中国算盘子属植物省级分布新记录

报道了叶下珠科算盘子属4种植物在中国6个省区的分布新记录,其中贵州分布新记录有圆果算盘子［Glochidion sphaerogynum (Müll. Arg.) Kurz］,广东分布新记录有宽果算盘子(G. oblatum Hook. f.)和台闽算盘子(G. rubrum Blume),海南和广西分布新记录有宽果算盘子,湖南分布新记录有湖北算盘子(G. wilsonii Hutch.),浙江分布新记录有台闽算盘子。     

云雾算盘子(叶下珠科)分类小记

云雾算盘子(Glochidion nubigenum Hook. f.)于1988年被描述为中国分布新记录种,但同时所引证的凭证标本(李渤生、程树志4533;采于西藏墨脱)实际属于米什米算盘子(G. mishmiense Hook. f.),而《中国植物志》及Flora of China等分类学著作中关于云雾算盘子的形态特征描述与上述凭证标本及云雾算盘子原始形态描述均不符,因此前人关于云雾算盘子在中国的分布记录属于标本鉴定错误所致。近期在西藏日喀则市亚东县的野外考察中发现了真正的云雾算盘子野生居群,证实中国确实有该种分布,故对该种在中国的地理分布区信息予以修正,并提供了该种详细的形态特征描述与野外活体图片。     

中国算盘子属植物（大戟科）2新记录种

报道了2种算盘子属植物多室算盘子(Glochidion multiloculare (Rottler ex Willd.) Voigt)和南亚算盘子(Glochidion moonii Thwaites)在中国的分布新记录。     

中国算盘子属(叶下珠科)一些种的分类学处理

算盘子属(Glochidion J.R.G.Forst.)是叶下珠科(Phyllanthaceae)叶下珠族(Phyllantheae)中一个分类极为困难的类群。基于广泛野外考察与馆藏标本查阅,对中国该属部分物种进行分类学处理。其中,长柱算盘子[G.khasicum(Müll.Arg.)Hook.f.]与倒卵叶算盘子(G.obovatum SieboldZucc.)在中国的分布予以排除,菲岛算盘子[G.philippicum(Cav.)C.B.Rob.]在中国被发现仅分布于台湾地区;G.bodinieri H.Lév.,G.pseudo-obscurum var.glabrum Pamp.与G.pseudo-obscurum var.lanceolatum Pamp.这三个名称被处理为湖北算盘子(G.wilsonii Hutch.)的新异名;G.vaniotii H.Lév.被排除在算盘子属外,并接受为芸香科臭常春(Orixa japonica Thunb.)的异名。另外,对G.khasicum(Müll.Arg.)Hook.f.,G.obovatum SieboldZucc.,G.philippicum(Cav.)C.B.Rob.,G.pseudo-obscurum var.lanceolatum Pamp.及G.wilsonii Hutch.这五个名称进行了后选模式的指定。     

白毛算盘子(叶下珠科)在中国无分布

长期以来,白毛算盘子(Glochidion arborescens Blume)被认为广布于中国云南西部至南部地区。该研究基于多年野外考察及标本查阅工作发现,由于白毛算盘子在中国的分布实为标本错误鉴定所致,相关错误鉴定的标本绝大部分属于绒毛算盘子 [G. heyneanum(Wight & Arn.)Wight],少部分属于里白算盘子(G. acuminatum var. acuminatum Müll. Arg.)、毛果算盘子(G. eriocarpum Champ. ex Benth.)、艾胶算盘子 [G. lancolarium(Roxb.)Voigt]或厚叶算盘子 [G. zeylanicum var. tomentosum(Dalzell)Trimen]等物种,故在此将白毛算盘子在中国的分布予以排除。另外,对白毛算盘子进行了后选模式指定,并提供了白毛算盘子与相关混淆种的物种检索表。     

厚叶算盘子的化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

从厚叶算盘子(Glochidion hirsutum)的乙醇提取物中,用硅胶和凝胶柱层析分离得到8个化合物,通过波谱学方法鉴定为bergenin(1),isovitexin(2),isovitexin 7-O-xyloside(3),decoumaroylibotanolide(4),n-butyl-α-D-fructofuranoside(5),n-butyl-β-D-fructofuranoside(6),4-O-ethylgallic acid(7),3-O-methylgallic acid(8)。以上化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

iFlora与植物志修订的若干思考——以杜鹃花科白珠树属为例

结合现代植物学、DNA测序与信息等关键技术而产生的新一代智能植物志（iFlora）,其研发中最首要和迫切的任务之一就是如何将前沿、准确和完善的植物数据信息进行特色整合及智能化处理,为用户提供一个客观而科学的,具理论和实际应用为一体的植物学知识共享平台,并有效地为国民经济发展提供有价值的植物资源信息渠道。本文简要介绍了与传统植物志和目前常用的电子植物志数据库相区别的iFlora数据信息的分级内容、特点和功能,并强调了作为iFlora的核心数据信息,即用于物种鉴定的植物DNA条形码、关键形态学分类特征、植物图像等识别数据,以及分子系统发育数据等。以杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）白珠树属（Gaultheria）和其属下红粉白珠（G.hookeri）为例,介绍了iFlora采用的三类数据（核心数据、基础数据和拓展数据）构成的三级信息及其功能,同时探讨了信息整合时可能遇到的问题。     

