西洞庭湖湿地杨树人工林扩张的时空特征

杨树人工林的快速扩张及其对湿地生态系统的影响是西洞庭湖生态系统管理亟待解决的关键问题.本研究基于遥感影像数据、西洞庭湖湖底高程数据以及西洞庭湖水文数据,分析2000—2014年杨树在西洞庭湖洲滩湿地的时空分布特征.结果表明: 2000—2011年,杨树面积大幅增加,从3233.5 hm²增加到10915.6 hm²,增速为698.4 hm²·a^-1,其中,2004—2007年增长速度最快,达到1000.6 hm²·a^-1;2011年达到峰值后逐渐减少,2014年杨树人工林面积回落到10153.1 hm².芦苇、水域泥滩地和草滩地对杨树人工林扩张的贡献度依次为41.8%、37.0%和21.2%.错误的鼓励性政策、经济利益驱动等人为因素是导致西洞庭湖杨树迅速扩张的主要影响因子,泥沙淤积以及三峡大坝运行之后,洞庭湖水文节律的变化为加速杨树人工林的扩张提供了客观条件.2013年以后,西洞庭湖开展“退林还湿”工程是扭转杨树林扩张、并造成2014年杨树林面积下降的主要原因.     

水文情势与盐分变化对湿地植被的影响研究综述

湿地植被是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分。水文情势与盐分变化直接影响到湿地植被的分布与演替。目前,全球气候变化和人类活动导致的水文情势改变与盐分聚集已造成大面积的湿地退化和盐渍化,已严重威胁全球淡水湿地生态系统的稳定和健康。系统总结了水文情势与盐分变化单一环境变量及其交互作用对湿地植物生理生态、物种多样性、群落结构与演替和植被动态等诸多方面的影响研究进展,并探讨了湿地水文动态-盐分变化-植被响应的综合模型研究现状,认为发展湿地综合模型预测未来水文情势与盐分变化情景下湿地演变,是应对气候变化湿地水盐管理和生态保护的重要工具,最后指出今后亟需加强的研究方向。     

流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化响应研究进展

植被变化与流域水文过程构成一个反馈调节系统,是目前生态水文学研究的重点对象.由于植被自身的生长发育以及受自然因素和人为干扰的作用,植被变化具有多尺度性;由于受流域水文环境的异质性和水文通量的变化性的影响,流域水文过程也同样具有多尺度性.因此,只有通过对不同尺度生态水文过程分析,才能揭示流域径流泥沙对植被变化的响应机理.从不同时空尺度回顾了植被生长、植被演替、植被分布格局变化、造林以及森林经营措施等对流域径流泥沙影响的主要研究成果;概括了目前研究采用的3种主要方法,即植被变化对坡面水流动力学影响的实验室模拟、坡面尺度和流域尺度野外对比观测实验以及水文生态模型模拟方法;分析了植被变化与径流泥沙响应研究要考虑的尺度问题,从小区尺度上推至流域尺度或区域尺度时应考虑不同的生物物理控制过程.研究认为,要确切理解植被与径流泥沙在不同时空尺度的相互作用,必须以等级生态系统的观点为基础,有效结合生态水文与景观生态的理论,从地质-生态-水文构成的反馈调节入手,系统地理解植被变化与径流泥沙等水分养分之间的联系及反馈机制,建立尺度转换的基础.同时,作为有效的研究工具,今后水文模型的发展应更加注重耦合植被生理生态过程以及景观生态过程,从流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化水文响应的过程与机制入手,为植被恢复与重建、改善流域水资源状况和流域生态环境奠定基础.     

淡水湿地种子库的研究方法、内容与展望

种子库是指存在于土壤表面和土壤中全部存活种子的总和.种子库的研究是深入探讨湿地植被结构、功能与动态等方面的重要基础,同时也是对湿地生物多样性研究的一个重要补充,对于了解植被演替动态、植被更新和受损湿地植被重建与恢复具有指导意义.本文结合国内外淡水湿地种子库研究现状,对湿地种子库的形成、研究方法以及湿地种子库时空格局、种子库与地表植被的关系、水文变化对湿地种子库的影响、湿地种子库在湿地恢复中的应用等主要研究内容进行了系统的总结;同时对湿地种子库的时间动态、种子库的分类、种子库与地表植被的关系、湿地恢复重建及湿地景观营造等研究进行了展望.     

