探讨两栖纲三个目之间的系统发生关系

现存两栖纲分为3个目,然而它们的系统发生关系仍存在较大的争议.选择Genbank上25种两栖动物线粒体全序列,结合已测定的福建大头蛙(Lim nonectes fujianensis)线粒体基因组全序列,以天鹅和眼镜凯门鳄为外群,用线粒体tRNA基因的合并数据重建系统树.采用P AU P(version 4.0b10)软件构建MP和NJ树,tree-puzzle5.2构建ML树.结果显示,NJ树和ML树以较高的自引导值支持有尾目和蚓螈目为姐妹群,而MP树则支持无尾目和有尾目为姐妹群.     

中学动物学中有关两栖纲和爬行纲的两个问题

一、两栖纲:两栖动物在脊椎动物演化史上占有极为重要的位置,它是脊椎动物由水中向陆上发展的过渡类型。不了解两栖动物的特征,学生就不可能掌握脊椎动物由水中向陆上、由低级向高级发展的完整概念。从这个意义说,掌握两栖类的基本知识,也是完全必要的。现存的两栖动物,全世界有近3000种,其中无足目约170种;有尾目200余种;无尾目约2600种。我国有230余种(亚种),其中无足目1种;有尾目32种;无尾目197种。青蛙是泛指黑斑蛙、金线蛙、虎纹蛙等,是两栖纲,无尾目,蛙科动物。初中动物学课本图87,应该是黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata),体长可达8厘米。…     

异尾次目寄居蟹总科线粒体基因组比较分析及系统发育研究

为厘清异尾次目(Anomura)寄居蟹总科(Paguroidea)分类及系统发育关系,研究测定分析了活额寄居蟹科(Diogenidae)刺足真寄居蟹(Dardanus hessii)的线粒体基因组全序列,并与其他已公布的16种寄居蟹总科线粒体基因组进行了比较分析。所有寄居蟹总科种类线粒体基因组均包含37个基因和1段长的非编码控制区。线粒体基因组相似性及共线性分析显示所有17种寄居蟹总科的线粒体基因组均经历了基因重排。重排可分为7种类型,其中寄居蟹科(Paguridae)占4种,活额寄居蟹科2种,门螯寄居蟹科(Pylochelidae)1种。遗传距离、序列相似性及系统发育树均显示长腕寄居蟹(Pagurus filholi)与日本寄居蟹(Pagurus japonicus)为同一物种,暗示其中至少有一个物种鉴定有误。系统发育树显示活额寄居蟹科物种并未聚为一支,其中下齿细螯寄居蟹(Clibanarius infraspinatus)与整个陆寄居蟹科(Coenobitidae)聚为一支,表明活额寄居蟹科为并系群。研究结果不仅有助于更好地理解寄居蟹总科的线粒体基因重排和系统发育,并为线粒体基因重...     

湖北省两栖动物新纪录——尾突角蟾

2003年7月,在湖北后河国家级自然保护区采集到一批两栖动物标本,经鉴定其中一只为尾突角蟾(Megophrys caudoprocta),系湖北省新纪录种,分类上隶属于两栖纲无尾目角蟾科角蟾属。     

双壳贝类线粒体基因组结构的比较

利用比较基因组学和生物信息学方法, 比较分析了已登录到GenBank中的14种海产双壳贝类和2种淡水双壳贝类的线粒体基因组的结构特征。结果发现, 双壳贝类线粒体的基因组结构、基因排列顺序均互不相同; 不同目、科和属之间线粒体基因组的大小、基因排列方式以及基因种类也存在明显的差异, 尤其是基因排列方式没有明显的规律。对16种双壳贝类的线粒体基因组全序列、编码基因序列进行系统分析, 分别得到了不同的聚类结果, 即用基因组全序列聚类时, 16种贝类的聚类结果与传统的形态学分类地位基本相同; 而将16种贝类的所有蛋白质编码基因和2个rRNA基因按照一致顺序排列起来进行聚类时, 所得的系统分类情况与这些贝类传统的形态学分类地位相差较大。     

《两栖纲》教学参考资料

两栖纲动物在脊椎动物进化过程中占有重要的地位。它是脊椎动物由水生到陆生发展进程中的一种过渡类型。现在全世界两栖动物约为2000余种,我国已发现的有204种或亚种。课本中介绍了有尾目的大鲵、无尾目的中华大蟾蜍和青蛙。我国的青蛙就是一种——黑斑蛙。青蛙是这种蛙的俗名,其学名是Rana nigro     

