向日葵种质资源的随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）研究

采用ＲＡＰＤ方法对我国２１个向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.)基因型和１１个国外引进向日葵因型进行分析,构建了它们的方图谱。从８０个随机引物中筛选出的２５个有效引物共产生１８８条ＤＮＡ片段,大小分布在０．２６－１．９８kb之间,其中１６４例带具有遗传多态性,约占总数的８７．２％,平均每个引物扩增的ＤＮＡ带数为７．５２条。３２个向日葵的遗传相似性分析表明,各基因型间的Ｎei氏相似性系数分布在０．３９８７．０８５３１之间,平均相似性系数为０．６２８１。１１个国外向日葵基因型的Ｎei氏相似性系数分布在０．７１３４－０．８５３１之间,平均相似性系数为０．７８２８,说明国外基因型之间的遗传基础比较狭窄。２１个国内向日葵基因型的Ｎei氏相似性系数分布在０．４７５０－０．８２０６,平均相似性系数为０．６４７８,说明国内向日葵基因型之间的遗传多态性较为丰富。通过非加权算术平均数聚类（ＵＰＧＭＡ）的方法,给制了３２个向日葵基因型之间的遗传关系树图。３２个向日葵基因明显地聚成Ａ、Ｂ两大类群。２１个国内向日葵基因型聚成了Ａ１、Ａ２两个亚类,Ａ１组包括：Ｘ１０、陕西向日葵、Ｄ－Ｓ１２、长岭向日葵６、黑２－Ｓ２－２、Ｔ－Ｃ０８、长岭葵花４、白葵３号、ＢＨ－１０、Ｊ－Ｓ－Ｂ１、张掖白子葵、Ｃ１０１－Ｓ４－３Ｓ４等１２个基因型;Ａ２组包括：ＬＫ３０５－Ｓ８、ＬＫ、ＣＳ－７、长岭葵花Ｓ２－Ｓ２、辉南７－Ｓ１－３、辉南、ＣＹ－ＸＸ１９－ＸＸ２、吉葵１１２、吉葵１１６等９个基因型。１１个国外向日葵基因型划分为Ｂ１、Ｂ２两个亚类,Ｂ１组包括ＬＧ１２０２８Ｑ、ＬＧ９０２３Ｒ、ＣＲＮ１４３、ＳＦ９９０３、ＳＦ９９０２、Ｓ－３３２２、ＳＨ３３２、ＳＨ４１、ＳＦＰ９００１、ＣＲＮ１４４５等１０个法国基因型;Ｂ２组织有来自美国的Ｇ１０１一个材料。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对大鼠心肌肌浆网Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)-ATPase基因转录调节的影响

观察血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）对心肌肌浆网Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ基因（ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａ）转录调节的影响,评价ＤＭＰ８１１对此效应的干预作用．６周龄雄性ＳＤ大鼠随机分为３组,每组６只．组１：生理盐水输注;组２：ＡｎｇⅡ输注＋ＤＭＰ８１１管饲（３ｍｇ·ｄ－１·ｋｇ－１）;组３：ＡｎｇⅡ输注（２００ｎｇ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｋｇ－１．１周后称其体重,取心脏并称重,提取心脏总ＲＮＡ后采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ的方法检测ＳＥＲ－ＣＡ２ａ的转录水平,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测ＡｎｇⅡ１型受体（ＡＴ１）ｍＲＮＡ水平．实验后,组３心重（ＣＷ）、心重／体重（Ｃ／Ｂ）、ＡＴ１受体转录水平均高于组１（分别增加４．７±０．４％,４．９±０．９％和２４．７±３．５％;Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａ基因转录水平显著低于组１（降低２０．１±３．０％,Ｐ＜０．０１）,并且ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａｍＲＮＡ水平与ＡＴ１受体ｍＲＮＡ水平呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７４,Ｐ＜０．０１）．ＡｎｇⅡ导致的上述改变能被ＤＭＰ８１１完全阻断．ＡｎｇⅡ通过其Ⅰ型受体的介导,诱导了ＳＥＲＣＡ２ａ的转录下调     

