

Eustenopus villosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Feeding of Herbicide-Resistant Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.)

A population of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) near Dayton, Washington developed herbicide resistance in response to repeated applications of picloram and other auxin-type herbicides. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted in 1998 to determine host acceptability and suitability of this herbicide-resistant yellow starthistle population to the biological control weevil Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In choice and no-choice feeding and oviposition experiments using excised buds, the weevil did not demonstrate a consistent preference for either herbicide-resistant (R) or -susceptible (S) yellow starthistle. When caged on buds of intact plants, the E. villosus feeding rate of 97% did not differ between R and S types. Host plant suitability, measured as larval damage and development to adult weevils, was equivalent in R and S types, with weevils maturing in 46% of the R and in 32% of the S capitula bearing oviposition scars. The number of viable achenes per capitulum was reduced by 87% due to larval feeding, with no difference between R and S types. Observations at the field site where resistance was found revealed oviposition scars on 78% of the late-bud-stage capitula on 23 June 1998 and 73% of the flowering and postflowering capitula on 15 August 1998. Selection for herbicide resistance has not created host incompatibility for E. villosus nor reduced the effectiveness of E. villosus as a biological control agent.     

Life history of the tick parasitoid Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Kenya

We conducted laboratory and field experiments to elucidate the life history of Ixodiphagus hookeri, a parasitoid of the ixodid tick Amblyomma variegatum in Western Kenya. Ixodiphagus hookeri females oviposited in unfed host nymphs as well as engorged nymphs, but rarely in engorged larvae. While I. hookeri developed to adults in engorged nymphs, the eggs laid in unfed nymphs disappeared within 2 days after oviposition. As temperature increased, development time of I. hookeri from oviposition to adult emergence in engorged nymphs decreased from 46 days at 23 °C to 35 days at 28 °C, and their immature survival in engorged nymphs decreased from 67% at 23 °C to 22% at 28 °C. No parasitoid adult emerged from hosts at 30 °C. Individual hosts parasitized by single females produced 42–53 adult wasps, 73% of which were females. As a typical pro-ovigenic species, I. hookeri females had an average of 84 mature eggs at emergence and lived only for a few days. When laboratory-reared, unfed nymphs of A. variegatum were attached to cattle for 4–9 days in subsistence farmers’ fields in Western Kenya, 25% of the engorged nymphs and 4% of the unfed nymphs on cattle were parasitized by I. hookeri, demonstrating that I. hookeri females search for and oviposit in A. variegatum nymphs on cattle. Unlike other strains of I. hookeri that overwinter as eggs in unfed nymphs, I. hookeri could continuously reproduce throughout the year in Western Kenya.     

黄算珠树(叶下珠科)的名实订正

黄算珠树(Glochidion fortunei Hance)在《中国植物志》和《Flora of China》中被处理为算盘子[G.puber(L.)Hutch.]的异名,但在《广东植物志》中则作为独立物种所收录。基于形态特征比较和文献研究,黄算珠树与台闽算盘子(G.rubrum Blume)实为同种,故将黄算珠树处理为台闽算盘子的异名。另外,将算盘子的学名由Glochidion puberum纠正为G.puber。     

福贡银莲花(毛茛科)与光叶银莲花属于同一分类实体

通过标本检查,发现福贡银莲花(Anemone yulongshanica W.T.Wang var.glabrescens W.T.Wang)(毛茛科)与光叶银莲花(A.obtusiloba D.Don ssp.leiophylla W.T.Wang)没有本质区别,应属于同一分类实体,故将前者处理为后者的异名。     

The movement of involucral bracts of Syngonanthus elegans (Eriocaulaceae-Poales): Anatomical and ecological aspects

Syngonanthus elegans flowers are distributed in capitula whose involucral bracts open and close in a diurnal rhythm. The anatomy of these bracts was studied to understand how such movements occur and how it influences reproductive ecology of the species. The involucral bracts have a single layered epidermis composed of thick-walled cells on the abaxial surface, which are responsible for the movement. Since they are hygroscopic, these cells swell when they absorb water from the surrounding environment, causing the bracts to bend and the capitula to close. In natural conditions, the capitula open by day, when temperature increases and the relative air humidity decreases, and close at night, when temperature decreases and the relative air humidity increases. The involucral bracts may thus protect the flowers from abiotic factors, exposing them only at the time of the day when temperature is higher and insects are more active, favoring pollination by small insects. The closed capitula do not only protect the flowers, but they also function as a shelter for floral visitors as Brachiacantha australe (Coccinellidae) and Eumolpini sp. (Chrysomelidae). These small Coleoptera pollinate the flowers of S. elegans during the day and remain within the closed capitula during the night, in a possible mutualistic relationship.