1989-2011年东洞庭湖草洲出露面积变化及其与水位响应的关系

基于多时相的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM⁺遥感影像数据,采用决策树分类法提取1989-2011年共49景东洞庭湖不同水位条件下的草洲出露面积,结合1985-2011年城陵矶日水位数据及数字高程模型,分析草洲时空变化特征并阐明其变化趋势.结果表明: 研究区出露草洲面积受水位影响显著,两者呈极显著的线性关系(R²=0.875,P<0.001),出露草洲面积随水位的升高而逐渐减小,且水位越高,对草洲出露面积的影响越小.草洲出露面积随水位呈现规律性变化,1-7月,水位上升,草洲面积减少;7-12月,水位下降,草洲出露面积增加.1989-2011年,草洲出露面积持续增加,新增草洲主要由泥滩地转化而来;草洲扩张是各高程段草洲面积共同增加的结果,低位洲滩(黄海高程22～25 m)草洲面积的快速增加是湿地草洲扩张的主导部分.各高程水位变化是研究期间东洞庭湖草洲出露面积变化的主要原因.     

1989—2011年东洞庭湖草洲出露面积变化及其与水位响应的关系

基于多时相的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM⁺遥感影像数据,采用决策树分类法提取1989—2011年共49景东洞庭湖不同水位条件下的草洲出露面积,结合1985—2011年城陵矶日水位数据及数字高程模型,分析草洲时空变化特征并阐明其变化趋势.结果表明: 研究区出露草洲面积受水位影响显著,两者呈极显著的线性关系(R²=0.875,P<0.001),出露草洲面积随水位的升高而逐渐减小,且水位越高,对草洲出露面积的影响越小.草洲出露面积随水位呈现规律性变化,1—7月,水位上升,草洲面积减少;7—12月,水位下降,草洲出露面积增加.1989—2011年,草洲出露面积持续增加,新增草洲主要由泥滩地转化而来;草洲扩张是各高程段草洲面积共同增加的结果,低位洲滩(黄海高程22～25 m)草洲面积的快速增加是湿地草洲扩张的主导部分.各高程水位变化是研究期间东洞庭湖草洲出露面积变化的主要原因.     

鄱阳湖湿地景观类型变化趋势及其对水位变动的响应

以1973—2013年16景分辨率较高的鄱阳湖湿地秋季遥感影像为基础,通过定量遥感解译技术,运用多元统计分析方法,探明鄱阳湖湿地景观分类特征、湿地植被类型空间分布格局及演替趋势;并结合遥感影像当天水位波动特征,揭示鄱阳湖水情变化与湿地景观类型和湿地植被类型分布面积之间的动态响应关系。研究表明:(1)提取的鄱阳湖湿地景观类型共有9类,即深水、中等深度水、浅水、苔草、芦苇、水生植被、稀疏草滩、泥滩、裸地;在1973—2013年,这9类湿地景观类型的总面积未发生明显变化,均维持在3000 km2左右;(2)水生植被和稀疏草滩面积均呈增长趋势,水生植被面积增长程度相比于稀疏草滩增长程度更大;苔草面积呈现明显的下降趋势,芦苇与苔草相反,呈现明显的增长趋势;(3)水位与水体之间呈极显著正相关,水位与泥滩之间呈极显著负相关;水位与植被、裸地之间不存在显著相关关系。研究结果有助于阐明鄱阳湖湿地生态水文过程变化特征及发展趋势,为维持季节性淡水湖泊湿地生态系统功能稳定提供一定的科学参考依据。     

西洞庭湖湿地杨树人工林扩张的时空特征

杨树人工林的快速扩张及其对湿地生态系统的影响是西洞庭湖生态系统管理亟待解决的关键问题.本研究基于遥感影像数据、西洞庭湖湖底高程数据以及西洞庭湖水文数据,分析2000—2014年杨树在西洞庭湖洲滩湿地的时空分布特征.结果表明: 2000—2011年,杨树面积大幅增加,从3233.5 hm²增加到10915.6 hm²,增速为698.4 hm²·a^-1,其中,2004—2007年增长速度最快,达到1000.6 hm²·a^-1;2011年达到峰值后逐渐减少,2014年杨树人工林面积回落到10153.1 hm².芦苇、水域泥滩地和草滩地对杨树人工林扩张的贡献度依次为41.8%、37.0%和21.2%.错误的鼓励性政策、经济利益驱动等人为因素是导致西洞庭湖杨树迅速扩张的主要影响因子,泥沙淤积以及三峡大坝运行之后,洞庭湖水文节律的变化为加速杨树人工林的扩张提供了客观条件.2013年以后,西洞庭湖开展“退林还湿”工程是扭转杨树林扩张、并造成2014年杨树林面积下降的主要原因.     