森林植被变化（采伐）对小流域水文化学循环过程的影响

森林不仅调节流域的水文循环过程而且对流域的生物化学循环过程也产生重要的影响.森林流域通过林冠层截留、地被物层过滤、土壤入渗以及河岸植被缓冲带等环节,对降雨径流中的泥沙、有机物、污染物质进行有效的过滤、吸收和净化,从而达到改善水质的目的.回顾了国内外森林植被变化对小流域水文化学循环的影响研究,尤其是森林经营活动如采伐等对流域的河流水温、悬移质泥沙含量、溶解养分等方面的影响.多数研究认为森林采伐方式不同河流水温受影响程度不同;溶解养分与森林采伐的方式、地点及采伐流域的类型密切相关.特别指出河岸植被缓冲带在森林流域水质保护中的重要性,它的存在可以维持河流水温、有效防止和降低地表径流中携带的泥沙、污染物、有机质等进入河流,从而达到保护水质的目的.目前,我国在森林植被变化对流域水文化学循环影响领域的研究还主要侧重于森林减少泥沙效应方面,在森林的水质保护效应方面,多数的报道都集中在森林生态系统各要素(如林冠、地被物、森林土壤等)对大气降水化学物质输入的影响,而对小流域尺度森林植被变化(如采伐)对水文化学循环影响方面的研究开展得还很少.     

不同高程短尖苔草对水位变化的生长及繁殖响应

在淡水湿地生态系统中,水位通常是制约植被生长和繁殖动态的关键因素,进而对物种组成、群落演替和植被分布格局产生决定性影响。无性繁殖是洞庭湖湿地克隆植物适应环境胁迫的重要策略之一,以洞庭湖湿地典型克隆植物-短尖苔草(Carex brevicuspis C.B.Clarke)为对象,研究了不同分布高程(23.7 m和25.8 m)的植物对水位变化(0 cm,-15 cm,-30 cm)的生长和繁殖特征响应。结果表明:水位变化对不同分布高程分布短尖苔草的生长和克隆繁殖特征均产生显著影响(P0.05)。对高程区的短尖苔草而言,克隆繁殖特征如分株数、分株总生物量、芽数和芽生物量随水位的降低而增加,而对生长特征(株高及总生物量)无显著影响(P0.05),表明适当干旱有利于高程区苔草的克隆繁殖。对于低程区分布短尖苔草而言,水位变化对其生长特征有显著影响(P0.05),如株高和总生物量随着水位的降低而增加;分株数和总芽生物量等克隆繁殖特征则随水位的降低而减少,而水位对低程区短尖苔草的分株总生物量和总芽数影响不显著(P0.05)。因此,短尖苔草的克隆繁殖特征除受到水位的影响外,还受其分布高程的影响。可见,同一种短尖苔草因长期适应于不同生境而对相同的环境胁迫表现出了不同的生长繁殖策略,     

两种挺水植物对水位变化的生长响应

水文情势是湿地生态系统最重要的环境因素之一,对土壤环境、物种分布及植被组成具有决定作用,长时间水淹可导致大量物种死亡,改变植被组成和结构。水文情势主要包括两个方面:水位(淹水深度、频率和持续时间等)和水质,二者都会对植被产生显著影响。湿地植物的生长、繁殖和生物量分配等在受水位的影响时表现出一定差异,且物种之间表现不一致;当高水位持续时间超过30d时,物种存活率会显著降低;而较低的水位波动     

鄱阳湖洲滩湿地地下水位对灰化薹草种群的影响

在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,近年来鄱阳湖流域极端水文事件频发,洲滩湿地生态过程也相应发生变化,开展鄱阳湖水文过程变化与植被演替过程的交互作用研究十分必要。选择鄱阳湖典型洲滩植物灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)为研究对象,通过地下水位控制模拟试验,设置地下水位埋深10、20、40、80、120cm等5个处理,系统探讨了地下水位埋深对鄱阳湖典型湿地植物灰化薹草生长与种群演变的影响。研究结果表明:春季,不同地下水位对灰化薹草种群的密度和群落多样性影响不显著;夏季,不同地下水位对灰化薹草的密度、种群多样性以及藜蒿和灰化薹草的高度比影响显著。地下水位埋深10cm更适宜灰化薹草植株的生长与群落结构的稳定,而地下水位埋深低于80cm,尤其是低于120cm可能会导致灰化薹草种群的退化与演替。研究结果对于揭示地下水位波动作用下鄱阳湖湿地植被种群发生的短期变化和长期演变趋势具有重要的指示意义。     

