模拟增温对青海湖河源湿地土壤微生物群落特征的影响

湿地生态系统在生物多样性保护等方面有着重要的功能及地位, 不同的湿地生态系统在功能上存在差异, 土壤微生物在湿地生态系统中发挥着重要作用, 但目前对河源湿地的土壤微生物群落开展的研究较少。全球变暖大背景下, 为探究温度升高对河源湿地土壤微生物的影响, 利用高通量测序方法来深入了解模拟增温后土壤细菌及真菌的群落结构及多样性的变化。青海湖河源湿地细菌的优势菌群为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门及厚壁菌门, 真菌的优势菌群为子囊菌门、担子菌门。细菌群落对比真菌群落而言对土壤增温的响应更为明显, 细菌菌群的相对丰度呈增加趋势, 真菌群落仅Hypocreales目相对丰度显著增加; 土壤细菌及真菌群落的丰富度均降低, 而群落多样性增加。增温影响了土壤细菌及真菌的群落结构及多样性, 且细菌群落对土壤增温更为敏感。     

AM真菌物种多样性:生态功能、影响因素及维持机制

AM真菌物种多样性是土壤生态系统生物多样性的重要组分之一。尽管对AM真菌多样性已有多年研究,但是,已有研究绝大多数仅停留在对AM真菌群落种属解析层面上,对AM真菌物种多样性生态功能及维持机制方面的认识较浅。从生态功能、影响因素及维持机制3个方面系统地综述了近年来AM真菌多样性领域的研究进展。认为AM真菌多样性对植物群落生产力的调控机制及结合理论与实践解析AM真菌多样性维持机制是该领域未来的重点研究方向。     

树种多样性对土壤微生物群落结构和元素生物地球化学循环的影响研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其巨大的生产力和生态服务功能对人类的生存和发展至关重要。森林树种多样性增加能够显著提高森林生产力,关于树种多样性如何影响地下生物多样性及生态功能逐渐受到国内外学者的广泛关注。从土壤微生物及其介导的元素生物地球化学循环这一视角出发,综述了树种多样性对土壤细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构及功能的影响,提出需要进一步深入研究的方向。总体来说,树种多样性有利于增加土壤细菌生物量和多样性,是预测病原性真菌和菌根真菌多样性及群落结构的重要生物因子。树种多样性能增加土壤有机碳储量,增强森林土壤的甲烷氧化能力,并提高土壤磷周转速率及有效磷含量。关于树种多样性对森林土壤氮循环的影响需考虑多样性假说和质量比假说的相对贡献。今后应加强树种多样性对多个营养级之间相互作用的研究;关注树种多样性对生态系统多功能的影响;加强学科交叉,引入微生物种群动态模型和气候模型等模型预测方法,研究树种多样性对全球气候变化的应对机制,以期促进地上植物多样性与地下生态系统功能关系的研究,增强森林生态系统应对未来全球环境变化的能力。     

南亚热带混交人工林树种丰富度与土壤微生物多样性和群落组成的关系

森林植被与土壤微生物作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,它们之间的相互作用对维持森林生态系统功能和稳定性起着重要作用。以往多在天然草地和森林生态系统开展植物多样性与土壤微生物多样性关系的研究,但人工构建的多树种混交林生态系统中树种多样性对土壤微生物群落组成的影响及其机制尚不完全清楚。因此,以南亚热带人工块状造林后自然恢复形成的多树种混交森林生态系统为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术研究了随树种丰富度（1-10种）变化土壤细菌和真菌多样性的变化规律及主要影响因子。结果表明,随树种丰富度增加,土壤真菌α多样性显著提高,但土壤细菌α多样性差异不显著;不同树种丰富度梯度间土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构组成均差异显著;Pearson相关分析表明土壤细菌α多样性主要受土壤pH和土壤铵态氮影响,而土壤pH和有效磷是土壤真菌α多样性的主要影响因子。距离冗余分析（db-RDA）表明,对土壤细菌群落组成产生显著影响的环境因子分别为土壤pH、硝态氮和芳香碳组分,而土壤有机碳、硝态氮、细根生物量和氧烷基碳组分是影响土壤真菌群落组成的主要因子。本研究的结果说明了南亚热带人工林不同树种混交后形成多树种混交林生态系统的过程中,树种组成和多样性的变化通过改变土壤理化性状和根系生物量对土壤微生物群落组成有显著影响,为制定该区域人工林通过树种丰富度合理组配调控提升地下生物多样性及生态系统功能的经营策略提供了科学依据。     