黄河三角洲潮间带不同类型湿地景观格局变化与趋势预测

以1979—2013年7期卫星遥感影像(Landsat TM)为数据源,结合野外实地调查,通过建立黄河三角洲潮间带湿地数据库,探讨不同类型湿地的景观格局以及自然与人为因素对景观格局变化的影响,并基于Markov模型对未来20年三角洲潮间带不同类型湿地的景观格局进行了趋势预测。结果表明,三角洲的潮间带湿地面积在1979—2013年间整体呈先降低后增加变化。其中,1979—2010年的湿地面积持续减少,由1050.28 km~2减少为575.39 km~2,减少率为45.22%;2010—2013年的湿地面积略有增加,由575.39 km~2增加为596.17 km~2,增长率为0.36%。1979—2013年,潮间带主要湿地景观类型随距海远近均呈明显带状分布,但芦苇湿地面积呈明显降低趋势(减少273.53 km~2,减少率为79.68%),盐田养殖池面积呈显著增加趋势(增长12.04km~2,增长率为1584.21%),而光滩、碱蓬湿地、碱蓬-柽柳湿地和柽柳-芦苇湿地等其它类型湿地面积整体均呈波动减少趋势。未来20年,潮间带湿地面积整体将呈降低趋势,其值将由2010年的575.39 km~2减少为2030年的546.98 km~2,减少率为6.60%。芦苇湿地面积将继续减少(减少30.16 km~2,减少率为24.12%),盐田养殖池面积将持续增长(增加3.71 km~2,增长率为38.61%),而光滩、碱蓬湿地、碱蓬-柽柳湿地和柽柳-芦苇湿地等其它类型湿地面积均将呈小幅波动变化。研究发现,尽管自然与人为驱动力的双重作用决定了1979—2013年间潮间带的湿地景观格局及其动态变化,但黄河年输沙量(x_1)、区域GDP(x_2)和水产品产量(x_3)对潮间带湿地面积变化(y)的影响更为重要(y=733.192+35.317 x_1-0.005 x_2-4.085 x_3,P=0.00010.05),其对过去30多年间潮间带湿地面积变化的解释贡献高达76.7%。随着黄河三角洲高效生态经济区国家战略的实施,为实现潮间带区域的可持续发展,潮间带湿地的保护与生态保育应给予特别重视。     

鄱阳湖越冬小天鹅在高水位年份的昼间时间分配和活动节律

2011年1～2月,采用焦点动物观察法对鄱阳湖康山湖候鸟自然保护区内越冬小天鹅种群进行了时间分配和日间活动节律的研究。通常认为小天鹅是典型的游禽,冬季大部分时间都在水中游动。我们的研究结果表明,93.2%的个体在湿地洲滩生境内活动。2010年鄱阳湖持续高水位导致的水体生境中食物短缺,可能是迫使小天鹅主要在湿地洲滩生境活动的主要原因。取食是小天鹅越冬期间最主要的行为,占52.6%,其次为警戒18.2%、运动10.6%、休息10.0%和理羽8.6%。取食、警戒、运动、休息和理羽行为发生的持续时间存在显著差异,休息行为持续最长,平均为48.4s±2.9s,警戒行为的持续时间最短,平均持续时间为9.5s±0.6s。小天鹅在水域生境和湿地洲滩生境中时间分配存在显著差异,在水域生境以休息为主,在湿地洲滩生境以取食为主。除理羽行为与休息行为发生节律存在显著的负相关,其他行为没有显著的相关性。     

环境演变及三峡工程对洞庭湖区东方田鼠种群影响的评估

根据历史资料,分析了洞庭湖洲滩演变与东方田鼠种群变动之间的关系。再根据三峡工程建成后下泄流量调度方案,分析了三峡工程对洞庭湖湖水位及洲滩环境的影响,进而评估三峡工程对东方田鼠种群波动的影响。结果表明,洲滩出露面积的不断增大和冬、春季洲滩连续出露天数的增加,使东方田鼠的栖息地扩大,并使其种群增长期延长,从而使其种群膨胀,三峡工程建成后初期,10－11月洲滩出露天数和出露面积将比建坝前同期有较大增长,建坝后中长期,洲滩出露天数和出露面积逐渐增大,东方田鼠种群亦将随之继续增长。因此,汛期洲滩被淹后将有更多的东方田鼠迁入到垸内,对农田的危害将进一步加重。     

