白头鹎春季食性及取食空间生态位的初步研究

2004年2月11日~6月10日,用直接观察法中的随机取样法和扫描取样法,对四川南充市及郊区(北纬30°41′~30°51′,东经106°01′~106°07′)白头鹎的食性和取食空间生态位进行了研究。结果显示:白头鹎为杂食性鸟类,主要在乔木树冠、灌丛、菜地、草地和空中取食约30种植物的芽、嫩叶、花、花蜜、果实及昆虫。在育雏以前以植物性食物为主,动物性食物的频次仅占食物总频次的1.77%。育雏时,其捕食动物性食物的频次占食物总频次的55%。     

黄腹角雉的食性研究

报逍了黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)的全年食谱以及繁殖期嗉囊内容物分析。以地面觅食为主,取食植物叶、芽、果实和种子,偶食小型动物。繁殖期食物的干重百分比是:植物性食物占97.89％,其中果实、种子及嫩叶含量分别为48.20％,37.13％和12.56％;动物性食物占2.11％,主要为鳞翅目幼虫。     

帽儿山地区秋季食果实鸟类的食性与迁徙

野外研究于2002和2003年秋季在帽儿山地区进行。帽儿山地区秋季可供鸟类取食的肉质果植物种类繁多,黄檗(Phellodendronamurense)和山荆子(Malusbaccata)是最主要的两种植物。帽儿山地区迁徙性食果实鸟类共9种,包括夏候鸟和旅鸟5种,冬候鸟4种。主要的食果实鸟类是斑鸫(Turdusnaumanni)、灰背鸫(T.hortulorum)和北朱雀(Carpodacusroseus),前两种为食果肉鸟类,后一种是食种子鸟类。斑鸫主要取食黄檗果实,灰背鸫主要取食山荆子果实,北朱雀主要取食黄檗种子。食果实鸟类在秋季也捕食一些动物性食物。3种主要食果实鸟类的迁徙日期不同。灰背鸫最先迁离,斑鸫稍晚,北朱雀最后到此越冬。果实丰歉年对鸟类的迁徙有一定的影响。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区岩松鼠生态的初步观察

2000～2002年的4～10月,在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)的生态进行了研究。表明该鼠的种群密度在全区为3．33只／km^2,5～7月为繁殖期,年繁殖1次,每胎产仔3～5只,产后48天小鼠与母鼠分居。岩松鼠喜食松籽及农作物种子,在食物组成中植物性食物占90．28％,动物性食物占9．72％。     

密点麻蜥的食性及摄食的季节性变化

分析甘肃民勤２０９只成体和４３只幼体密点麻蜥胃含物表明,密点麻蜥是以动物性食物为主的杂食性动物,主要以甲虫和白刺果为食．成体出蛰后即开始强烈摄自,摄食率均在８３％以上．食性季节性变化显著,春季仅以动物为食,夏季动物性和植物性食物各半,秋季植物性食物占１／３．食物种类多样性和营养生态位宽度随体形增大而增加．     

红腹角雉的食性研究

１９９３年１１月至１９９１年１０月,利用无线电遥测装置,以直接观察法,取食痕迹检查法为主,以粪便分析和嗉囊及胃内容物分析法为辅对贵州仙人山地区红腹角雉全年的食性作了研究。获知其取食８７种食物,其中植物性食物占９４．３％,动物性食物占５．７％。     

青藏高原可可西里地区藏棕熊暖季食性及采食行为模式

藏棕熊(Ursus arctos pruinosus)是青藏高原特有的棕熊亚种,作者曾对该地区藏棕熊夏季食性进行了初步报道(Xu et al,2006),然而,藏棕熊的采食行为模式一直未见报道。2009年7-8月,作者又对可可西里地区藏棕熊食性及采食行为模式做了补充调查研究,对两次考察所获得的数据进行了整合分析,研究结果表明,该地区藏棕熊主要以动物性食物为主,其中,高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的相对频次为37.3%和干物质量为44.7%,下同);野牦牛(Bos grunniens)分别为18.7%和30.2%;藏羚(Pantholops hodgsoni)分别为15.0%和16.2%。藏棕熊在可可西里地区有两种采食行为模式:主动捕食高原鼠兔和采食藏羚、藏原羚和野牦牛尸体。观察期间藏棕熊约用10%的时间挖掘高原鼠兔的洞穴捕捉高原鼠兔,但未见藏棕熊主动捕食大型哺乳动物。粪样分析结果发现,藏棕熊主动捕食的高原鼠兔和喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)和通过食腐方式获得的藏羚、藏原羚和野牦牛的生物量基本相等。     

