Mang果果实的扫描电镜观察

Ｍａｎｇ果成熟果实呈黄色长卵形是黄型的核果。其外果皮呈革质,中果皮呈肉质,内果皮呈骨质表面有纤维。内果皮包被着种子形成一个大而扁的核,种子扁形,种皮很薄,子叶呈多胚或单胚。通过对Ｍａｎｇ果果实结构各个层次的扫描电镜观察,为其贮藏保鲜及繁育栽培工作提供一些科学依据。     

珙桐种子休眠原因研究初报

珙桐内果皮和种子的水浸提液及乙醚提取液中均含有抑制物质;种子中的抑制物活性主要分布在被发达的胚乳包裹着的子叶内。层积一年后,内果皮及种子中的抑制物活性并未完全消失,但已明显减弱。珙桐种胚的形态后熟以胚芽在层积过程中完成形态分化为主要特征。     

谈谈核果与浆果的辨别

核果与浆果很容易混淆。高等师范院校教材认为:核果是由一心皮一室的单雌蕊发育而成的肉质果。常含一粒种子,果内具木质化的内果皮。浆果是由一个或几个心皮形成的肉质果,果内含多数种子,中、内果皮肉质而多汁。但是,实际上含一粒种子的肉果并非都是核果;而含多粒种子的肉果也并非都是浆果。对于这类果实的分类,平行教材之间,乃至植物工具书,都存在很大的出入。笔者现根据自已解剖各类果实的资料,以现行高校植物学教材和参考书中出入较大的果实为例,谈谈核果与浆果的辨别。     

野生玫瑰果实发育过程中种子的细胞组织结构和内源激素变化对其休眠性的影响

以吉林珲春自然群落的野生玫瑰(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)为试验材料,探究野生玫瑰在果实形成过程中种子的发育及休眠性的形成和变化。选取青果期(1~35 d)、转色期(35~60 d)、红果期(60~75 d)的果实及种子,结合形态学、组织细胞学观察法及高效液相色谱技术,对果实各发育时期的种子形态、种胚及内果皮的发育进行研究,并分析种子内源激素含量变化与果实发育、种子休眠之间的关系。结果表明:果实和种子在青果期(1~35 d)时发育速度最快,种胚在花后24 d发育完全,种子不存在形态休眠。花后24 d内果皮开始沉积木质素并逐渐木质化,种子开始产生机械休眠。种子激素含量的变化与果实的发育、转色及内果皮的木质化密切相关,种子内源GA3和ABA含量在青果期(1~35 d)达到峰值,内源IAA含量在果实转色期(35~60 d)达到最大值,高浓度的ABA含量是种子尚未脱离果实时便已进入生理休眠的主要原因。     

珍稀濒危植物蒜头果种子萌发特征与幼苗类型的研究

以去除果皮后阴干的珍稀濒危植物蒜头果种子为材料,在温室大棚沙池内进行层积处理,从层积处理开始至子叶出土的不同萌发阶段,考察蒜头果种子发育形态、贮藏物质积累、酶活性以及幼苗类型等变化特征,初步探讨其种子休眠形成原因。结果显示：(1)蒜头果种子从解除休眠开始至萌发形成幼苗的过程约需195 d,其中幼胚的形态发育后熟约需75 d,随后30 d内是种子集中萌发的时期,其发芽率达到最高(53.33%);依据种胚发育形态的标志特征将此过程划分为7个阶段(S1～S7阶段):S1阶段种子未萌发,S2阶段种胚“露白”,S3阶段胚根突破种皮长超过1 cm, S4阶段下胚轴与胚根连接处形成弯钩结构,S5阶段“S”型胚形成及胚根前端膨大,S6阶段种子不仅具有膨大的胚根且已有侧根的分化,S7阶段子叶脱落,胚芽出土,真叶出现。(2)蒜头果种子在湿沙层积过程中,种胚胚长和胚率从S1阶段的(5.49±1.57)mm和(19.48±5.72)%分别增加至S6阶段的(67.92±2.94)mm和(240.75±15.29)%,胚率平均增加了12.4倍,显示蒜头果种子的胚需要经历后熟过程才能萌发,属于胚后熟型种子。(3)从...     