华北落叶松树干主要营养元素的空间分布

用标准地－标准木－分层分割法测定了华北落叶松（Ｌａｒｉｘ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｉｓ－ｒｕｐｐｒｅｃｈｔｉｉ Ｍａｙｒ）树干主要营养元素的分布规律,结果为：树干木质部水平方向Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ质量分数随年龄增加逐渐增大,Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的逐渐减少。树干木质部垂直方向Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ质量分数随圆盘高度增加而增加,Ｃａ、Ｍｇ变化较小。树皮Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ质量分数随圆盘高度的增加而增大,Ｃａ有减小的趋势,但梢部质量分数较高;树干主要营养元素的质量分数大小排序为：Ｋ〉Ｃａ〉Ｎ〉Ｍｇ〉Ｐ。不同个体不同组分质量分数之比分别为,皮／木 Ｎ：４．１～６．３,Ｐ：２．８～４．８,Ｋ：２．１～２．７,Ｃａ：２．３～４．１,Ｍｇ：２．１～３．１;皮／心,Ｎ：４．９～８．６,Ｐ：５．２～７．５,Ｋ：２．２～２．７,Ｃａ：２．６～３．８,Ｍｇ：２．０～３．２;边／     

云南纵坑切梢小蠹四个地理种群同工酶比较研究

采用不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术研究了纵坑切梢小蠹（Ｔｏｍ ｉｃｕｓ ｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａ Ｌ．）４ 个自然种群的９ 个同工酶基因座。４ 个种群均在Ｅｓ－ １、Ｅｓ－ ２、Ｅｓ－ ４、Ｍｄｈ－ １、Ｍｄｈ－ ２ 及ＡＡＴ－ １ 基因座上存在遗传多态现象。路南长湖、楚雄、蒙自３ 种群间的遗传距离为０．００３６～０．０１７３, 平均值为０．０１０５, 表明其遗传结构基本相似。丽江种群与上述３ 种群之间的遗传距离为０．１４２１～０．２０３５, 平均值为０．１７６５,表明丽江种群与上述三种群已有了遗传分化。丽江种群近交系数较大,近亲繁殖程度较高。种群遗传结构的差异可能与不同蠹害程度之间存在一定的内在联系。     

凉山山系,小相岭山系大熊猫遗传多样性的DNA指纹比较分析

利用同位素标记大熊猫ＤＮＡ指纹探针Ｆ２ＺＧＰ９６０６０８０１,比较检测了凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫随机个体的ＤＮＡ指纹图,获得的遗传多样性参数如下：（１）凉山山系和小相岭山系随机个体的平均谱带数分别是３３．１４和２８．２５条;平均等位基因频率分别是０．４３和０．４８;平均杂合率分别是５７％和５２％。（２）凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫各自群体内部个体之间ＤＮＡ指纹的相似系数分别是０．６８和０．７２。将两个山系并为一个大群体后,随机个体的平均谱带数为３０．５３;平均等位基因频率为０．３６;个体之间ＤＮＡ指纹的相似系数为０．５８;平均杂合率上升至６４％。（３）凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫群体之间的遗传距离为０．４２,两山系之间已有明显的遗传分化。大熊猫以分布的山系为群体单元时,个体之间遗传相似性高,遗传多样性贫乏;若群体单元扩大到两个山系时,个体之间遗传相似性下降,遗传多样性明显上升。此结果初步表明：大熊猫作为一个物种,遗传多样性可能不是很贫乏,但各个山系内的大熊猫群体,遗传多样性的贫乏程度是相当严重的。     

磷脂酰甘油分子种与杨树抗寒性关系的研究

用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）方法分析了杨树叶磷脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）的分子种组成,用酶解和气相色谱（ＧＣ）方法分析了ＰＧ脂肪酸定位,比较了抗寒性不同的杨树叶片ＰＧ分子种。结果表明,杨树叶片ＰＧ主要含有以下的分子种脂肪酸组成（ｓｎ－１和ｓｎ－２）：１８：１８：２（１８：２／１８：３）,１８：３／１６：１（３ｔ）;１８：３／１６：０;１８：２／１６：１（３ｔ）;１６：０／１８：２,１８：２／１６：０;１８：１     

马尾松天然群体同工酶遗传变异

６个马尾松天然群体同工酶分析结果表明：马尾松群体具有较丰富的遗传变异,其多态位点百分率（Ｐ）＝７６．２％;等位基因平均数（Ｎａ）＝２．３９;有效等位基因平均数（Ｎｅ）＝１．６２,平均杂合率（Ｈｅ）＝０．２７３。但群体间遗传分化极小,基因分化系数（Ｇ＿（ＳＴ））＝０．０１７２,遗传距离（Ｄ）＝０．０１１±０．００５。总遗传变异中,约２％来自群体间,而约９８％的遗传变异存在于群体内的个体,并且其变异又主要来源于１／３的基因位点。马尾松群体近似于随机交配群体,绝大多数位点处于平衡状况,但也有约１／３的位点并非随机交配,存在不同程度的近交。     