北京市三个区域食肉类动物食性的比较分析

为了解北京地区捕食性动物的生存竞争关系,于2002年采用样线法收集北京松山、云蒙山、雾灵山3个区域的食肉动物粪便样品85份,并以食物残留物出现频率法进行了食性分析。粪样主要属于犬科的貉和赤狐、鼬科的黄鼬和猪獾、猫科的豹猫。粪样内容物的鉴定发现,此类动物的食物构成以小型哺乳类为主,鼠类的出现频率为82.4%,植物的出现率(54.1%)列为第二位,鸟类的出现率为31.8%,大型猎物的出现率仅为8.3%。犬科动物赤狐和貉的食物构成以棕背(50%)、植物(42.9%)和鼠科动物(40.5%)为主;猫科豹猫的食物构成中植物的出现率为72.4%,其次为鸟类(62.1%)和鼠科动物(48.3%),在生态旅游开发强度较大的区域塑料制品的出现率较高。通过对犬科动物和豹猫的食物生态位重叠度和生态位宽度的比较,讨论了捕食性动物的共存与竞争关系。     

广州地区犬蝠的食性

2004年5月-2006年4月采用拾遗法、粪便内容物分析法及实地观察对广州地区常见的食果蝙蝠-犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)进行了食性研究。对26份食物残留物和粪便样品的分析结果表明:犬蝠的食物包含13科21种的植物果实,3科3种的植物叶片,如:蒲桃(Syzygium jambos)、蒲葵(Livistona subglobosa)及龙眼(Dimocarous longan)的果实。其食性随果实的成熟季节而出现明显的季节性变化,夏秋两季大量食用各种水果,而在食物欠缺的春冬两季则主要食用棕榈科蒲葵的种子。广州地区犬蝠的繁殖期在每年的5-10月。     

湖泊放流二龄河蟹的食性

在保安湖一围栏区（3.3hm^2）周年采样,共获得可供食性和的二龄河蟹362只（壳宽1.99-6.24cm）。胃含物分析表明,河蟹为杂食性,兼具肉食性倾向,以底层群落为食,食谱极为复杂,包括水生大型植物、藻类（47个属）、原生动物、轮虫、节肢动物、环节动物、动物、鱼类和颗粒碎屑,各大类食物的出现频率分别为87.3%、82％、0.3%、0.6%、48.2%、28.2%、0.3%、28.7%、88.7％。而不可分辨物在食物团中较为常见,出现频率达46.1%。植物性饵料（大型植物＋藻类）出现频率为87.7%,动物性饵料出现频率89.8%;食物团完全由动物性饵料组成的占5.8%,完全由大型植物组成的占5.3%,完全由藻类组成的占0.3%。T－检验表明二龄雌、雄蟹在食性方面不存在显著差异。细胞计数表明,胃含物中大型植物在数量上比藻类多2个数量级。作者最后讨论了在河蟹食性分析中的一些难点问题。     

ENTOMOLOGY AND THE MANAGEMENT OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT

Insects play a major role in shaping the nature of man's environment. Indeed, it is difficult to conceive an environment as we know it without insects. They are an essential element in the food webs of countless animals. They regulate the abundance of many plants either as herbivores or as vital agents in plant propagation. At the same time, insects are man's chief competitor for food. They are agents for the transmission of many of the most serious diseases of man, animals, and plants.     

Use of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in insect trophic ecology

Insects are the most diverse organisms and often the most abundant animals in some ecosystems. Despite the importance of their functional roles and of the knowledge for conservation, the trophic ecology of many insect species is not fully understood. In this review, I present how stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes have been used to reveal the trophic ecology of insects over the last 30 years. The isotopic studies on insects have used differences in C isotope ratios between C₃ and C₄ plants, along vertical profiles of temperate and tropical forest stands, and between terrestrial and aquatic resources. These differences enable exploration of the relative importance of the food resources, as well as movement and dispersal of insects across habitats. The ¹³C‐enrichment (approximately 3‰) caused by saprotrophic fungi can allow the estimation of the importance of fungi in insect diets. Stable N isotopes have revealed food resource partitioning across diverse insect species above and belowground. Detritivorous insects often show a large trophic enrichment in ¹³C (up to 3‰) and ¹⁵N (up to 10‰) relative to the food substrates, soil organic matter. These values are greater than those commonly used for estimation of trophic level. This enrichment likely reflects the prevalence of soil microbial processes, such as fungal development and humification, influencing the isotopic signatures of diets in detritivores. Isotope analysis can become an essential tool in the exploration of insect trophic ecology in terms of biogeochemical C and N cycles, including trophic interactions, plant physiological and soil microbial processes.     