缨翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的结构特征与比较分析

缨翅目物种是一类具有重要经济意义的微小昆虫。截至目前,GenBank数据库中共收录2科7属9种10条蓟马全线粒体基因组序列。现综述缨翅目昆虫线粒体基因组已有的研究成果,比较分析其基因组特征,包括基因大小、基因组成及重排、碱基组成、密码子使用、蛋白质编码基因、RNA基因、非编码区等;最后,对目前研究中存在的问题进行讨论,并对未来研究进行展望,为进一步系统地研究缨翅目昆虫线粒体基因组等提供了新思路。     

藏鸡和两种低地鸡线粒体全基因组序列 的测定和比对

藏鸡生活在青藏高原, 它对高原低氧具有一定的遗传适应能力. 丝羽乌骨鸡和寿光鸡都是低地鸡种, 缺乏对低氧环境的遗传适应能力. 鸡的线粒体基因组总长16785 bp, 共编码37个基因, 这些基因的编码产物均与线粒体的呼吸作用和氧化磷酸化相关, 它们的突变均有可能影响线粒体的功能, 因此均可被选为藏鸡低氧遗传适应的候选基因. 测定比较藏鸡和低地鸡的线粒体基因组, 可以为进一步研究藏鸡的低氧遗传适应机理提供线索. 本研究测定和比较了藏鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡和寿光鸡的线粒体全基因组序列, 发现藏鸡线粒体基因组总长为16784~16786 bp, 丝羽乌骨鸡为16785 bp, 寿光鸡为16784 bp; 比对后共发现突变(包括单核苷酸多态性(SNP)、单碱基缺失和插入)120个, 其中tRNA基因突变4个, rRNA基因突变10个, D-LOOP区突变39个, 基因间隔区突变1个, 编码蛋白质亚基的碱基突变66个(包括同义突变48个, 错义突变18个).     

藏鸡和两种低地鸡线粒体全基因组序列 的测定和比对

藏鸡生活在青藏高原, 它对高原低氧具有一定的遗传适应能力. 丝羽乌骨鸡和寿光鸡都是低地鸡种, 缺乏对低氧环境的遗传适应能力. 鸡的线粒体基因组总长16785 bp, 共编码37个基因, 这些基因的编码产物均与线粒体的呼吸作用和氧化磷酸化相关, 它们的突变均有可能影响线粒体的功能, 因此均可被选为藏鸡低氧遗传适应的候选基因. 测定比较藏鸡和低地鸡的线粒体基因组, 可以为进一步研究藏鸡的低氧遗传适应机理提供线索. 本研究测定和比较了藏鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡和寿光鸡的线粒体全基因组序列, 发现藏鸡线粒体基因组总长为16784~16786 bp, 丝羽乌骨鸡为16785 bp, 寿光鸡为16784 bp; 比对后共发现突变(包括单核苷酸多态性(SNP)、单碱基缺失和插入)120个, 其中tRNA基因突变4个, rRNA基因突变10个, D-LOOP区突变39个, 基因间隔区突变1个, 编码蛋白质亚基的碱基突变66个(包括同义突变48个, 错义突变18个).     

吸虫类线粒体基因组的特征及系统发生分析

本研究分析了吸虫纲下单殖亚纲的13个物种和复殖亚纲的37个物种,共50个物种的线粒体全基因组序列,旨在揭示吸虫类线粒体基因组的主要基本特征,探究吸虫纲物种的系统发生关系。吸虫类的线粒体基因组具有明显的A+T含量偏向性。吸虫类的12个蛋白质编码基因和两个核糖体RNA基因的变异程度很大,其变异比例在48.8%到92.0%之间。根据线粒体基因组的12个蛋白质编码基因和两个核糖体RNA基因的差异位点分析,建议采用ND5、CYTB和ND4基因作为16S、12S和COⅠ基因的辅助分子标记。吸虫类各物种的线粒体基因组出现了大量的基因重排现象,除鸮形目裂体科和多后盘目外,其余物种均遵循类似的基因排列顺序。线粒体基因组的系统发育结果强烈支持将单殖亚纲提升到单殖纲,并支持将目前分类地位未定的腹盘科野牛平腹吸虫归入斜睾目同盘总科。本研究将为吸虫类线粒体基因组的研究、分子进化和分子诊断等方面提供诸多信息,并在今后的实践应用中起到一定的指导作用。     

Clustered and interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in four amphibian species with different genome size.

