皱大球蚧(Eulecanium kuwanai)和瘤坚大球蚧(Eulecanium gigantean)地理种群的RAPD遗传分化

采用RAPD技术测定分析了河北省皱大球蚧和瘤坚大球蚧8个地理种群的遗传结构。结果表明：5种引物在8个种群中共产生了65条RAPD标记,各地理种群之间没有产生各自的特征标记;不同种群间的遗传相似程度与其地理间距呈反比;种群内的遗传相似程度比种间高。Shannon信息指数表明,皱大球蚧的平均遗传多样性高于瘤坚大球蚧,分别为0.3456和0.3225说明物种不同,其变异程度也不同。     

皱大球蚧(Eulecanium kuwanai)和瘤坚大球蚧(Eulecanium gigantean)地理种群的RAPD遗传分化

采用RAPD技术测定分析了河北省皱大球蚧和瘤坚大球蚧8个地理种群的遗传结构。结果表明：5种引物在8个种群中共产生了65条RAPD标记,各地理种群之间没有产生各自的特征标记;不同种群间的遗传相似程度与其地理间距呈反比;种群内的遗传相似程度比种间高。Shannon信息指数表明,皱大球蚧的平均遗传多样性高于瘤坚大球蚧,分别为0.3456和0.3225,说明物种不同,其变异程度也不同。     

中国西部麦红吸浆虫种群遗传结构的RAPD分析(双翅目:瘿蚊科)

对采自我国西北春麦区武威市 ( 38°N,1 0 3°E)、皋兰县 ( 36.5°N,1 0 4°E)及冬麦区长安县 ( 34.2°N,1 0 9°E)的麦红吸浆虫 Sitodiplosis mosellana ( Gehin)种群和皋兰县的麦黄吸浆虫 Contarinia tritici( Kirby)种群用 4种引物 S1 8、S61、S50、S83进行了RAPD测定分析。结果表明 ,引物共产生 1 0 6个 RAPD标记 ,没有任何一个引物能单独区分所有个体 ,但四种引物扩增结果联合则可。引物在麦红吸浆虫的 3个地理种群之间没有产生各自的特征带谱 ,但在 2个种之间可扩增出鉴别图谱。聚类分析显示 :同种同地理种群的个体间遗传相似程度高 ,变异范围小 ;同种不同地理种群间的遗传相似程度变异范围大 ,部分与种群内个体间的遗传相似程度重叠 ;不同种之间的遗传相似程度最低。在麦红吸浆虫种群间 ,长安与皋兰的种群遗传关系最近 ,而与武威种群较远。以近缘属种麦黄吸浆虫作参照分析表明 ,麦红吸浆虫不同地理种群之间表现为种下的遗传差异。     

应用RAPD技术分析奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的基因多态性

以随机扩增多态DNA技术(RAPD）分析了奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼两个养殖群体的群体内及群体间遗传关系,并探讨了该技术在种群鉴定中的应用。RAPD引物筛选结果表明,所测试的20个随机引物中(Table 1),除一个引物未扩增出任何片段外,其余19个引物均扩增出1～11个大小不等的片段,长度大部分在500—3000bp之间,共扩增出220个片段,平均每个引物产生55个片段。两群体间共有片段70条,大部分引物的扩增产物具有种间多态性,种群间相似系数为0.727。以筛选的引物对两种群不同个体(Fig．1,Table 2)及种群混合样品(Fig.2,Table 3)进行RAPD分析。结果表明,不同引物在扩增图谱上表现很大差异：奥利亚罗非鱼不同个体间表现为一致的扩增图谱,种内相似系数达1000,显示了其种群内遗传变异的缺乏;尼罗罗非鱼种内相似系数为0．827,个体间存在不同程度的多态性;两个种群间的相似系数分别为0．767和0.742,表明种间有较高的同源性,遗传距离为0．235,略低于国外的报道．此外,两个养殖群体间的扩增图谱比较也暗示了遗传渐渗现象的存在。实验表明,RAPD标记可以作为一种可靠的遗传标记,用于不同鱼类种群的鉴定,RAPD分析方法是一种快速,简便且行之有鼓的鉴定鱼类种群的方法。     