马蹄香种子生物学特性研究

马蹄香的雌蕊子房半下位,心皮6枚,蒴果蓇葖状,果实成熟时沿腹缝线开裂。种子呈三角状倒椭圆形,其背面凸出,具明显横皱纹,腹面凹入。马蹄香种子由种皮、胚乳和胚三部分构成。种皮由多层细胞组成;核型胚乳,种子成熟时游离胚乳核形成胚乳细胞,而胚尚未分化,仍停留在原胚阶段。种子发芽试验表明,马蹄香种子萌发率极低,具有种子休眠的生物学特征。对马蹄香种子的化学成分作了分析研究,种子胚乳中富含营养物质,其中粗蛋白含量为17.3(g/100g)。此外,种子含有丰富的镁、锰、钙、铁、锌等矿质元素。     

4种野生兰花种子特征及离体培养初报

对4种野生兰花--虾脊兰、羊耳蒜、石仙桃及密花石斛的果荚、种子、种胚性状进行初步研究,并对其种子进行离体培养。结果显示,4种野生兰种子为白色、淡绿或黄褐,呈纺锤体或椭球体。羊耳蒜、石仙桃及密花石斛种子具种孔,种胚浓密且清晰可见;种子萌发较快且萌发率高,其中以石仙桃及密花石斛种子萌发最快,仅需36d,萌发率高达100%。虾脊兰种子未见种孔,种胚不甚明显,种子萌发缓慢且萌发率低。4种兰科植物种子均以原球茎方式萌发,通过继代培养,获得了一批无菌苗。     

加速桃的萌發的一点經驗

我们一般用桃核种植,因桃核外面是石细胞,如果里面种子要萌发须待内果皮腐烂之后才能长出胚芽,这一般要待一年时间才能出土。现介绍一种加速桃萌发之方法:第一步:把刚从果实中剥来的核放在太阳下晒干,稍待润湿将内果皮用鎚轻轻敲开拿出种子。第二步:放入水中浸三至五小时。第     

刺五加胚和胚乳发育的研究

刺五加Eleutherococcus senticosus(Rupr .et Maxim．)Maxim的胚胎发生类型为茄型。其卵细胞受精后,合子经历15天左右的休眠期才进行第一次分裂。合子分裂通常发生在胚乳细胞化之后,经棒形胚、球形胚、至果实成熟时发育到心形胚。棒形胚后期至心形胚初期,胚柄最为发达。刺五加的胚乳发育类型为核型。其初生胚乳核的休眠期为1天左右。当胚乳游离核数目增加到200至300时,胚乳以自由生长细胞壁的方式细胞化,胚乳细胞以典型的有丝分裂方式进一步增殖,增加细胞数目。球形胚时期,胚乳细胞内开始贮藏营养物质。少数种子的胚乳里存在巨大细胞核的异型胚乳细胞。在胚乳游离核为32至64个时,分化出珠被绒毡层;球形胚时期,珠被绒毡层解体。珠被绒毡层解体后,胚乳表层细胞分化为分泌层。球形胚至心形胚阶段,约有5％的种子里,胚与胚乳组织发生弥散样降解。成熟果实中,含有大量的瘪粒种子和虫咬种子;饱满种子率为40％左右。饱满种子中,胚乳组织占据种子体积的绝大部分,胚所占比率很小。讨论了不同发育时期胚和胚乳的营养供应。     

四种石斛兰种胚发育进程研究

以玫瑰石斛、尖刀唇石斛、短棒石斛、兜唇石斛种子为材料,进行种胚非共生萌发研究,并对其种子形态和胚的发育进程进行了显微观察。结果表明:处于球形胚阶段的石斛兰种子,种胚吸胀后突破种皮,发育至吸收毛和芽生长点出现后,种胚形成原球体;种子萌芽后胚尚未成熟,只进入心形胚阶段。呈纺锤形种子的种皮两端形状不同,一端存在结点,呈弯曲状的尖形,另一端种皮呈收拢的圆口形。4种石斛兰种子,玫瑰石斛种子最长,为两端狭长的纺锤形;兜唇石斛种子最短,呈两端稍细的纺锤形。玫瑰石斛、短棒石斛、尖刀唇石斛种子胚培养需要5～10 d萌发;兜唇石斛种子和胚皆偏小,萌发需要30 d。石斛兰种胚和种皮吸水膨胀后,种胚向种皮的一端移动、脱出或种胚撕裂种皮中央后突破而出,形成裸胚。玫瑰石斛种子撕裂种皮后主要从种皮中央突破;短棒石斛、尖刀唇石斛、兜唇石斛部分种胚从种皮一端脱出,部分种胚则从中央撑破种皮脱出。充分膨胀、变绿后萌芽的裸胚,存在极性,顶部芽生长点萌动,下部出现成群散射状吸收毛。     

怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源形态性状遗传多样性分析

通过对255份怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的24个形态性状进行评价,分析其遗传多样性。结果表明,怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的果实单果重量、果实长度、果核重量、果核长度、果实形状、果皮颜色、果肉颜色、果实香气、果实风味、果实成熟期等形态性状均具有丰富的多样性。11个数量性状的变异系数为12.44%~56.44%,其中果实单果重量的变异系数最大,叶片宽度最小;13个质量性状的Shannon-weaver指数范围为0.68~2.21,平均值为1.42,其中果肉颜色指数最大,叶片质地指数最小。聚类结果将255份杧果材料聚为3大类,其中果皮厚,果小,种核大,可食率低,早熟,品味酸甜,品质差的杧果种质占很大比例。这些种质资源在不同地区收集的材料之间存在明显的遗传差异,但部分地区内的杧果材料表现出明显的遗传分化。通过表型评价鉴定,初步筛选出具有独特香气、反季节开花结果、早熟、小果型、高产等性状的特异种质资源35份。     

Mango seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and premature fruit drop in mangoes

The effect of infestations of mango seed weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (F.), on premature fruit drop of mangoes was investigated. Mango fruits ('Haden') of equal size were collected both off the ground and from the tree at four times during the season (June-August). If weevil-infested fruit were more prone to dropping than uninfested fruit, the prediction was that a higher infestation rate would be found in fruit on the ground compared with fruit on the tree. Average fruit weight was used as an indicator of fruit maturity. The seed infestation rate was significantly higher in fruit collected off the ground compared with fruit collected from the tree in 38 g and 79 g (early-season) fruit but not significantly different in 207 g (midseason) and 281 g (late season) fruit. The age distribution of weevils and the number of insects in infested fruits were similar for ground and tree fruits on all dates. Results suggest that mango seed weevil infestation can increase fruit drop during early fruit development.     

Effect of mango weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damage on mango seed viability in Hawaii

The mango weevil, Cryptorhynchus (= Sternochetus) mangiferae (F.), is a federally quarantined pest that prevents shipment of mangos from Hawaii into the continental United States. Although this monophagous weevil allegedly causes reduced seed germination, damage to the fruit pulp, and premature fruit drop in mangos, there are few studies examining these potential sources of crop loss. We conducted studies to assess the effect of mango weevil infestation on seed viability while making observations on the frequency of pulp feeding. Naturally infested seeds from mature fruit were planted in pots and scored for successful germination. Germination rates for infested seeds were equal to those of uninfested control seeds in a polyembryonic cultivar ('Common'), whereas germination was significantly reduced for infested seeds of a monoembryonic cultivar ('Haden') compared with uninfested control seeds but germination of infested seeds was still > 70%. To assess seed tolerance of damage, seeds were artificially damaged by cutting away 25, 50, or 75% of the cotyledon before planting and scored for germination. None of the damage treatments was significantly different from the undamaged controls, indicating that mango seeds can withstand substantial damage and still germinate successfully. Over the 2-yr period we conducted experiments, only four of 3,602 mango fruits (0.11%) showed evidence of direct feeding damage to the pulp. Results suggest that C. mangiferae is a less serious pest of mangos than previously thought.     

First Occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sternochetus mangiferae</Emphasis> (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Brazil

Specimens of the mango stone weevil Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were found in fruits of mango from a tree in the residential area of the Rio de Janeiro, RJ. This is the first report of the S. mangiferae in Brazil, currently regulated as an absent quarantine pest in the country. A taxonomist specialized in Curculionidae confirmed the identification based on morphological diagnostics characteristics. This detection is a relevant finding, because Brazil is a major producer and exporter of mango and the main areas of mango for exportation are located very far from this detection point. This pest damages seed and embryo of mango fruits and it causes reduction of fruit size and its premature dropping. The detection was notified to the Plant Health Department, division of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), which is the National Plant Protection Organization of Brazil.     

Conflicting selection pressures on seed size: evolutionary ecology of fruit size in a bird-dispersed tree, Olea europaea

Recent evidence indicates that fruit size has evolved according to dispersers' size. This is hypothesized to result from a balance between factors favouring large seeds and dispersers setting the maximum fruit size. This hypothesis assumes that (1) the size of fruits that can be consumed by dispersers is limited, (2) fruit and seed size are positively correlated, and (3) the result of multiple selection pressures on seed size is positive. Our studies on the seed dispersal mutualism of Olea europaea have supported the first and second assumptions, but valid tests of the third assumption are still lacking. Here we confirm the third assumption. Using multiplicative fitness components, we show that conflicting selection pressures on seed size during and after dispersal reverse the negative pattern of selection exerted by dispersers.     