洞庭湖青山垸退耕地不同水位土壤种子库特征

研究退耕地土壤种子库的组成特点和分布规律是评价受损湿地生态恢复效应的重要组成部分.本文以洞庭湖典型退田还湖区——青山垸为对象,研究了不同水位及湿地土壤(0～2、2～5和5～10 cm)种子库的大小、物种组成多样性及其与地上植被的关系.结果表明: 青山垸土壤种子库密度、丰富度指数以及地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性系数沿低-中-高水位梯度呈“V”型变化.常淹区种子库密度最高,为(36943±5207)粒·m^-2,偶淹区最低,为(18618±6977)粒·m^-2,洪淹区居中,为(30572±5329)粒·m^-2;地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性系数(Sorensen系数)为常淹区(0.76)>洪淹区(0.53)>偶淹区(0.41).种子库密度、物种多样性指数和物种丰富度指数沿土壤剖面呈递减趋势,但不同水位的递减幅度存在差异.种子库密度、物种丰富度以及地上植被与湿地种子库的相似性系数沿水位梯度呈规律性变化,与其所处的地理位置水文波动和植被的物种生活型组成等密切相关.     

湿地植物对泥沙淤积的适应

泥沙淤积是湿地常见自然现象,常造成土壤容重、水含量和金属元素含量增加,而使土壤有机质、通气性及温度降低等,深刻影响着湿地植物生存、生长及植被演化.在长期适应进化过程中,适应者演化出一套有效的适应策略,克服了泥沙淤积的负面影响甚至依赖泥沙淤积完成生命周期,而不适应者则被驱离出湿地环境.主要适应策略包括:1)生活史对策,如...     

Synergistic changes in river-lake runoff systems in the Yangtze River basin and their driving force differences

Climate change and human activities simultaneously alter river–lake relationships. Determining the dynamics of river–lake runoff systems on multiple time scales and their differences in response to driving forces can provide insights into hydrological processes and water resource management. This study investigates the synergistic evolution of river–lake runoff systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYR) using the cross-wavelet transform method. The effects of different driving force changes on river–lake runoff regimes are quantified based on the Budyko hypothesis, and an InVEST model is developed to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of habitat quality. The results indicate that during the variation period, the runoff distributions of the Yangtze River–Dongting Lake and Yangtze River–-Poyang Lake runoff systems are both skewed towards lower values in the flood seasons compared with those in the base period. The storage of lakes mitigates the extent of human disturbance to the mainstream hydrological regime, particularly under extremely low conditions. From 1960 to 2021, five significant resonance periods are indicated in the river–lake runoff system, and the phase–angle relationships indicate a positive phase coupling between the lake and mainstream hydrological regimes, with the lake lagging behind the mainstream; however, this interaction tends to weaken. In the mainstream and Dongting Lake basins, subsurface conditions are the dominant factor contributing to runoff variability, with contributions ranging from 50.9% to 72.6%; in the Poyang Lake basin, precipitation is the dominant factor, with a contribution of 50.6%; and in the Han River basin, changes in the potential evapotranspiration contribute to 50.6% of runoff variability. The proportion of high habitat quality in the MLYR is approximately 52%, the Dongting and Poyang Lake basins indicate a high habitat quality rating. However, frequent human activity is the main reason of conversion from higher habitats to lower ones, which may result in wetland habitat degradation.     

River‐lake migration of fishes in the Dongting Lake area of the Yangtze floodplain

Over the past few decades, fish resources have declined severely owing to the river–lake disconnection within the Yangtze River floodplain. Studies on fish migrations between rivers and floodplain waters are imperative for fish resources restoration and lake management. However, few studies have as yet documented the migration rhythms of river–lake migratory fishes. Monthly investigations of the fish assemblage structure were conducted in three regions of the Dongting Lake, which is connected to the Yangtze River. Main results were: (i) Fish catches varied greatly, depending on the water level and area of the lake; (ii) Ten river–lake migratoty species were caught during the study, 80% of these during July–October when the water level was high. Species richness and relative abundance both decreased with increasing distance from the river, and the timing of peak abundance occurred later in the year; (iii) Abundance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) peaked in July and August and were mainly composed of 0 + fishes. The results revealed that the key time for migration into the lake is July–August. Combining the results from previous studies, a comprehensive view is given of migration patterns of four domestic Chinese carps; (iv) Brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon), appeared to migrate into the Dongting Lake as two separate shoals, differentiated by body size. They also appeared to remain close to the lake mouth area. Based on the above results, two recommendations can be made for river–lake migratory fish conservation in the Yangtze floodplain: prolonging the current fishing ban period of April–June to April–September; and opening sluice gates for as long as possible during April–September in order to maximize the opportunities for fish migration.     