中国小檗属二新异名

通过模式标本检查以及原始文献分析,对《中国植物志》(第29卷)小檗属未收录的2种植物进行了分类修订,将Berberisheteropsis Ahrendt处理为鳞叶小檗B.lepidifolia Ahrendt的异名;将B.mairei Ahrendt处理为西山小檗B.wangii Schneid.的异名。     

我国地方植物志出版情况简介(七)

在《广西植物》第21卷第4期381～382页刊登了我国地方植物志出版情况简介(六)之后,又有一些地方植物志陆续出版,为了及时反映我国地方植物志的出版状况,作者根据最近收集的资料,将这些信息简介如下,供大家参考,遗漏之处,还望广大读者多加批评指正。1.《湖南植物志》,第2卷(2000),含裸子植物和被子植物的杨梅科至芍药科。该志计划出7卷,包括蕨类植物、裸子植物和被子植物,其中蕨类植物按秦仁昌(1978)系统,裸子植物按郑万钧(1977)系统,被子植物按恩格勒Ａ.Ｅｎｇｌｅｒ(1964)系统。2.《广东植物志》,第4卷(2000),包括裸子植物中的10科和被…     

中国分类学文献中Swietenia mahagoni之订正

通过调查,对Swietenia mahagoni的后选模式、S.macrophylla的主模式与中国分类学文献(如《植物分类学报》、《广州植物志》、《中国高等植物图鉴》、《云南植物志》、《广东植物志》、《中国植物志》和《中国高等植物》)的S.mahagoni作比较,证实中国分类学文献将S.mahagoni和S.macrophylla相混,上述分类学文献中的S.mahagon是S.macrophylla King。桃花心木(S.mahagoni(L.)Jacq.)的羽状复叶及小叶较短,小叶长度绝不超过10 cm,果卵球形,长度绝不超过15 cm;而大叶桃花心木(S.macrophylla King)的羽状复叶及小叶较长,总有一部分小叶的长度超过10 cm,果长卵球形,长12~22 cm。     

柳杉种植对黔西南喀斯特山区金发藓沼泽植物群落和储水功能的影响

藓类沼泽对喀斯特山区生物多样性维持和水源涵养有重要作用,需加强人工林种植对喀斯特山区藓类沼泽生态功能影响的研究。以黔西南典型金发藓沼泽为研究对象,分析了人工柳杉林对林下金发藓植物群落和金发藓沼泽储水功能的影响。主要研究结果为：1）柳杉种植对金发藓植物群落有负面影响。随柳杉密度增加,林下金发藓植物群落的盖度、平均高度和物种多样性显著下降;2）表层土壤含水量是金发藓沼泽储水量的主要贡献者。柳杉种植显著提高了干季表层土壤的含水量,但高密度柳杉林显著降低了雨季表层土壤的含水量;柳杉种植未对干季金发藓含水量造成影响,低密度柳杉林显著提高了雨季金发藓植物的含水量;3）柳杉密度对金发藓沼泽生态系统储水量的影响存在明显季节差异：在雨季呈负影响,在干季呈正影响;4）柳杉种植有利于维持金发藓沼泽储水能力的稳定性,尤其是当柳杉密度较低时这种效果更明显。表明人工柳杉林对金发藓沼泽的影响是非线性的,合适密度的柳杉种植可提升金发藓沼泽的储水能力。     

桐-药复合经营模式下泡桐丛枝菌根真菌群落结构特征

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,研究江西鄱阳湖周边平原岗地的泡桐纯林及桐-药复合经营模式(泡桐-玉竹、泡桐-麦冬和泡桐-射干)下泡桐丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi, AMF)群落结构特征。研究发现,泡桐AMF群落主要由球囊霉科、巨孢囊霉科、无梗囊霉科和多孢囊霉科组成,其中球囊霉科真菌占绝对优势,但不同科的相对丰度在不同经营模式下仍存在差异。与泡桐纯林相比,桐-药复合经营模式会降低泡桐菌根侵染率及AMF群落多样性。只有泡桐-射干经营模式中的泡桐含有多孢囊霉科真菌,且相对多度占2.73%。研究结果表明桐-药复合经营模式下中药材种类的差异会不同程度地改变泡桐AMF的群落结构。这为进一步研究桐-药复合经营模式下泡桐AMF的生态功能和资源利用提供了科学依据。     