On the macro-micro-morphology of organs of host invasion in hemiparasite Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser

Loranthaceae family includes hemiparasitic members which are seen invading a wide range of commercial crops. Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser is very common on mango trees. Though parasitic in nature, this mistletoe is also medicinally important as fetoprotective, against vesicular calculi and kidney infections. This study is an attempt to document macro-microscopical features of parasitic root, fruit and host-mistletoe tissue interaction in the haustorium of H. elasticus growing on mango stems. Collection, preservation, sectioning, staining and photomicrography of the root, fruit and host-mistletoe union were done as per standard methodologies of anatomical studies. Though there is resemblance to the normal roots in morphology as well as anatomy, the microscopic finding of large number of branched stone cells in the roots is interesting. The morpho-anatomical features recorded would help in understanding the infection biology of this mistletoe. The eradication during the earlier stages of its establishment from seed or from the root creeping over the surface of the host can help in controlling this parasite infection on commercially important host plants.     

Cytokinins of the Developing Mango Fruit : Isolation, Identification, and Changes in Levels during Maturation

The cytokinin activity has been isolated and identified from extracts of immature mango (Mangifera indica L.) seeds. The structures of zeatin, zeatin riboside, and N⁶-(Δ²-isopentenyl)adenine riboside were confirmed on the basis of their chromatographic behavior and mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives. Both trans and cis isomers of zeatin and zeatin riboside were also identified by the retention times of high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, an unidentified compound appeared to be a cytokinin glucoside.

The concentration of cytokinins in the panicle and pulp of mango reached a maximum 5 to 10 days after full bloom and decreased rapidly thereafter. The cytokinin level in the seed remained high until the 28th day after full bloom. The quantity of cytokinins in pulp per fruit increased from the 10th day after full bloom, the maximum being attained around the 50th day after full bloom. Similarly, the amount of cytokinins per seed increased from the 10th day after full bloom, reaching a peak on the 40th day and decreasing gradually thereafter.

A high percentage of fruit set in mango was persistently maintained by supplying 6-benzylaminopurine (1.5 × 10³ micromolar) onto the panicle at the anthesis stage and by supplying gibberellic acid (7.2 × 10² micromolar) and naphthalene acetamide (3.1 × 10 micromolar) at the young fruit stage.

     

A short history of MADS-box genes in plants

Evolutionary developmental genetics (evodevotics) is a novel scientific endeavor which assumes that changes in developmental control genes are a major aspect of evolutionary changes in morphology. Understanding the phylogeny of developmental control genes may thus help us to understand the evolution of plant and animal form. The principles of evodevotics are exemplified by outlining the role of MADS-box genes in the evolution of plant reproductive structures. In extant eudicotyledonous flowering plants, MADS-box genes act as homeotic selector genes determining floral organ identity and as floral meristem identity genes. By reviewing current knowledge about MADS-box genes in ferns, gymnosperms and different types of angiosperms, we demonstrate that the phylogeny of MADS-box genes was strongly correlated with the origin and evolution of plant reproductive structures such as ovules and flowers. It seems likely, therefore, that changes in MADS-box gene structure, expression and function have been a major cause for innovations in reproductive development during land plant evolution, such as seed, flower and fruit formation.     

八种水果中的多酚含量及其抗氧化性

测定了苹果、石榴、橄榄、芒果、香蕉、菠萝、葡萄和龙眼的壳、肉及核中的多酚含量及其抗氧化性。以70%丙酮(v/v)为提取溶剂,室温下超声波辅助浸提样品后得到提取液。采用普鲁士兰(Prussian blue)法测定了提取液中多酚和单宁的含量,利用FRAP法测定其抗氧化性。结果表明:提取液中多酚和单宁的含量均与其抗氧化性成正相关关系;石榴、橄榄、芒果、葡萄和龙眼等水果的壳与核有望成为天然抗氧化剂的新来源。     

Volatile flavour components of mango fruit

An essence of fresh Venezuelan mango fruit obtained by well-established procedures possessed the characteristic aroma of the fruit. It was analysed by GC/MS using both EI and Cl. The fruit produced a relatively small quantity of aroma volatiles (ca 60 μg/kg fresh fruit), less than that obtained from many similar tropical fruits. Terpene hydrocarbons comprised ca 68% of the sample, eight monoterpenes contributing ca 54% and four sesquiterpenes contributing ca 14%. Important constituents included α-pinene, car-3-ene, limonene, γ-terpinene, α-humulene, β-selinene, acetophenone, benzaldehyde and a dimethylstyrene. Car-3-ene (26%) was the major constituent, and on odour evaluation of separated components at an odour port during GC, the peak due to this compound was described as having an aroma of mango leaves. This compound has not previously been detected among mango volatiles. The only other component providing mango aroma was a dimethylstyrene, and this too is a new mango volatile.