闽江河口短叶茳芏群落湿地沉积物反硝化强度对盐度的响应

为了探讨河口区湿地沉积物反硝化强度对盐度的响应,2015年7月选择闽江河口覆盖短叶茳芏的鳝鱼滩和道庆洲湿地沉积物为研究对象,采用密封厌氧培养,计算不同培养时期在不同盐度下的反硝化速率。结果表明,在反硝化培养的初期,鳝鱼滩的反硝化速率从低盐度到高盐度分别为(15.5±1.38)、(4.28±8.46)、(12.94±0.24)mg kg~(-1)d~(-1),道庆洲分别为(31.93±4.89)、(30.66±5.375)、(36.69±3.44)mg kg~(-1)d~(-1),鳝鱼滩的10天反硝化速率在0和10盐度下降幅度分别是5天的36.97%、53.01%,高于道庆洲22.64%、28.84%,后期随着时间的变化整体上呈现减小的趋势并趋于0。另外,鳝鱼滩和道庆洲反硝化活性随着时间呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其鳝鱼滩变化幅度在95.6%—99.8%,道庆洲为90.0%—96.7%,整个培养期间,鳝鱼滩的反硝化活性均高于道庆洲的反硝化活性。以上结果反映出盐度对闽江河口湿地沉积物的反硝化速率起到一定的抑制作用。     

2000—2010年我国重点生态功能区生态系统变化状况

分析了2000—2010年我国水源涵养型、水土保持型、防风固沙型、生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的生态系统结构、质量与核心服务的变化.结果表明: 近11年来,水源涵养型重点生态功能区的森林、草地面积减少,水体与湿的面积增加,森林、草地、湿地生态系统水源涵养总量增加了2.9%,该类区域需要遏制森林、草地的减少趋势.水土保持型重点生态功能区的农田面积减少,而森林、草地、水体与湿地的面积增加,土壤侵蚀总量减少了28.2%,生态系统土壤保持总量增加了38.1%.防风固沙型重点生态功能区的农田、森林面积增加,草地、水体与湿地的面积减少,单位面积土壤风蚀量下降,单位面积防风固沙服务量有所提升,该类区域多位于干旱半干旱区,需要减少农田面积,优先保护原有生态系统.生物多样性维护型重点生态功能区的草地、荒漠面积减少,其他类型的面积有所增加,人类扰动呈现微弱的上升趋势,该类区域需要减少人类干扰.重点生态功能区应该针对核心服务和保护目标,分类分区开展生态系统保护、改善及其效果的定量综合评估.     

基于遥感反演预测“引江济淮”工程对菜子湖越冬水鸟栖息地的影响

菜子湖位于“东亚-澳大利西亚”候鸟迁徙路线上, 为越冬水鸟提供重要的栖息地。“引江济淮”工程拟通过菜子湖调引长江水, 向巢湖和淮河输送水资源。工程实施后, 菜子湖冬季水位将明显抬升, 改变原有自然节律, 导致湿地景观格局发生重大变化, 可能对在此越冬的水鸟产生重要影响。结合遥感影像、水位季节动态及野外水鸟调查, 分析不同水位时各类湿地景观斑块的分布及面积, 预测工程实施后湖泊水位变化对越冬水鸟栖息地的影响。2016年和2017年两次同步调查共记录到水鸟49450只, 隶属于6目12科42种。菜子湖水位和湿地景观格局具有明显的季节动态, 10月份水位开始下降, 暴露多种湿地景观斑块, 泥滩和草滩面积随水位下降而增加, 为多种越冬水鸟提供觅食地。泥滩和草滩的分布具有空间异质性, 越冬水鸟的空间分布与此相适应。“引江济淮”工程实施后, 菜子湖冬季水位较高, 导致大量泥滩和草滩不能暴露, 越冬水鸟栖息地丧失严重, 如东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)(EN)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus) (CR)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)(UV)和鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)(UV)等濒危物种。为降低工程对越冬水鸟栖息地的影响, 建议工程实施后菜子湖越冬期水位应不超过11.5米。     

Using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to study water movement in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum at Poyang Lake wetland,China