药物对病毒感染培养心肌细胞Ca~（2＋）内流及CVB_3－RNA复制的影响

应用放射性同位素￣（４５）Ｃａ￣（２＋）示踪技术及光敏生物素标记ｃＤＮＡ探针杂交方法,观察了维拉帕米、黄芪、地塞米松等药物对感染柯萨奇Ｂ＿３病毒（ＣＶＢ＿３）的大鼠培养心肌细胞Ｃａ￣（２＋）内流及细胞中ＣＶＢ＿３－ＲＮＡ复制的作用。结果发现：在病毒感染４８ｈ,上述三药均可显著减少感染细胞及正常对照的心肌Ｃａ￣（２＋）内流（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．０５）;若在病毒感染后即加入上述药物,经４８ｈ培养后,黄芪组细胞中的ＣＶＢ＿３－ＲＮＡ含量显著少于病毒对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）,维拉帕米则显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）．而地塞米松对其无影响。提示黄芪与地塞米松具有一种与维拉帕米相似的减少病毒感染心肌Ｃａ￣（２＋）内流的作用,有可能减轻感染细胞的继发性Ｃａ￣（２＋）损伤;但三种药物对感染细胞中病毒核酸的复制有不同作用,可作为临床治疗病毒性心肌炎时的参考。     

高钙引起的学习记忆障碍与突触界面结构参数的变化

本研究选用１月龄小鼠,观察了海马内注射ＣａＣｌ２造成高钙水平对小鼠学习和记忆行为的影响,并对海马ＣＡ３区进行突触超微结构定量分析。结果表明,与对照组相比：（１）ＣａＣｌ２组小鼠一次性被动回避反应的步入潜伏期有缩短的趋势,说明该组小鼠记忆减弱;同时Ｙ－迷宫分辨学习能力也显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）;（２）ＣａＣｌ２组海马ＣＡ３区突触后致密物质极显著变薄（Ｐ〈０．００１）,而突触间隙宽度显著增大（Ｐ〈０．     

北京山区辽东栎林土壤释放CO_2的模拟实验研究

模拟北京山区辽东栎林群落,对该类型土壤释放ＣＯ２过程进行了连续３ａ的实验研究,结果表明：辽东栎林土壤呼吸强度平均为５．９２±１．３２μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１,在不同月份中,以８月份最高,１０月最低,依次为８月＞７月＞６月＞９月＞１０月（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１３：００为土壤日呼吸的最高峰。温度为影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,二者存在极显著相关关系（ｒ＝０．５６６８,ｐ＜０．００１,ｎ＝９４）。据３ａ观测的土壤呼吸日平均值计算得出,模拟辽东栎林土壤释放ＣＯ２的通量估计范围为１７１．５～２７５．１ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１,平均为２２３．３ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１。     

Population genetic structure of Carchesium polypinum (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) in four Chinese lakes inferred from ISSR fingerprinting: high diversity but low differentiation

Although the peritrichous ciliate Carchesium polypinum is common in freshwater, its population genetic structure is largely unknown. We used inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting to analyze the genetic structure of 48 different isolates of the species from four lakes in Wuhan, central China. Using eight polymorphic primers, 81 discernible DNA fragments were detected, among which 76 (93.83%) were polymorphic, indicating high genetic diversity at the isolate level. Further, Nei's gene diversity (h) and Shannon's Information index (I) between the different isolates both revealed a remarkable genetic diversity, higher than previously indicated by their morphology. At the same time, substantial gene flow was found. So the main factors responsible for the high level of diversity within populations are probably due to conjugation (sexual reproduction) and wide distribution of swarmers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that there was low genetic differentiation among the four populations probably due to common ancestry and flooding events. The cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that genotypes isolated from the same lake displayed a higher genetic similarity than those from different lakes. Both analyses separated C. polypinum isolates into subgroups according to the geographical locations. However, there is only a weak positive correlation between the genetic distance and geographical distance, suggesting a minor effect of geographical distance on the distribution of genetic diversity between populations of C. polypinum at the local level. In conclusion, our studies clearly demonstrated that a single morphospecies may harbor high levels of genetic diversity, and that the degree of resolution offered by morphology as a marker for measuring distribution patterns of genetically distinct entities is too low.     