农业技术措施对AM真菌群落结构的影响研究进展

农业生态系统中AM真菌多样性丰富,并以独特的群落结构发挥其功能.寄主植物和环境因子对AM真菌群落结构具有重要影响,此外,农业技术措施对农业生态系统中AM真菌群落结构的影响也值得关注.本文系统总结了施肥、灌溉、轮作、间作、土壤耕作、化学药剂等农业技术措施对AM真菌群落结构的影响研究进展,分析了农业技术措施改变AM真菌群落结构的可能机制,探讨了提高农业生态系统中AM真菌多样性的可能途径,提出通过改进施肥体制及其配套技术、增加植物多样性和人工接种AM真菌等可提高农业生态系统中AM真菌多样性;并指出当前存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

丛枝菌根真菌对大气CO2浓度升高和增温响应研究进展

全球变化深刻影响着陆地生态系统生物多样性及生态功能。丛枝菌根(AM)真菌可与绝大多数陆生植物根系形成互惠共生体,在协助宿主养分吸收、促进植物生长、维持植物多样性等方面发挥着重要作用。本文主要分析了大气CO₂浓度升高(eCO₂)和增温对森林和草地生态系统AM真菌群落组成及其功能的影响。eCO₂主要通过影响宿主植物、土壤碳(C)输入等方式间接影响AM真菌,可增加AM真菌的多度和活性,影响AM真菌的多样性与群落组成。增温可直接或间接地(通过宿主植物和土壤途径)影响AM真菌,显著改变森林土壤AM真菌的群落组成,但对草地土壤AM真菌群落组成的影响尚无定论。我们提出了当前研究中存在的主要问题及未来应重点关注的内容。本文旨在明晰AM真菌对eCO₂和增温的响应和适应,增进对AM真菌介导的土壤生态功能的认识,为利用AM真菌缓解全球变化、增强土壤功能的韧性和全球变化的生态系统适应性提供依据。     

土壤线虫作为生态指示生物的研究进展

土壤线虫广布于各种类型的土壤中, 在维持土壤生态系统的稳定性、促进物质循环和能量流动等方面发挥着重要的作用, 同时也是理想的环境指示生物。简述了土壤线虫的生活史策略和营养类群的多样性、土壤线虫多样性的生态指数、影响土壤线虫群落多样性的环境因素, 以及线虫作为指示生物在农业生态系统、草地生态系统、森林生态系统的功能作用。提出了全球气候变化背景下对青藏高原高寒草地土壤线虫分类、群落结构特征以及土壤线虫的生物指示作用研究的必要性, 并对土壤线虫未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

城市土壤微生物多样性研究进展

城市化对生物多样性的影响是当前生态学研究的热点之一, 引起了人们的广泛关注。土壤微生物多样性是城市生物多样性的重要组成部分, 对维持城市生态系统的健康稳定具有重要意义和作用。近年来, 已有研究关注城市土壤微生物群落结构及多样性, 回答了一些关键问题, 但缺乏系统的总结与论述。基于此, 本文分析了城市化对土壤微生物特性、群落组成、功能和多样性的影响, 总结了影响城市土壤微生物多样性的主要因素, 发现城市化改变了土壤微生物组成和功能, 并且对细菌和真菌多样性的影响存在差异, 城市环境因子通过直接和间接作用共同影响土壤微生物多样性。进一步探讨了城市土壤微生物多样性的维持与保护, 并对今后城市土壤微生物研究需要关注的问题进行了展望, 包括: (1)城市化对城市绿地土壤微生物多样性的影响机制; (2)城市土壤微生物多样性变化对生态系统多功能性的影响; (3)土壤微生物多样性与人类健康的关系。以期为城市土壤生物多样性保护研究提供参考。     