BIODIVERSITY PATTERN AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN,CHINA北大核心CSCD

The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is a priority conservation area for biodiversity of the world, with its main river, branches and wetlands. As an essential part of freshwater ecosystem, aquatic vegetation has been well studied by Chinese researchers since 1950s, but large-scaled analysis on the biodiversity pattern is lacked. Based on published studies, we analyzed spatial and temporal pattern of aquatic plant diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated the suitable habitat area and underlying influence of environmental factors using MaxEnt software. A total of 298 species are recognized, belonging to 121 genera in 52 families, which is 57.6% of the total aquatic vascular plants in China. The Yangtze River Basin is the key area for aquatic plant diversity of China, especially the subregions of middle reaches. The elevation and land use are the key environmental variables to the spatial pattern of aquatic plants. The separation among water systems have weak influence on the spatial pattern of diversity in aquatic vascular plants, but potamo-lacustrine habitats facilitated the species homogenization of the flora in a sub-basin scale. The network consists of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake, and the middle and lower mainstream is the suitable area for the aquatic plants based on the MaxEnt model. In the past half century, the decline or loss of aquatic vegetation occurred in plenty of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin. We suggested that the protection of aquatic vegetation should be incorporated into the integrated conservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River. © 2019, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

The impact of the River Ntahangwa, the most polluted Burundian affluent of Lake Tanganyika, on the water quality of the lake

Sources of pollution at the north end of Lake Tanganyika are concentrated around Bujumbura, Burundi. The impact of River Ntahangwa on the water quality of this part of Lake Tanganyika was compared with that of an unpolluted river, the Mugere. A shallow bay, not influenced by a river, was used as a reference station. Chemical analyses were carried out at four week intervals during nearly a year. Samples were taken at different distances from the shore and at different depths. River impact was detected up to 100 m from both river mouths. Even at 50 m from the mouth of the polluted River Ntahangwa, no important decrease of dissolved oxygen was detected. Chlorophyll-a maxima were found 100 m from the Ntahangwa mouth, but this was also the case 100 m from shore in the unpolluted bay. Lake water at 60 m depth was saturated with oxygen during the dry season, as it used to be in 1956. The rivers studied descent initially within the lake due to greater sediment load and lower water temperature. Nevertheless, it appears that these rivers mix completely in the lake within 100–300 m from the river mouths. The direct effects from organic pollution of the Ntahangwa on the lake seem to be rather negligible. Appropriate anti-erosion measures should reduce massive sediment discharge into the lake.     

基于MODIS的洞庭湖湿地面积对水文的响应

利用MODIS影像数据集提取了2000-2010年间的洞庭湖水面面积。结合城陵矶水位数据分析了10月-翌年5月洞庭湖水体湿地和洲滩湿地的面积变化。研究结果表明,洞庭湖水体湿地呈现明显减小的趋势。2010年2月、10月、12月较2000年2月、10月、12月相比,分别有29.98%、26.76%和9.02%水体湿地转化为洲滩湿地。城陵矶在24-26 m水位涨落的时序变化较大,使东洞庭湖草滩湿地提前出露。推迟淹没,洲滩湿地裸露时间延长,亦将导致低海拔的草滩湿地向芦苇滩湿地的演变。洞庭湖湿地面积的变化是三口、四水来水减少、降雨减少等多方因素共同作用的结果,而三峡在9-10月间蓄水,将进一步加重湿地洲滩化的趋势     

武汉月湖水生植被重建的实践与启示

通过生物操纵、浮水植物和植物浮岛原位净化、岸边人工湿地净化和科学种植等措施,2－3年内,在长江中游地区、面积为0.66km2、水质为劣Ⅴ类的重富营养湖泊武汉月湖重建了以菹草和伊乐藻为优势种的沉水植物先锋群落,2005年春季的沉水植物盖度达到45％,提高了透明度。利用水位低、透明度相对高的冬季种植伊乐藻、菹草等适合冬春季生长的沉水植物是建立沉水植物先锋群落的一个有效途径。重污染水体过低的透明度是重建沉水植被的主要限制因子,在低水位或较高透明度时期,水生植物可以耐受相对较高的污染负荷,并且在有条件降低水位时,会大大提高重建沉水植被的成功率。重建并保持长期稳定的水生植被必须截污,并把营养盐浓度削减到一定范围内。水生植被重建初期是最脆弱的时期,水位、污染负荷等生态因子的较大波动很容易破坏植物群落,在这一时期要尽量保持关键因子的稳定,注意控制浮萍的扩张,使形成的生态系统逐步走向成熟。清除鱼类对提高水的透明度有重要作用,但必须伴随着水生植被的恢复或重建才能维持长久的良好效果。     