中国麦红吸浆虫(双翅目：瘿蚊科)不同地理种群的遗传结构

采用RAPD方法测定分析了我国麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) 10个地理种群的遗传结构。结果表明：5种引物在10个种群中共产生了326个RAPD标记,各地理种群之间没有产生各自的特征标记;不同种群间的遗传相似程度与其地理间距呈反比;种群内的遗传相似程度比种群间的高;利用UPGMA法可将其聚为冬麦区和春麦区两大类群。     

不同地区棉铃虫种群DNA多态性的RAPD分析

通过对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)17个地理种群DNA多态性进行了RAPD分析,结果表明：棉铃虫可以分为四大类群,三亚(SY)、莎车(SC)和哈密(HM)种群各为独立的一类,与内地种群有明显的差异,其中三亚种群差异最大;第四类包含14个地理种群,它们之间相对分化较小,基因相似程度较高,特别是黄河流域和辽河流域南部的种群间遗传距离最小,无基因交流障碍。单个个体的RAPD分析表明,这些种群间的某些个体相互交错,进一步说明这些种群间可能存在着广泛的基因交流。最后还讨论了形成棉铃虫遗传多态性的主要原因,     

东湖螅状独缩虫(纤毛门：寡膜纲)的异质性

以螅状独缩虫（Carchesium polypinum Linne,1785）为研究对象,利用RAPD技术对武汉市南湖、沙湖和东湖3个湖区的螅状独缩虫样本进行了DNA多态性比较分析,以确认种群并期望促进微型生物种群生态学研究.结果如下：（1）从120条随机引物中筛选到31条有清晰扩增条带的,其中20条引物扩增出172条条带清晰、多态性高的条带,片段大小为100～1600bp,而其余11个引物扩增出59条相对多态性差的清晰条带,片段大小为100～1500bp;（2）扩增产物经SPSS12.0与RAPDistance 1.04分析显示,东湖世纪钟（Z）、水果湖（H）和南湖（N）3个样点构成一个分支,而东湖风光村样点（F）或独自形成一支,或与沙湖样点（S）构成相对的姊妹分支.东湖3个样点样本被其它湖泊样本所分隔,表明：东湖水体中螅状独缩虫个体集合为多个种群.这一发现不仅将推动同一水体中微型生物种群生态学研究,更有意义的是可启动关于水体微型生物种群间过渡区本质及物种扩散行为的研究,以期为阐明种群分化和物种形成的机制积累基础资料.     

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND SPATIAL SEPARATION IN THE SEA PALM KELP POSTELSIA PALMAEFORMIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) AS ASSESSED WITH M13 FINGERPRINTS AND RAPDS1

Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht is an annual species, occuring from southern California to Vancouver Island, Canada, in upper intertidal sites exposed to extreme wave shock. Because of its limited spore dispersal, discrete and inbred populations are likely on the local scale, yet dispersal of drifting and fertile thalli raises the possibility of outbred populations on a regional scale. M13 minisatellite DNA fingerprinting and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marks were used in a complementary fashion to investigate genetic variability among 24 individuals on scales of clusters (= coalesced holdfasts). < 1 m, 10 m, 25 m, 16 km, and 250 km. Based on M13 fingerprinting, genetic relatedness within clusters was extremely high. Three of six clusters had at hast two identical individuals, and similarity values within five clusters were ≧0.90. Similarities between two of three clusters separated by < 1 m were significantly higher than between cluster pairs separated by 25 m and 250 km: however, the similarity between two clusters separated by 25 m was equivalent to the similarity between two clusters separated by 250 km. Thus, genetic relatedness as determined by M13 fingerprinting generally decreased as distance increased to 25 m. Conversely, RAPD data easily discriminated populations separated by 16 and 250 km but were not useful in discriminating individuals from < 1 to 25 m. Results from the complementary data sets suggest that most dispersal occurs over distances of 1–5 m, individuals within a cluster are siblings, and distinguishable biogeographic populations are present along the coast.     