内蒙古典型草原羊草种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古典型草原不同生境 8个羊草种群进行分析。采用 2 4个随机引物 (10 nt)在 8个种群中共检测到2 2 4个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 173个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 77.2 % ,特异性片断 2 2个 ,占 9.82 % ,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为 9.3 3条。利用 Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算了 8个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离 ,运用UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :羊草大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ,Nei指数和Shannon指数计算结果分别为 85.4%和 66.8% ;羊草不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ;8个羊草种群平均遗传距离为 0 .2 3 16,变异范围为 0 .1587～ 0 .2 70 0 ,说明 8个羊草种群间的遗传变异不大 ,即 :在较小地理范围内羊草的遗传分化程度较小 ;8个种群可聚为 3个类群 ,聚类结果显示生境相似的种群能够聚在一起 ,而地理距离最近的种群不一定归为一类 ,说明小范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离不存在相关性 ,而与其生境间的相似度相关。影响遗传相似性的不是单一因子而是各种因子的综合作用 ,较小地理范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化主要是由环境的异质性所引起的     

黑龙江省强壮水螅遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD技术对黑龙江省10个分布区17个种群的强壮水螅(Hydrarobusta)进行了遗传多样性分析。从80个随机引物中筛选出19个引物,共扩增出320条带,分子量在0.3～3.0kb,其中多态性带数299个,占93.44%,表现出高度的遗传多样性。17个种群的遗传相似系数(GI)平均值为0.7158,相应的遗传距离(GD)平均值0.3425;分布区内种群间的差异(GD平均值0.1695)小于各分布区间种群间的差异(GD平均值0.3425),各种群间的遗传距离与它们的地理间距基本一致;但虎头种群与其他种群间的相似度明显偏低(GI平均值0.5413,GD平均值0.6161),视为较特化种群。     

大针茅种群RAPD多样性及其与若干生态因子的相关关系

利用RAPD分子标记,对锡林郭勒草原主要建群种大针茅（Stipa grandis P.Smirn.）5个种群共90个基因株的遗传多样性进行了分析.由16个10碱基随机引物共扩增得到310条清晰可重复的RAPD片段,且全部为多态性条带.利用POPGENE软件对RAPD数据进行分析可以看出,不同地理种群大针茅存在很高的遗传变异,且大部分变异存在于种群之内,只有少量变异存在于种群之间（≈28%）.Pearson相关分析表明,大针茅种群内基因多样性与温度因子（≥10℃年积温、年均温和1月份均温）之间存在显著（p＜0.05）或极显著（p＜0.01）的相关关系;Mantel检验结果显示,大针茅种群间的遗传距离与种群间的实际地理距离之间不存在显著的相关关系（r=0.184,p=0.261）,但与水热因子的分异之间存在显著（p＜0.05）或极显著（p＜0.01）的相关关系.这些都表明水热差异的自然选择引起大针茅种群RAPD标记的生态地理分化,而迁移和遗传漂变对大针茅种群间的分化不起决定作用.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤及其原始亲本遗传变异的微卫星标记分析

采用从鲤中分离出来的32对微卫星DNA标记,对异源四倍体鲫鲤、红鲫和野鲤的基因组DNA进行了研究。在筛选出的15对微卫星引物中,随引物不同,各等位基因数为1～8个,大小在100～420bp之间。从3个不同群体内部的遗传相似系数来看,异源四倍体鲫鲤个体之间的遗传相似系数最大,说明异源四倍体鲫鲤群体内部的遗传变异程度最低,已经形成了一个遗传性状稳定的群体。从3个不同群体之间的遗传相似系数来看,异源四倍体鲫鲤和红鲫遗传相似系数为0．5625,和野鲤的遗传相似系数为0．5125,说明异源四倍体鲫鲤接受原始母本的遗传物质比原始父本野鲤要多一些。微卫星标记与以前报道的RAPD标记的检测结果是相似的,然而由微卫星标记获得的种群内和种群间的遗传距离均大于RAPD,说明微卫星标记比RAPD标记显示出更高的个体多态性。     

利用RAPD和ISSR标记分析烤烟品种间遗传关系

利用RAPD和ISSR标记对22份烤烟(Nicotiana tabacumL.)品种进行了遗传关系研究。在RAPD分析中筛选到13个引物,共扩增出167条带,其中多态性带50条,多态性比率为29.9%;在ISSR分析中筛选出7个引物,共扩增出96条带,其中多态性带44条,多态性比率为45.8%。两种标记相结合估算出的品种间遗传相似系数在0.881~0.979之间,平均为0.933。单独基于RAPD标记和ISSR标记的聚类结果有一定差异;两种标记结合起来的聚类分析结果与系谱信息吻合程度更高。定向选择可能对烤烟品种间遗传关系有较大影响;国外引进品种与国内育成品种并未完全分开,表明分子水平的遗传关系和地理来源间缺乏必然联系。     