Water movement in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) has a significant effect on the biogeochemical process in wetlands. This study investigated the water movement in the SPAC in Poyang Lake wetland, which is a protected area with an important ecological function within the Yangtze River basin, under different water-level conditions by analyzing the responses of river, groundwater, soil and plants to precipitation using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The results show that the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O and δD) of soil water decrease with increasing depth due to the near surface evaporation. During the dry season the water-level in Poyang Lake is low, when it rains the influencing depth of precipitation and evaporation on soil water isotopic signatures was 20 cm below the ground surface. The rain water infiltrates into the soil, recharges groundwater and flows to the river. When the water-level in Poyang Lake is low, the Xiu River is recharged by the groundwater, which recharges the soil water by capillary rise. During the flood season, the water-level is high and the water in Poyang Lake reaches or covers the meadows, recharges the groundwater and soil water. In the meantime, the water in Poyang Lake can be recharged by rain water when it rains. During the dry season when it doesn’t rain, plants mainly use groundwater, but soil water is preferred and plants don’t use rainwater directly when it rains. When the lake water-level is extremely low, the plants in Poyang Lake wetland may suffer from water stress, which is harmful for plant growth.     

Monitoring the spatiotemporal change of Dongting Lake wetland by integrating Landsat and MODIS images,from 2001 to 2020

Dongting Lake wetland provides critical ecological functions in the Yangtze River Basin, however its landscape pattern has changed during the past 20 years due to both climate change and the human activities such as the operation of the Three Gorges dam (TGD). Numerous studies have used remote sensing technology to monitor such changes. However, most of studies were conducted at low spatial resolutions (250–1000 m) or low temporal resolutions (few images per year), which can introduce a degree of unreliability as regards the associated conclusions. To thoroughly analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of Dongting Lake wetland, high spatiotemporal resolution images from 2001 to 2020 have been produced by a modified version of the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion method (cuFSDAF 2.0) developed in this paper. This method is able to retrieve both phenology and land-cover changes both quickly and accurately. In addition, a tailored category by category extraction mapping method (CCEMM) is proposed to reliably classify wetland cover types. The mapping results show that the water area expanded by 66.43 Km² in the wet season, and shrank by 132.86 Km² in the dry season, between and including the years, 2001 to 2020. It appeared that the water area in the dry season declined obviously from 2003 to 2010 due to the operation of the TGD and is gradually stabilized after 2010. The reed area increased by 279.59 Km² and the grass area decreased by 220.46 Km² in the dry season, from 2001 to 2020. The shrinkage of the water area in the dry season may be one of the main factors driving reeds to occupy the previous grass growth area.     

三峡工程运行后对洞庭湖湿地的影响

长江三峡工程建成运行后,其下游第一个大型通江湖泊——洞庭湖的水文、水质以及湿地环境等均发生了很大变化。三峡工程已经开始影响到洞庭湖的泥沙淤积、水位波动、水质以及植被演替等。以三峡水库调度运行方案、河湖交互作用和洞庭湖湿地植被分布格局为基础,从长江三峡工程对洞庭湖水文、水质以及湿地植被演替等方面综述了三峡工程对洞庭湖湿地的综合影响。三峡工程减缓了长江输入洞庭湖泥沙的淤积速率,对短期内增加洞庭湖区调蓄空间、延长洞庭湖寿命有利。总体上减少了洞庭湖上游的来水量,改变了洞庭湖原来的水位/量变化规律。给洞庭湖水环境质量造成了直接或间接的影响,对其水质改变尚存一定争议,但至少在局部地区加剧了污染。水位变化和泥沙淤积趋缓协同改变了洞庭湖湿地原有植被演替方式,改以慢速方式演替,即群落演替的主要模式为:水生植物—虉草或苔草—芦苇—木本植物。展望了今后的研究趋势与方向,为三峡工程与洞庭湖关系的进一步研究提供参考。     

Historical changes in herbaceous wetland distribution induced by hydrological conditions in Lake Saint-Pierre (St. Lawrence River,Quebec, Canada)

Historical changes (1961–2002) in the distribution of herbaceous wetland plant associations were inferred from the hydrological regime of Lake Saint-Pierre, a 312 km² broadening of the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada), to assess the cumulative effects of human interventions and climatic variability. Relative abundance index (height × percent cover) of wetland plants in 630 field quadrats sampled at 13 sites (1999–2002) were used to derive a model predicting the occurrence of nine herbaceous plant classes with a 71% (24–84%) accuracy. Wetland types included seasonally dry (meadows), mudflats and wet (low marshes and submerged) assemblages. Over the 1961–2002 period, the total surface area of Lake Saint-Pierre herbaceous wetlands ranged between 11 (in 1972) and 128 (in 2001) km² and was negatively correlated (Spearman r = –0.86, p < 0.0001) to average water level during the current growing season. Within-season variability and level conditions over the previous season defined 5 marsh assemblages characterized by different species composition, relative abundance and diversity. Significant hydrological variables included quadrat elevation, water depth, number of days flooded and depth variability experienced over the current and/or previous growth seasons. The hydrological model suggests that for a given level, wetland plant assemblages differed markedly whether the multi-year sequence of water levels was rising or falling. Lake Saint-Pierre alternated between three broad-scale wetland configurations, dominated by meadows and open marsh with floating-leaved vegetation (in the 1960s), scattered tall Scirpus marshes (in the 1970s and early 1980s) and closed marsh with aggressive emergents (since 1996). The strong response of Lake Saint-Pierre wetlands to hydrological conditions in the current and previous growth seasons underlines their vulnerability to future water level variations resulting from regulation and climate variability.     