We have compared the amount of clustered and interspersed repetitive sequences in the genome of four Amphibia with different DNA contents per haploid nucleus: two Anura (Xenopus laevis, 3 pg and Bufo bufo, 7 pg) and two Urodela (Triturus cristatus, 23 pg and Necturus maculosus, 52 pg). High molecular weight DNA of the four species was denatured and reassociated to the same Cot in order to obtain duplex sequences with a similar reiteration frequency. Single-stranded DNA was digested off with the Aspergillus S1 nuclease. DNA was then fractionated according to the molecular weight through an agarose A-50 column. We found that the amount of long repetitive sequences is roughly proportional to the genome size in the four species, while the number of short (about 300 base pairs) repetitive sequences is increased many-fold in the species with the larger DNA content, both in Anura and in Urodela.     

Evolution of paralogous genes: Reconstruction of genome rearrangements through comparison of multiple genomes within Staphylococcus aureus

Analysis of evolution of paralogous genes in a genome is central to our understanding of genome evolution. Comparison of closely related bacterial genomes, which has provided clues as to how genome sequences evolve under natural conditions, would help in such an analysis. With species Staphylococcus aureus, whole-genome sequences have been decoded for seven strains. We compared their DNA sequences to detect large genome polymorphisms and to deduce mechanisms of genome rearrangements that have formed each of them. We first compared strains N315 and Mu50, which make one of the most closely related strain pairs, at the single-nucleotide resolution to catalogue all the middle-sized (more than 10 bp) to large genome polymorphisms such as indels and substitutions. These polymorphisms include two paralogous gene sets, one in a tandem paralogue gene cluster for toxins in a genomic island and the other in a ribosomal RNA operon. We also focused on two other tandem paralogue gene clusters and type I restriction-modification (RM) genes on the genomic islands. Then we reconstructed rearrangement events responsible for these polymorphisms, in the paralogous genes and the others, with reference to the other five genomes. For the tandem paralogue gene clusters, we were able to infer sequences for homologous recombination generating the change in the repeat number. These sequences were conserved among the repeated paralogous units likely because of their functional importance. The sequence specificity (S) subunit of type I RM systems showed recombination, likely at the homology of a conserved region, between the two variable regions for sequence specificity. We also noticed novel alleles in the ribosomal RNA operons and suggested a role for illegitimate recombination in their formation. These results revealed importance of recombination involving long conserved sequence in the evolution of paralogous genes in the genome.     

中国蟾蜍属精子形态比较

采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了采自我国的蟾蜍属(Bufo)7种(亚种)的精子形态,对精子各部位量度进行了测量和计算。结果表明,该属7种(亚种)精子的形态基本相同,精子由头部、中片和尾部组成,头部细长微弯且前端渐尖,中片有球状突起,尾部长,由轴纤维、轴丝和波动膜构成。与已有报道的两栖动物的精子形态相比较,蟾蜍属精子与无尾类其他科精子形态差别较大,而与有尾类精子形态相似。本文认为两栖动物精子形态和量度在科间存在明显差异;两栖动物精子形态的差异可能与其繁殖模式有关。     

组装断裂导致宏基因组来源的基因组污染度高估的评估与修正

[目的] 识别并修正由断裂的标记基因引起的来自宏基因组测序组装的基因组污染度的高估。[方法] 利用纯菌完整基因组构造的模拟数据来分析断裂基因对基因组质量评估的影响以及设定矫正参数，基于nr库的分类学注释结果来判定2个断裂标记基因（即断裂基因对）是否来自于同一标记基因，在剔除断裂冗余基因后重新计算污染度。[结果] 基于纯菌完整基因组模拟打断数据的结果表明基因组片段化程度越高，基因组的污染度越高，并且该现象在分箱获得的微生物基因组草图中也有体现。我们设计的矫正流程能将纯菌模拟打断数据的污染度纠正到完整基因组的水平。在对760个肠道和土壤宏基因组来源的污染度大于0的基因组草图进行矫正后，接近半数基因组的污染度降低，其中43个基因组的污染度降至0。[结论] 我们的流程可以在一定程度上矫正由断裂基因引起的基因组污染度的高估，提高分箱基因组草图的可利用率，并可应用于需求日益增加的宏基因组来源的基因组质量评估中。     

Gene recruitment--a common mechanism in the evolution of transfer RNA gene families

The evolution of alloacceptor transfer RNAs (tRNAs) has been traditionally thought to occur vertically and reflect the evolution of the genetic code. Yet there have been several indications that a tRNA gene could evolve horizontally, from a copy of an alloacceptor tRNA gene in the same genome. Earlier, we provided the first unambiguous evidence for the occurrence of such "tRNA gene recruitment" in nature--in the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the demosponge Axinella corrugata. Yet the extent and the pattern of this process in the evolution of tRNA gene families remained unclear. Here we analyzed tRNA genes from 21 mt genomes of demosponges as well as nuclear genomes of rhesus macaque, chimpanzee and human. We found four new cases of alloacceptor tRNA gene recruitment in mt genomes and eleven cases in the nuclear genomes. In most of these cases we observed a single nucleotide substitution at the middle position of the anticodon, which resulted in the change of not only the tRNA's amino-acid identity but also the class of the amino-acyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) involved in amino-acylation. We hypothesize that the switch to a different class of aaRSs may have prevented the conflict between anticodon and amino-acid identities of recruited tRNAs. Overall our results suggest that gene recruitment is a common phenomenon in tRNA multigene family evolution and should be taken into consideration when tRNA evolutionary history is reconstructed.     