土壤微生物多样性海拔格局研究进展

生物多样性的海拔分布格局与维持机制是生物多样性与生态系统功能研究的热点领域。相比动植物多样性海拔分布格局,土壤微生物多样性海拔分布格局的研究还处在起步阶段。近年来,随着以罗氏454、Illumina Mi Seq等为代表的高通量测序平台的发展,土壤微生物海拔梯度分布格局的研究进展较快。对土壤微生物多样性海拔分布格局最新研究综述发现,土壤微生物海拔分布模式并不明确,表现为无趋势、下降、单峰或者下凹型等多种海拔分布模式。这与大型动植物并不相同,暗示其驱动机制可能存在一定的差异。微生物由于其个体微小、扩散能力强以及较高的多样性和个体丰度而在局域尺度上可能更易受到气候环境因素的影响。土壤pH、碳、氮等因子是影响微生物多样性和群落组成在海拔梯度上变异的重要因素。此外,温度和降水也具有重要作用。另外,除微生物自身属性以及取样限制外,测序深度可能是影响土壤微生物物种丰富度海拔分布格局的重要因素。目前,对土壤微生物群落的研究在功能基因、群落构建机制以及生态学理论的验证方面还存在着不足。未来的研究应进一步加大测序深度,增加取样密度,着重关注全球气候变化及生物多样性丧失背景下土壤微生物群落的构建和维持机制及其生态系统功能等方面。     

神农架国家公园林线过渡带土壤真菌多样性

林线过渡带是陆地生态系统对气候变化响应的敏感区域,研究林线过渡带土壤真菌的群落结构和形成机制,对于预测气候变化对土壤养分循环和维持陆地生态系统功能的影响具有重要意义。利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了神农架国家公园林线上下的灌木林和针叶林的土壤真菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明,在真菌物种组成上,两种植被类型的土壤优势菌门、属和种类不同,针叶林和灌木林的优势菌门分别是担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota)。除趋势对应分析(DCA)和不相似性检验(Dissimilarity test)表明两种林型的土壤真菌群落结构组成存在显著差异,且针叶林土壤真菌Shannon指数、Chao值和Richness指数均显著(P0.05)高于灌木林。典范对应分析(CCA)和Mantel检验显示土壤真菌群落结构与土壤p H、植物多样性、土壤温度和土壤湿度存在显著相关性。因此,林线过渡带上下的土壤真菌群落结构和多样性存在显著差异,土壤p H、植物多样性、土壤湿度和土壤温度可能是影响土壤真菌群落结构的重要因素。     

丛枝菌根真菌的生态分布及其影响因子研究进展

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)共生体系对于植物适应各种逆境胁迫具有重要积极作用。AM真菌还能够通过根外菌丝网络调节植物群落结构和演替,深刻影响生态系统结构和功能的稳定性。AM真菌生态生理功能的发挥主要取决于其生态适应性,明确AM真菌在不同环境中的多样性、生态适应性以及对各种生态因子的响应机制,是AM真菌资源管理、功能发掘与利用的前提。迄今为止,有关各种生态因子对AM真菌多样性的影响已有不少研究,但是AM真菌生态分布及其形成机制仍缺乏系统的研究和理论分析。综述了生物因子和非生物因子对AM真菌生态分布的影响,结合大型生物空间分布理论探讨了AM真菌生态分布规律和建成机制,分析了当前本研究领域所存在的问题和动向,以期推动相关研究进展。     

土壤真菌多样性及分子生态学研究进展

真菌是土壤中一类重要的微生物,参与有机质分解,与植物共生为植物提供养分,同时病原真菌也会引起粮食产量的降低．土壤真菌多样性在维持生态系统的平衡和为人类提供大量未开发资源上起到了独特而重要的作用．本文从物种多样性、生境多样性、功能多样性角度阐述了土壤真菌多样性,并从农田、林地、草地、极端环境与一些复杂环境土壤真菌多样性层面综述了土壤真菌多样性分子生态学研究进展。同时论述了一些影响真菌多样性的因素,并对土壤真菌多样性研究的前景提出展望．     

The Soil FungiLog procedure: method and analytical approaches toward understanding fungal functional diversity