洞庭湖景观格局变化及其对水文调蓄功能的影响

景观格局影响并决定着湿地水文调蓄过程和功能。基于洞庭湖区1980、1990、2000和2005年的景观格局数据和相应4年的水文实测数据,利用灰色关联分析,探讨了洞庭湖景观格局变化对水文调蓄功能的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,洞庭湖区景观格局指数与调蓄功能存在不同程度的相关性,其中调蓄量与最大斑块指数和聚合度指数关联度最大,分别为0.77和0.75,说明景观中的优势斑块大小以及同质斑块间的连通性有利于湖区调蓄能力的增加。泥沙沉积率与斑块数、形状指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数关联度也较大,变化于0.7—0.78之间,说明景观的破碎化程度,多样性,形状复杂度的增大会加大湖区泥沙沉积率。分流比、分沙比与景观格局指数的关联度均较小。景观类型指数与调蓄量的关联度分析表明,水田、林地和水体的最大斑块指数和聚合度指数与调蓄量关联度均较高,说明水田、林地和水体最大斑块面积和聚合度的增大有效增大了湖区调蓄能力。     

Is consolidation drainage an indirect mechanism for increased abundance of cattail in northern prairie wetlands?

In the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, disturbances to wetlands that disrupt water-level fluctuations in response to wet–dry climatic conditions have the potential to alter natural vegetative communities in favor of species that proliferate in stable environments, such as cattail (Typha spp.). We evaluated the effect of water-level dynamics during a recent fluctuation in wet–dry conditions on cattail coverage within semipermanently and permanently ponded wetlands situated in watersheds with different land use and amounts of wetland drainage. We found that ponded water depth increase was significantly greater in wetlands where water levels were not near the spill point of the topographic basin, where banks were steeper, and in larger wetlands where past dry conditions had less influence on change in pond area. Proportion of the wetland covered by cattail was negatively correlated with increased water depth, bank slope and pond area. Our observations provide evidence that cattail coverage in prairie wetlands is regulated by water-level fluctuations and that land use surrounding the wetland might have an indirect effect on cattail coverage by altering water-level response to wet–dry climate conditions. For example, drainage of smaller wetlands into larger wetlands that are characterized by more permanent hydroperiods, leads to stabilized water levels near their spill point and is therefore a potential mechanism for increased cattail abundance in the northern prairie region.     

近20年白洋淀湿地水文连通性及空间形态演变

水文连通性是表征湿地格局和功能稳定性的重要指标,连通性的降低通常意味着湿地生态功能的退化,内部能量流动和养分循环的扰乱。选取京津冀最具典型性的白洋淀湿地为案例,将形态学空间格局分析模型(MSPA,Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis)与连通性指数(IIC,Integral Index of Connectivity;PC,Probability of Connectivity)相结合,从时空两方面分析了白洋淀湿地水文连通性的变化,总结出水文连通性变化的空间形态演变规律。结果表明,1990—2015年间,白洋淀湿地整体连通性较差,以2005年为节点呈现先降低后逐步恢复的趋势;根据MSPA功能类型的变化,将白洋淀湿地空间形态演变分为消退期与恢复期两个阶段。消退期主要表现为核心斑块逐步分裂为分支、环岛、桥接、孤岛等细碎斑块,然后逐渐消退的过程;恢复期各类型主要表现为核心湿地面积逐渐增加,分支向桥接转变的过程。其中核心湿地的面积由1990年的8974.90 hm2,最低下降到2005年2092.97 hm2,到2015年又恢复到4122.14 hm2。整体而言,核心湿地的变化对白洋淀湿地水文连通性变化起主导作用。白洋淀湿地水文连通性降低的影响因素主要有上游补给水量的多少,土地利用变化以及气候变化等因素。研究将MSPA模型与连通性指数相结合的方法,能较好揭示湿地水文连通性变化过程中水文形态组织和运行变化的规律,可为其他地区湿地相关研究提供方法上的借鉴。