小麦异交群体选择分化的RAPD分析

用RAPD分子标记技术及数量遗传分析手段对小麦异交群体趋异选择4代得到的各子群体的遗传关系进行了分析,并对两种结果进行了相关分析。采用11个引物扩增出134个位点,RAPD分析结果表明,群体具有丰富的遗传变异,整个群体的多态位点百分率达0.8134,杂合度达0.3006;子群体间遗传分化较小,相对基因分化系数Gst为0.2310,固定指数平均0.2120,标准遗传距离为0.1044±0.048,表明遗传变异多数来自群体之内。而数量遗传分析发现,选择性状进展都与预期方向相符,主成分遗传距离大部分达显著水平,说明选择使群体发生了相当程度的分化。对两种遗传距离进行聚类分析表明,二种信息间关系各类群成员多不一致。其原因可能在于：数量性状是人工选择的目标,RAPD是基因组随机序列的扩增,二者之间的相关与引物选择有关。 Abstract：The genetic relations of some subpopulations in the fourth generation of selection in outbreeding population of winter wheat were examined by RAPD techniques and quantitative analysis. The correlations of the two results were examined.For RAPD analysis, 11 primers were adopted, and 134 sites were amplified. The results showed that abundant genetic variations existed in the populations. In the whole population, the percentage of polymorphic sites (P) is 0.8134, and the averaged heterozygosity is 0.3006. However,genetic differentiation among subpopulations is small. The relative gene differentiation (Gst) is 0.2310,fixed index averages 0.2120, and the standard genetic distance between subpopulations is 0.1044±0.048.All above shows that most of the genetic variations existed within populations.The cluster results from RAPD analysis and principal component distances showed that similarity relations were only found in small part of the subpopulations. The reason for the results may be that the genes concerned for quantitative traits are selected directly,while the genes involved in RAPD analysis are only random samples of the whole genomes.     

内蒙古典型草原羊草种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古典型草原不同生境 8个羊草种群进行分析。采用 2 4个随机引物 (10 nt)在 8个种群中共检测到2 2 4个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 173个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 77.2 % ,特异性片断 2 2个 ,占 9.82 % ,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为 9.3 3条。利用 Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算了 8个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离 ,运用UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :羊草大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ,Nei指数和Shannon指数计算结果分别为 85.4%和 66.8% ;羊草不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ;8个羊草种群平均遗传距离为 0 .2 3 16,变异范围为 0 .1587～ 0 .2 70 0 ,说明 8个羊草种群间的遗传变异不大 ,即 :在较小地理范围内羊草的遗传分化程度较小 ;8个种群可聚为 3个类群 ,聚类结果显示生境相似的种群能够聚在一起 ,而地理距离最近的种群不一定归为一类 ,说明小范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离不存在相关性 ,而与其生境间的相似度相关。影响遗传相似性的不是单一因子而是各种因子的综合作用 ,较小地理范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化主要是由环境的异质性所引起的     

Analysis of genetic diversity in common loon Gavia immer using RAPD and mitochondrial RFLP techniques

We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b ) gene to evaluate the genetic diversity in common loon Gavia immer populations from two regions in the United States: New England (NE) and Michigan (MI). RAPD analysis with 18 primers showed 74% polymorphism in NE and 50% in MI loons (similarity coefficient F = 0.92). Although no population-specific markers were found, the frequencies of some RAPD bands varied between the two populations suggesting geographical differences. RFLP analyses with Bam HI enzyme and a 307-bp mitochondrial cyt b gene showed four haplotypes in the NE loon samples and two in the MI samples. The mtDNA haplotype diversity was 0.74 for NE and 0.51 for MI loons, supporting the RAPD data that NE loons have greater genetic diversity than MI loons.     

Patterns of Genetic Variation in Swertia przewalskii, an Endangered Endemic Species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Swertia przewalskii Pissjauk. (Gentianaceae) is a critically endangered and endemic plant of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. RAPD and ISSR analyses were carried out on a total of 63 individuals to assess the extent of genetic variation in the remaining three populations. Percentage of polymorphic bands was 94% (156 bands) for RAPD and 96% (222 bands) for ISSR. A pairwise distance measure calculated from the RAPD and ISSR data was used as input for analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). AMOVA indicated that a high proportion of the total genetic variation (52% for RAPD and 56% for ISSR) was found among populations; pairwise Φ _ST comparisons showed that the three populations examined were significantly different (p < 0.001). Significant genetic differentiation was found based on different measures (AMOVA and Hickory θ_B) in S. przewalskii (0.52 on RAPD and 0.56 on ISSR; 0.46 on RAPD and 0.45 on ISSR). The differentiation of the populations corresponded to low average gene flow (0.28 based on RAPD and 0.31 based on ISSR), whereas genetic distance-based clustering and coalescent-based assignment analyses revealed significant genetic isolation among populations. Our results indicate that genetic diversity is independent of population size. We conclude that although sexual reproduction and gene flow between populations of S. przewalskii are very limited, they have preserved high levels of genetic diversity. The main factors responsible for the high level of difference among populations are the isolation and recent fragmentation under human disturbance.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% （P 〈 0.04）, and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% （P 〈 0.002）. A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found （P 〈 0.001）, as well as 72.59% variation within populations （P 〈 0.001）. Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.