Larvae of the invasive species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Limnoperna fortunei</Emphasis> (Bivalvia) in the diet of fish larvae in the Paraná River,Argentina

To assess the trophic impact of the planktonic larvae of the invasive Asian bivalve Limnoperna fortunei, introduced in South America around 1990, we investigated the gut contents of fish larvae collected at monthly intervals between October 2000 and March 2001 at three locations along a 600 km stretch of the Paraná River, and during November 2004 in two areas of marginal lagoons connected to the river near the city of San Nicolás, Argentina. Zooplankton was also collected in the lagoons in 2004. In total, 11,956 fish larvae were retrieved, of which 1,511 were used for detailed analyses. Of the 15 fish taxa collected, 11 had veligers of L. fortunei in their gut. Fish larvae with empty guts represented 60% (San Nicolás) to 72% (Paraná River) of the total number of fish. Proportions of feeding fish larvae with L. fortunei veligers in their guts varied between 20% (San Nicolás) and 56% (Paraná River); in 15% of the guts analyzed, L. fortunei was the only food item recorded. For those specimens that had consumed L. fortunei larvae and any other food item, L. fortunei was the most important item in 55% (Paraná River) to 71% (San Nicolás) of the animals in terms of biomass. No major temporal or spatial changes in the diet were observed along the Paraná River, but the relative biomass contribution of L. fortunei larvae differed strongly in fishes of different developmental stage. In protolarvae and mesolarvae, veligers accounted for 30–35% of the gut contents. In metalarvae, veligers accounted for only 3%, indicating enhanced food supply for the earliest fish life stages. Comparison of the relative proportions of the three main zooplankton types (L. fortunei veligers, cladocerans, and copepods) in the water and in larval fish guts indicates that L. fortunei is always selected positively over the other two prey types. While our results strongly suggest that the expansion of L. fortunei results in an enhanced food supply for local fish populations, they do not necessarily imply that the overall effect on the ecosystem in general, and on the fish fauna in particular is beneficial.     

Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulownia Taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA

Genomic DNA of Paulownia fortunei, P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana were amplified with 10-base primers of arbitrary sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 351 DNA fragments were amplified from 23 primers and of these 265 fragments (75.5%) were polymorphic. Almost all of the PCR-amplified products of P. taiwaniana were shared by either P. fortunei or P. kawakamii, or both, and the number of polymorphic fragments shared by P. taiwaniana and P. fortunei was about equivalent to those shared by P. taiwaniana and P. kawakamii. Restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) purified from Paulownia species and from reciprocal crosses between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii were analyzed. Restriction enzyme SalI-digested cpDNA showed an identical pattern in both P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana. These results further support the hypothesis that P. taiwaniana is the natural hybrid between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii and that the maternal parent of P. taiwaniana is P. kawakamii.This work was supported in part by the National Science Council (NSC-80-0409-B-054-06), Republic of China     

Shell growth of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mytilidae), in the Río de la Plata, Argentina

The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is an invasive freshwater bivalve. Since its introduction to Argentina, it had caused damage to the native fauna as well as economic damage to industries of the region. Here, we describe the growth of L. fortunei in a natural temperate environment in Argentina. Age was estimated according to the modal progression method. The constants in the von Bertalanffy growth model were adjusted by an iterative algorithm. Three annual cohorts had similar growth rates. The estimated t ₀ for each cohort showed a temporary displacement in relation to the spawning period.     