Conservation methods often are focused on preserving the biodiversity of a particular landscape or ecosystem. Scientists frequently employ species richness as an indicator of biodiversity. However, species richness data are problematic when attempts are made to enumerate microfungi, particularly those from the soil. Many soil fungi fail to sporulate, making identification difficult. Other means of assessing the importance of fungi to ecosystem preservation must be developed. Otherwise, microfungi might be overlooked in discussions of ecosystem management and conservation issues. Herein, we have described a procedure (Soil FungiLog) and analytical techniques that will let investigators examine the functional role that soil fungi play in providing structure and stability to ecosystems. Ecosystem function in many cases might be more important than species diversity in gaining an understanding of ecosystem dynamics. Functional attributes are critical for maintaining ecosystem structure and stability. The preservation of the functions associated with the extant biota, particularly from soil microbes, might be just as important as species diversity in the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. The Soil FungiLog procedure was used to assess functional diversity of soil fungi in a Georgia forest disturbed by human activity and along an elevational gradient in the Chihuahuan Desert. Sites within each location were separated on the basis of fungal carbon substrate utilization profiles. These profiles were analyzed to provide information regarding the functional diversity of soil fungal assemblages at each site. The effects of disturbance and elevation were evaluated with respect to soil fungal functional diversity.     

植物、土壤及土壤管理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的研究是近年来土壤生态学研究的热点。本文综述了有关植物、土壤类型以及土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响的最新研究结果,指出植物的作用因植物群落结构多样性、植物种类、同种植物不同的基因型,甚至同一植物不同根的区域而异;而土壤的作用与土壤质地和有机质含量等因素有关;植物和土壤类型在对土壤微生物群落结构影响上的作用存在互作关系。不同的土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,长期连作、大量的外援化学物质的应用降低了土壤微生物的多样性;而施用有机肥、免耕可以增加土壤微生物群落结构多样性,有利于维持土壤生态系统的功能。     

石漠化强度对喀斯特植被演替过程土壤真菌组成及多样性的影响

喀斯特是我国南方广泛分布的地貌类型,土壤真菌对喀斯特植被演替恢复具有重要调节功能,不同石漠化程度的喀斯特区植被演替受到土壤微生物影响,因此研究不同石漠化区域植被演替阶段的土壤真菌组成及多样性,探索土壤真菌在喀斯特植被演替过程中的作用机制具有重要意义。本文采用时空替代法采集了不同石漠化程度（潜在、中度和强度）的喀斯特区植被演替乔木、灌木和草本演替阶段土壤样品,通过Illumina HiSeq第二代高通量测序分析了土壤真菌组成及多样性。结果表明,试验共获得3 871个OTUs,分属4门17纲116科174属;潜在和中度石漠化区各演替阶段土壤真菌优势门均为担子菌门,强度石漠化区各演替阶段土壤真菌无相同优势门;土壤真菌组成及多样性在潜在石漠化区表现为乔木>草本>灌木,中度石漠化区为灌木>乔木>草本,强度石漠化区为灌木>草本>乔木,且石漠化程度对真菌组成及多样性的影响大于植被演替的影响;土壤理化性质随石漠化程度及演替阶段发生变化,且显著影响真菌多样性指数,以碱解氮为主导因子显著影响土壤真菌群落。     

Soil eukaryotic microorganism succession as affected by continuous cropping of peanut--pathogenic and beneficial fungi were selected

Peanut is an important oil crop worldwide and shows considerable adaptability but growth and yield are negatively affected by continuous cropping. Soil micro-organisms are efficient bio-indicators of soil quality and plant health and are critical to the sustainability of soil-based ecosystem function and to successful plant growth. In this study, 18S rRNA gene clone library analyses were employed to study the succession progress of soil eukaryotic micro-organisms under continuous peanut cultivation. Eight libraries were constructed for peanut over three continuous cropping cycles and its representative growth stages. Cluster analyses indicated that soil micro-eukaryotic assemblages obtained from the same peanut cropping cycle were similar, regardless of growth period. Six eukaryotic groups were found and fungi predominated in all libraries. The fungal populations showed significant dynamic change and overall diversity increased over time under continuous peanut cropping. The abundance and/or diversity of clones affiliated with Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Glomerales, Orbiliales, Mucorales and Tremellales showed an increasing trend with continuous cropping but clones affiliated with Agaricales, Cantharellales, Pezizales and Pyxidiophorales decreased in abundance and/or diversity over time. The current data, along with data from previous studies, demonstrated that the soil microbial community was affected by continuous cropping, in particular, the pathogenic and beneficial fungi that were positively selected over time, which is commonplace in agro-ecosystems. The trend towards an increase in fungal pathogens and simplification of the beneficial fungal community could be important factors contributing to the decline in peanut growth and yield over many years of continuous cropping.     