Bacteriophage Mu genome sequence: analysis and comparison with Mu-like prophages in Haemophilus, Neisseria and Deinococcus

We report the complete 36,717 bp genome sequence of bacteriophage Mu and provide an analysis of the sequence, both with regard to the new genes and other genetic features revealed by the sequence itself and by a comparison to eight complete or nearly complete Mu-like prophage genomes found in the genomes of a diverse group of bacteria. The comparative studies confirm that members of the Mu-related family of phage genomes are genetically mosaic with respect to each other, as seen in other groups of phages such as the phage lambda-related group of phages of enteric hosts and the phage L5-related group of mycobacteriophages. Mu also possesses segments of similarity, typically gene-sized, to genomes of otherwise non-Mu-like phages. The comparisons show that some well-known features of the Mu genome, including the invertible segment encoding tail fiber sequences, are not present in most members of the Mu genome sequence family examined here, suggesting that their presence may be relatively volatile over evolutionary time.The head and tail-encoding structural genes of Mu have only very weak similarity to the corresponding genes of other well-studied phage types. However, these weak similarities, and in some cases biochemical data, can be used to establish tentative functional assignments for 12 of the head and tail genes. These assignments are strongly supported by the fact that the order of gene functions assigned in this way conforms to the strongly conserved order of head and tail genes established in a wide variety of other phages. We show that the Mu head assembly scaffolding protein is encoded by a gene nested in-frame within the C-terminal half of another gene that encodes the putative head maturation protease. This is reminiscent of the arrangement established for phage lambda.     

Complete nucleotide sequence and gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genome of the crab-eating frog Fejervarya cancrivora and evolutionary implications

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the crab-eating frog, Fejervarya cancrivora Gravenhorst (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae), was determined. The mt genome is 17,843 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding (ATP6, ATP8, COI-III, ND1-6 and 4L, and Cyt b) and two ribosomal RNA (12S and 16SrRNA) genes. Although metazoan mt genomes typically encode 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), the F. cancrivora mtDNA contains 23 tRNAs due to the presence of an extra copy of tRNA(Met). A major noncoding region and a prominent intergenic spacer corresponding to the control region and light-strand replication origin were also found. To confirm the phylogenetic position of F. cancrivora, we compared the gene arrangement with that of other anurans and performed phylogenetic analyses based on mt genomic data. The genome organization of F. cancrivora mtDNA differs from that of typical vertebrates and neobatrachian frogs but is identical with that of F. limnocharis, suggesting that the unique gene arrangement occurred in the common ancestor of the genus. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of the Fejervarya species used here as well as the dicroglossini clade. Although the family Ranidae as previously recognized (= Ranidae, Discoglossidae, and some other natatanuran families; sensu Frost et al., 2006) is shown as a clade in the maximum parsimony analysis, the maximum likelihood and the Bayesian analyses suggest the paraphyly of the Ranidae with respect to the families, Mantellidae and Rhacophoridae. Three-tandem duplications of gene regions followed by subsequent deletions of supernumerary genes were proposed to explain the evolution of the extra tRNA(Met) and translocation of ND5 from the original neobatrachian gene order.     

The skin of Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Caecilia): an ultrastructural study

The skin of the adult Ichthyophis spp. has been investigated using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the various epidermal and dermal integral cellular components of this genus, of the order Caecilia, are compared and contrasted with those of members of the Anura and Urodela among the Amphibia. In general the epidermis of Ichthyophis is typically amphibian in appearance, though in terms of size the cells are large and of urodelan dimensions. Apart from the epithelial cells, in addition the epidermis includes a number of specifically different cells, some doubtless arising in situ , possibly from the stratum germinativum, others entering the epidermis from elsewhere.
The dermis of caecilians is unique among living amphibians in possessing scales located in pockets, and for completeness their gross structure and arrangement are described and existing information on their ultrastructure is summarized. The cellular composition and arrangement of the dermal glands are described and the glandular components in the Amphibia are compared.