中国哥纳香属(番荔枝科)植物新资料

番荔枝科(Annonaceae)是基部被子植物木兰目(Magnoliales)中较进化且物种数最多的科。目前的系统发育研究将番荔枝科划分为4个亚科,即蒙蒿子亚科(Anaxagoreoideae)、澄光木亚科(Ambavioideae)、番荔枝亚科(Annonoideae)和排石木亚科(Malmeoideae),有107属,2 400多种,中国原产21 属约110 种。番荔枝科泛热带分布,是热带植物区系的优势类群,中国云南盈江位于云南省最西部边境,与缅甸东北部接壤,并与印度的东阿萨姆较近,植物区系处于东南亚(印度—马来西亚)热带生物区系向东亚亚热带-温带生物区系的过渡地带,属典型热带北缘性质,在植被地理和生物地理上十分重要,成为生物多样性保护的关键和热点地区。该区的热带雨林是印度阿萨姆和缅甸北部的热带雨林向东和向北扩散分布的边缘类型,是东南亚热带雨林在纬度和海拔分布上的极限类型。该文报道了采自中国云南省盈江县,引种保存于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园的番荔枝科哥纳香属2个中国新记录种,即皱叶哥纳香 [Goniothalamus sesquipedalis(Colebr. ex Wall.)Hook. f. & Thomson]和长梗哥纳香(G. peduncularis King & Prain)。Flora of China将盈江哥纳香(G. lii X. L. Hou & Y. M. Shui)处理为云南哥纳香(G. yunnanensis W. T. Wang)的异名,基于活植物观察、馆藏标本和文献研究,该文对盈江哥纳香的分类地位进行了澄清,将其处理为长梗哥纳香的异名。皱叶哥纳香原记载产于印度、孟加拉国和缅甸等地,长梗哥纳香仅产于缅甸,该文对它们进行了补充描述,并提供彩色图版以便于鉴别。凭证标本存放于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园标本馆(HITBC)。哥纳香属2个新记录的发现,丰富了中国番荔枝科植物多样性的认识,为中国云南热带植物区系属于热带亚洲(印度—马来西亚)植物区系,以及与缅甸北部、印度东北部植物区系的关系增加了例证。     

The effect of magnetic field on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paulownia</Emphasis> tissue cultures

In this study, in vitro tissue cultures of Paulownia tomentosa and Paulownia fortunei were prepared and then exposed to a magnetic flow density of 2.9–4.8 mT and 1 m s⁻¹ flow rate for a period of 0, 2.2, 6.6 and 19.8 s. The magnetic field (MF) increased the regeneration capability of Paulownia cultures and shortened the regeneration time. On the 28th day of culture, the positive effect of magnetic field on plant fresh weight, length, number of leaves and chlorophyll content in node explants of P. tomentosa and P. fortunei was observed. It was found that this effect varied with exposure time. When the cultures were exposed to a magnetic field with strength of 2.9–4.8 mT for 19.8 s, the regenerated P. tomentosa and P. fortunei plants dominated the control plants.     

Diversity of root-associated fungal endophytes in Rhododendron fortunei in subtropical forests of China

To investigate the diversity of root endophytes in Rhododendron fortunei, fungal strains were isolated from the hair roots of plants from four habitats in subtropical forests of China. In total, 220 slow-growing fungal isolates were isolated from the hair roots of R. fortunei. The isolates were initially grouped into 17 types based on the results of internal transcribed spacer-restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) analysis. ITS sequences were obtained for representative isolates from each RFLP type and compared phylogenetically with known sequences of ericoid mycorrhizal endophytes and selected ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences in GenBank, 15 RFLP types were confirmed as ascomycetes, and two as basidiomycetes; nine of these were shown to be ericoid mycorrhizal endophytes in experimental cultures. The only common endophytes of R. fortunei were identified as Oidiodendron maius at four sites, although the isolation frequency (3–65%) differed sharply according to habitat. Phialocephala fortinii strains were isolated most abundantly from two habitats which related to the more acidic soil and pine mixed forests. A number of less common mycorrhizal RFLP types were isolated from R. fortunei at three, two, or one of the sites. Most of these appeared to have strong affinities for some unidentified root endophytes from Ericaceae hosts in Australian forests. We concluded that the endophyte population isolated from R. fortunei is composed mainly of ascomycete, as well as a few basidiomycete strains. In addition, one basidiomycete strain was confirmed as a putative ericoid mycorrhizal fungus.     

High connectivity and migration potentiate the invasion of Limnoperna fortunei (Mollusca: Mytilidae) in South America

Even after almost 30 years of Limnoperna fortunei introduction into South America, it is still unclear how the source and propagules are connected. Here, we present genetic evidence of population connectivity and gene flow of L. fortunei propagules from Asia into South America, proposing the main invasion routes into South America. To achieve that we expanded the sampling effort to cover all occurrence points of L. fortunei in South America. We sequenced the mtDNA COI gene and genotyped eight microsatellite loci (ML), and we evaluated the genetic source of the recently introduced population in Sobradinho hydroelectric power plant reservoir in Northeast Brazil. Our results revealed that China is the main genetic source of propagules for the Sobradinho population. We also found COI haplotypes and ML genotypes unique to South American populations, demonstrating a bridgehead effect likely caused by local mutation, adaptation, and admixture patterns that are maintained by high levels of gene flow among them. However, two genetic barriers were also detected. We concluded that L. fortunei is a well-established invader and is still rapidly expanding in Brazil, and the Amazon hydrographic basin is under an alarming threat of invasion.