Environmental Controls on Fungal Community Composition and Abundance Over 3 Years in Native and Degraded Shrublands

Soil fungal communities have high local diversity and turnover, but the relative contribution of environmental and regional drivers to those patterns remains poorly understood. Local factors that contribute to fungal diversity include soil properties and the plant community, but there is also evidence for regional dispersal limitation in some fungal communities. We used different plant communities with different soil conditions and experimental manipulations of both vegetation and dispersal to distinguish among these factors. Specifically, we compared native shrublands with former native shrublands that had been disturbed or converted to pasture, resulting in soils progressively more enriched in carbon and nutrients. We tested the role of vegetation via active removal, and we manipulated dispersal by adding living soil inoculum from undisturbed native sites. Soil fungi were tracked for 3 years, with samples taken at ten time points from June 2006 to June 2009. We found that soil fungal abundance, richness, and community composition responded primarily to soil properties, which in this case were a legacy of plant community degradation. In contrast, dispersal had no effect on soil fungi. Temporal variation in soil fungi was partly related to drought status, yet it was much broader in native sites compared to pastures, suggesting some buffering due to the increased soil resources in the pasture sites. The persistence of soil fungal communities over 3 years in this study suggests that soil properties can act as a strong local environmental filter. Largely persistent soil fungal communities also indicate the potential for strong biotic resistance and soil legacies, which presents a challenge for both the prediction of how fungi respond to environmental change and our ability to manipulate fungi in efforts such as ecosystem restoration.     

Soil fertility shifts the relative importance of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi for maintaining ecosystem stability

Soil microbial communities are essential for regulating the dynamics of plant productivity. However, how soil microbes mediate temporal stability of plant productivity at large scales across various soil fertility conditions remains unclear. Here, we combined a regional survey of 51 sites in the temperate grasslands of northern China with a global grassland survey of 120 sites to assess the potential roles of soil microbial diversity in regulating ecosystem stability. The temporal stability of plant productivity was quantified as the ratio of the mean normalized difference vegetation index to its standard deviation. Soil fungal diversity, but not bacterial diversity, was positively associated with ecosystem stability, and particular fungal functional groups determined ecosystem stability under contrasting conditions of soil fertility. The richness of soil fungal saprobes was positively correlated with ecosystem stability under high-fertility conditions, while a positive relationship was observed with the richness of mycorrhizal fungi under low-fertility conditions. These relationships were maintained after accounting for plant diversity and environmental factors. Our findings highlight the essential role of fungal diversity in maintaining stable grassland productivity, and suggest that future studies incorporating fungal functional groups into biodiversity–stability relationships will advance our understanding of their linkages under different fertility conditions.     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤微生物群落组成及结构

为详细了解内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统中土壤微生物群落组成与结构。对其土壤中微生物的总DNA提取后,采用高通量测序技术对土壤中细菌的16Sr DNA和真菌的ITS基因进行了序列测定,分析了短花针茅荒漠草原土壤中微生物群落结构特征。结果表明,共获得细菌OTUs13711个,真菌OTUs 5929个。物种分类显示,细菌种类隶属于29门57纲111目191科485属,其中优势类群为Gammaproteobacteria和Thermoleophilia,它们的相对丰度分别为32.68%和26.83%。真菌隶属于4门16纲45目78科105属,优势类群为Ascomycota和Basidiomycota,它们的相对丰度分别为35.76%和25.90%。土壤中细菌群落的多样性和丰富度均高于真菌。