不同森林类型中社鼠食性和消化道形态变化

能量的获取能力、分配速率和效率对动物的生存繁衍起着至关重要的作用(王德华和王祖望,2000;刘艳华等,2004),消化道作为储藏和处理食物及吸收能量的场所,其形态学和生理学决定着动物对营养物质和能量的吸收(汪晓琳等,2007;朱万龙等,2009).在面对外界环境变化带来的各种压力和胁迫下,小型哺乳动物的消化道各器官常常会产生不同程度的响应(Derting and Noakes,1995;张志强和王德华,2009).     

紫胶虫最佳生长地的植被条件分析

本文在对紫胶产区进行调查的基础上,分析了云南紫胶虫最佳生长地的植被条件、对其中的四种群落类型从植物种类成分、群落结构和群落生态等方面进行分析。根据丰富的寄主资源和有利于紫胶虫越冬的气候条件指出“暖热性稀树灌草丛”及“河谷季雨林次生林和灌丛”是云南紫胶虫及其主要寄主植物的适生类型。本文在总结紫胶产区的经验基础上,提出了开发利用的意见和改造的措施。     

Habitat and diet of young grouse broods: resource partitioning between Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) in boreal forests

We compared habitat use and diets of young Capercaillie and Black Grouse broods in a boreal forest in southeast Norway. We used pointing dogs to search for broods (N = 83) in mature “natural” forest types and examined the crop content of 66 chicks 1–9 weeks old. We also measured the abundance of insects in the habitats where broods were found. Although overlapping substantially in both habitat and diets, there were notable differences: Capercaillie broods were more frequently recorded in bilberry-dominated forest types, whereas Black Grouse preferentially used pine bog forest, a more open habitat with little bilberry. Capercaillie chicks ate proportionally more insects, particularly lepidopteran larvae, and insects dominated their diet for a longer period of time (until age 28–29 days) than in Black Grouse (14–15 days). After reaching their peaks, the quantity of insects in the crops declined rapidly especially in Capercaillie, and in one of 2 years this occurred at a time when insects, including larvae, were still abundant in the habitats. Among plant foods, both species ate large amounts of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and Bog Whortleberry (V. uliginosum). The main difference between species was a large proportion of both over-wintered and new, not yet ripe, berries of Cranberry (Oxycoccus quadripetalus) in Black Grouse, and a higher proportion of the forb Melampyrum sylvaticum in Capercaillie. The difference in diets reflected their differential use of habitats; the Vaccinium-preferred habitats of Capercaillie were richer in insects, particularly larvae, than the pine bog habitat preferred by Black Grouse. Because insects, especially larvae, comprised a larger proportion of the diet of Capercaillie chicks and chicks of this species need more food to sustain their rapid growth, Capercaillie is likely to be more sensitive to variation in insect food than Black Grouse. Also, by reducing the abundance of bilberry, the main host plant of larvae chick food, clearcutting forestry has negative effects on the brood habitat quality of both species.     

Insect diversity of a Costa Rican dry forest: why keep it,and how?

The dry forest of the 108 km2 Santa Rosa National Park in northwestern Costa Rica contains as many as 13 000 species of insects (including 3140 species of moths and butterflies) sustained by and sustaining about 700 species of plants and 400 species of vertebrates. These insects require explicit conservation attention. They are more than just decorations on the plants; rather, they are the building blocks and glue for much of the habitat. They are the food for much of the carnivore community, and the insect species are not merely interchangeable bits of nutrients. They are major killers of seeds, and thereby influence both the plant species composition of a habitat and prevent the better competitors from taking it over. They are the primary pollinators and are specific enough to be neither interchangeable nor replaceable with other animals; the seeds resulting from their pollination activities are major animal foods in the habitat. They are a diverse, puzzling, complex, intrinsically attractive, and major part of the intellectual display offered by tropical wildlands, the display that will be the eventual foundation for most of the reason why tropical wildlands will be retained as such in the future.
The retention and maintenance of insect species richness in a tropical wildland is strongly rooted in the preservation of plant species richness, in maintaining habitat mosaics (different members of which are used by a given insect in different seasons), in preserving a large diversity of habitats, and in recognizing the threat posed by insect crop associates in nearby agricultural lands.     