中国舞毒蛾六个地理种群的RAPD分析及SCAR标记构建

舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar L.是世界性农林害虫, 包含不同的亚种, 其中亚洲舞毒蛾的雌蛾具有较强的飞行能力, 已成为国际性的重要检疫性有害生物。然而, 不同舞毒蛾亚种及种群间形态难辨, 因此采用传统的手段鉴别舞毒蛾亚种种群是很困难的。本研究首先采用RAPD标记分析了中国舞毒蛾6个地理种群的遗传多态性。结果表明, 所检测的舞毒蛾种群的遗传分化系数G_st为0.7571, 由此推算出的平均有效迁移数（基因流参数）N_em为0.1604, 说明不同舞毒蛾种群间的遗传分化程度较高, 缺乏广泛的基因流动。本研究在RAPD遗传分析基础之上, 筛选出了4个舞毒蛾种群的特异性遗传位点, 然后对这些特异性位点进行了克隆测序、 序列分析和位点特异性引物设计。结果表明, 其中2个舞毒蛾种群的位点特异性引物可产生序列特征性扩增区域（SCAR）标记。经验证, 这些标记可被用来鉴别特定的舞毒蛾地理种群, 因此有助于对这些舞毒蛾地理种群的分布与扩散进行监测。     

不同地区棉铃虫种群DNA多态性的RAPD分析

通过对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)17个地理种群DNA多态性进行了RAPD分析,结果表明：棉铃虫可以分为四大类群,三亚(SY)、莎车(SC)和哈密(HM)种群各为独立的一类,与内地种群有明显的差异,其中三亚种群差异最大;第四类包含14个地理种群,它们之间相对分化较小,基因相似程度较高,特别是黄河流域和辽河流域南部的种群间遗传距离最小,无基因交流障碍。单个个体的RAPD分析表明,这些种群间的某些个体相互交错,进一步说明这些种群间可能存在着广泛的基因交流。最后还讨论了形成棉铃虫遗传多态性的主要原因,     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% （P 〈 0.04）, and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% （P 〈 0.002）. A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found （P 〈 0.001）, as well as 72.59% variation within populations （P 〈 0.001）. Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% (P ＜ 0.04), and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% (P ＜ 0.002). A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found (P ＜ 0.001), as well as 72.59% variation within populations (P ＜ 0.001). Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

小麦异交群体选择分化的RAPD分析

用RAPD分子标记技术及数量遗传分析手段对小麦异交群体趋异选择4代得到的各子群体的遗传关系进行了分析,并对两种结果进行了相关分析。采用11个引物扩增出134个位点,RAPD分析结果表明,群体具有丰富的遗传变异,整个群体的多态位点百分率达0.8134,杂合度达0.3006;子群体间遗传分化较小,相对基因分化系数Gst为0.2310,固定指数平均0.2120,标准遗传距离为0.1044±0.048,表明遗传变异多数来自群体之内。而数量遗传分析发现,选择性状进展都与预期方向相符,主成分遗传距离大部分达显著水平,说明选择使群体发生了相当程度的分化。对两种遗传距离进行聚类分析表明,二种信息间关系各类群成员多不一致。其原因可能在于：数量性状是人工选择的目标,RAPD是基因组随机序列的扩增,二者之间的相关与引物选择有关。 Abstract：The genetic relations of some subpopulations in the fourth generation of selection in outbreeding population of winter wheat were examined by RAPD techniques and quantitative analysis. The correlations of the two results were examined.For RAPD analysis, 11 primers were adopted, and 134 sites were amplified. The results showed that abundant genetic variations existed in the populations. In the whole population, the percentage of polymorphic sites (P) is 0.8134, and the averaged heterozygosity is 0.3006. However,genetic differentiation among subpopulations is small. The relative gene differentiation (Gst) is 0.2310,fixed index averages 0.2120, and the standard genetic distance between subpopulations is 0.1044±0.048.All above shows that most of the genetic variations existed within populations.The cluster results from RAPD analysis and principal component distances showed that similarity relations were only found in small part of the subpopulations. The reason for the results may be that the genes concerned for quantitative traits are selected directly,while the genes involved in RAPD analysis are only random samples of the whole genomes.     