洞庭湖景观格局变化及其对水文调蓄功能的影响

景观格局影响并决定着湿地水文调蓄过程和功能。基于洞庭湖区1980、1990、2000和2005年的景观格局数据和相应4年的水文实测数据,利用灰色关联分析,探讨了洞庭湖景观格局变化对水文调蓄功能的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,洞庭湖区景观格局指数与调蓄功能存在不同程度的相关性,其中调蓄量与最大斑块指数和聚合度指数关联度最大,分别为0.77和0.75,说明景观中的优势斑块大小以及同质斑块间的连通性有利于湖区调蓄能力的增加。泥沙沉积率与斑块数、形状指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数关联度也较大,变化于0.7—0.78之间,说明景观的破碎化程度,多样性,形状复杂度的增大会加大湖区泥沙沉积率。分流比、分沙比与景观格局指数的关联度均较小。景观类型指数与调蓄量的关联度分析表明,水田、林地和水体的最大斑块指数和聚合度指数与调蓄量关联度均较高,说明水田、林地和水体最大斑块面积和聚合度的增大有效增大了湖区调蓄能力。     

沉积硅藻揭示的历史时期水生植被信息以梁子湖为例

水生植被是浅水湖泊生态系统最重要的生态特征之一, 了解其群落历史演化特征, 对生态退化湖泊的修复有着重要指导意义。研究选择长江中下游地区代表性草型湖泊梁子湖, 基于梁子湖沉积岩芯210Pb/137Cs测年、沉积硅藻序列和梁子湖长期水生植被监测记录, 探讨利用沉积硅藻记录来重建该湖历史时期水生植被演替特征的可行性。研究结果表明: 梁子湖沉积硅藻记录对历史时期水生植被的演替有较好的反映; 基于此, 对梁子湖过去近200年的水生植被覆盖度进行了重建; 与湖泊流域历史环境信息的对比分析表明洪水是影响该湖水生植被发育的一个重要因素。研究结果证实了在浅水湖泊中, 沉积硅藻可揭示历史水生植被的信息, 并为该湖的水生植被保护提供科学依据, 同时对该区富营养湖泊的生态修复有重要的指导价值。       

Relationship between the hydrological conditions and the distribution of vegetation communities within the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve,China

Hydrological characteristics have been recognized as major driving forces for wetland vegetation. The water cycle and hydrological processes of wetland are increasingly influenced by the ongoing climate change and more intensive human activities, which may in turn affect the distribution and structure of vegetation communities. Poyang Lake, located on the south bank of the lower reach of Yangtze River, receives inflows from five tributaries and discharges to the Yangtze River. The unique hydrological conditions of the Poyang Lake wetland create abundant wetland vegetation communities. As a major national hydraulic project, the Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River has changed the water regime of Poyang Lake and hence may affect the vegetation distribution. This work aims to investigate the influences of hydrological properties on vegetation structure at broad spatial and temporal scales. Histograms and sensitivity index are used to link the hydrological processes with the vegetation distribution across the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve. The results show that different vegetation communities react differently to the hydrological conditions. Specifically, certain communities, e.g. Carex and Eremochloa ophiuroides, are able to survive a wide variety of mean water depth and percent time inundated, while others, like Carex–Polygonum criopolitanum, are found to be relatively sensitive to hydrological conditions. It is suggested that this work provides a new insight for evaluating the impact of hydro-engineering projects on vegetation communities and wetland vegetation restoration.     

长江中下游四大淡水湖生态系统完整性评价

长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊集中分布区域,研究该区域湖泊生态系统完整性对于湖泊生态系统保护和恢复具有重要意义。物理、化学和生物完整性指标已经广泛应用于河湖生态系统健康评价,但是缺少物理、化学和生物完整性的综合评价方法。以历史调查状况为主要参照系统,构建了基于物理、化学和生物完整性的多参数湖泊完整性综合评价指标体系,结合近年来长江中下游四大淡水湖(洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖、太湖)生态系统调查数据,对四大淡水湖生态系统完整性进行了评价。结果表明,洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖和太湖的综合得分分别为66、71、57和57。根据评价等级划分标准,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖生态系统完整性状况都达到"好"的等级,而巢湖和太湖则处于"一般"等级;结果显示,该指标能够表征人类活动对于湖泊生态系统完整性不同方面的干扰,且能够反映四大淡水湖生态系统完整性历史变化状况。因此,该方法可以作为长江中下游淡水湖泊生态系统完整性综合评价的工具并能够为湖泊生态系统的保护和恢复提供科学支撑。