The influence of host plant diversity and food quality on larval survival of plant feeding heteropteran bugs

Abstract. 1. In a laboratory experiment, the influence of host plant diversity and food quality, in terms of nitrogen content, on the larval survival of two oligophagous bug species (Heteroptera, Miridae: Leptopterna dolobrata L., Notostira erratica L.) was investigated. Both species are strictly phytophagous and capable of feeding on a wide range of grass species. Moreover, they typically change their host plants during ontogenesis; it has been suggested that this behaviour is a response to the changing protein content of the hosts.
2. To investigate the importance of host plant diversity for these insects, the development of insects reared on grass monocultures was compared with that on mixtures of four grass species. In addition, the host grasses were grown under two nitrogen regimes to test whether nitrogen content is the key factor determining host plant switching.
3. Both species had a significantly higher survival rate when feeding on several host plants but only L. dolobrata showed a significant response to food nitrogen content. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the nitrogen content of the host plants and the survival rate of N. erratica larvae.
4. The study suggests that at least some Stenodemini need a variety of host plants during larval development but that the level of host plant nitrogen is not the main factor responsible for the observed diversity effect.     

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月-2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究.采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分.研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%.木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%.冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05).     

浙北地区不同土地利用下乡村草本层植物多样性研究

该文以浙江省安吉县两个典型乡村—繅舍村和赋石村为例,选取公园、农耕区、河道、人工林地四种不同土地利用类型,用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Sorensen指数为标识多样性的指标,分析不同生境下草本植物多样性差异。结果表明：乡村生境中共记录物种162种,分属47科123属,其中禾本科与菊科物种数占总数的31.48％;农耕区生境的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数最高,分别为2.76和0.91,农耕区与河道的Sorensen指数最高为0.57。从农耕区、河道、公园到林地生境,草本物种多样性整体呈减小趋势。另外,发现人工绿化措施会导致草本物种减少,如从种植水稻单一作物到复合作物,草本层植物随之改变。单一稻田与复合种植区比较,草本植物主要的科属组成无明显变化,莎草科、菊科、禾本科植物仍占主体;但草本植物群落主要物种组成发生变化,稻田转变成农耕区后,牛筋草、黑麦草,碎米荠、小飞蓬、喜旱莲子草成为草本层群落主要构成植物,水竹叶覆盖度减少,小飞蓬和喜旱莲子草的覆盖度增加。此外,还发现4种生境中共有喜旱莲子草、加拿大一枝黄花、土荆芥三种入侵物种,但未能对本土物种构成显著影响。这表明不同土地利用方式会严重影响草本群落物种组成及物种多样性;土地利用方式的变化,会引起草本植物主要群落构成发生改变;土地利用类型的多样化有利于本土草本物种多样性生存。该研究结果有助于为城镇化进程中保护乡村植物多样性、加速推进美丽中国建设提供技术支撑。     

Have the Harmful Effects of Introduced Rats on Islands been Exaggerated?

Introduced rats are now being eradicated from many islands. Increasingly, these eradications are contested by activists claiming moral, legal, cultural, historic or scientific reasons and poorly documented evidence of effects. We reviewed the global literature on the effects of rats on island flora and fauna. We then used New Zealand as a case study because of its four-decade history of rat eradications and many detailed and innovative studies of how rats affect native species. These include use of exclosures, local manipulations of rat populations, video surveillance, and measurements of responses following eradications. The most intensive studies have been on the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans), a small South-East Asian species spread by Polynesians throughout the Pacific. These and the more recently introduced Norway rat (R. norvegicus) and ship (roof) rat (R. rattus) suppress some forest plants, and are associated with extinctions or declines of flightless invertebrates, ground-dwelling reptiles, land birds, and burrowing seabirds. On islands off France, Norway rats are also implicated in declines of shrews. Globally, ship rats were associated with declines or extinctions of the largest number of indigenous vertebrate species (60), including small mammals such as deer mice and bats. Effects of rats on forest trees and seabird populations are sufficiently pervasive to affect ecosystem structure and function. However, the data are patchy. Deficiencies in our knowledge would be reduced by documenting distribution and abundance of indigenous species before and after eradications. Comprehensive measurements of the responses of indigenous species to rat eradications would enable the development of testable models of rat invasion effects.