Landscape conservation genetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dipteryx alata</Emphasis> (“baru” tree: Fabaceae) from Cerrado region of central Brazil

In this paper random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to evaluate the degree of among-population differentiation and associated spatial patterns of genetic divergence for Dipteryx alata Vogel populations from Cerrado region of central Brazil, furnishing support for future programs of conservation of this species. We analyzed patterns of genetic and spatial population structure using 45 RAPD loci scored for 309 trees, sampled from five different regions with two populations each. Genetic structure analysis suggested that panmixia null hypothesis can be rejected, with significant among-population components of 15%. Hierarchical partition by Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) shows that 5% of genetic variation is within regions, whereas 10% of variation is among regions, and these results were confirmed by a Bayesian analyses on HICKORY. The Mantel correlogram revealed that this divergence is spatially structured, so that local populations situated at short geographic distances could not be considered independent units for conservation and management. However, genetic discontinuities among populations were found in the northwest and southeast parts of the study area, corresponding to regions of recent socio-economic expansion and high population density, respectively. Taking both geographic distances and genetic discontinuities into account it is possible to establish a group of population to be conserved, covering most of D. alata geographic distribution and congruent with previously established priority areas for conservation in the Cerrado region.     

山西不同地域菜粉蝶RAPD遗传多样性

采用RAPD技术分析了山西省菜粉蝶5个地域种群间的遗传多样性和遗传关系,用筛选出的12对引物扩增共得到143条带,其中127(88.8%)条带具有多态性,5个种群变异程度由大到小的顺序为:大同的(76.3%)＞太原的(74.7%)＞长治的(74.5%)＞代县的(73.7%)＞夏县的(70.7%).Shannon's信息指数分析结果显示大多数变异发生在种群内(73.7%).种群间的Nei's遗传距离较低(均＜0.1).用UPGMA和 Neighbor-joining做的基于RAPD标记的Nei's遗传距离的聚类图显示,各种群内的个体首先聚在一起,种群之间有一定分化,5个地域种群间较远距离的代县种群与夏县种群遗传关系最近并优先相聚.经过对试验结果的分析讨论认为:环境类型及其生态条件对山西省菜粉蝶地域种群的遗传多样性和遗传变异产生了重要的影响,其中农药的施用对菜粉蝶种群遗传结构的影响有可能是深刻的.     

不同地理种群羊草分子水平上生态型分化的研究

将来自内蒙古不同地区及吉林盐碱地的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）种子同时栽培于校园,以５个样点（阿旗定位站、西乌旗、谢尔塔拉、吉林）的羊草幼叶为材料,选用２０个随机短引物（１００ｎｔ）进行了ＤＮＡ随机扩增,共计获得１００个多态性片段。所得ＲＡＰＤ数据利用自编的计算机软件进行聚类分析、构建分子进行树,结果表明：定位站和西乌旗遗传距离最近,应为同一生态型;而吉林和谢尔塔拉分属不同生态型;阿旗     

RAPD polymorphism of wild emmer wheat populations, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel

 Genetic diversity in random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) was studied in 110 genotypes of the tetraploid wild progenitor of wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, from 11 populations sampled in Israel and Turkey. Our results show high level of diversity of RAPD markers in wild wheat populations in Israel. The ten primers used in this study amplified 59 scorable RAPD loci of which 48 (81.4%) were polymorphic and 11 monomorphic. RAPD analysis was found to be highly effective in distinguishing genotypes of T. dicoccoides originating from diverse ecogeographical sites in Israel and Turkey, with 95.5% of the 100 genotypes correctly classified into sites of origin by discriminant analysis based on RAPD genotyping. However, interpopulation genetic distances showed no association with geographic distance between the population sites of origin, negating a simple isolation by distance model. Spatial autocorrelation of RAPD frequencies suggests that migration is not influential. Our present RAPD results are non-random and in agreement with the previously obtained allozyme patterns, although the genetic diversity values obtained with RAPDs are much higher than the allozyme values. Significant correlates of RAPD markers with various climatic and soil factors suggest that, as in the case of allozymes, natural selection causes adaptive RAPD ecogeographical differentiation. The results obtained suggest that RAPD markers are useful for the estimation of genetic diversity in wild material of T. dicoccoides and the identification of suitable parents for the development of mapping populations for the tagging of agronomically important traits derived from T. dicoccoides. Received: 13 July 1998 / Accepted: 13 August 1998     

珍稀濒危植物天目木兰（Magnolia amoena）遗传多样性的RAPD分析

运用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术,对天目木兰(Magnolia amoena)居群的遗传多样性进行了研究．从40个10-mer随机引物中筛选出14个能得到清晰、稳定扩增带的引物进行扩增,14个引物共检测了94个位点,其中多态性位点为23,占24．4％,计算了12个居群之间的遗传相似度和遗传距离,并运用UPGMA法进行了聚类分析,结果显示相同严地个体间(居群内)的遗传距离较小,遗传多样性水平很低;不同产地个体间(居群间)遗传距离较大,遗传多样性水平较前者高,即天目木兰个体间遗传多样性水平与它的地理分布有关,天目木兰总体较低的遗传多样性是导致它濒危的原因之一。