A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

Preparation of copoly (γ-benzyl-l-glutamyl-N5-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-glutamine) and its interaction with fibroblast cells

Copoly(α-amino acid)s consisting of γ-benzyl-l-glutamate and $\text{N}{}^5\text{-β-}\text{d}\text{-glucopyranosyl-}\text{l}\text{-glutamine}$ were prepared by the reaction of copoly(l-glutamate) containing succinimide ester, which served as active site for the coupling reaction with β-d-glucopyranosylamine. The α-helical conformation of these copolymers became unstable in DMF as the content of glutamine derivative increased. A dry film made from this copolymer could take a full α-helical conformation even at such a high content as 80% of the glutamine derivative, but in a wet film this ordered structure was partially disrupted by hydration. The hydraulic permeability of this copoly(α-amino acid) was clearly dependent on the molar content of glucopyranosyl groups. The attachment of fibroblast cells to these hydrated copolymer films was effectively depressed in the presence of a serum-free medium. The cells attached to the substrate were spherical in shape.     

Metabolism of Δ4-cis-PGF1α in the monkey

This isomer of PGF_2α is relatively resistant to metabolic degradation in the Cynomolgus monkey. Thus, 16–20 per cent of the amount injected was excreted unchanged in the urine. Five metabolites with 20, 18, 16 and 14 carbon atoms in the skeleton were identified. The data are similar to those earlier seen in the rat and further support the idea that this analogue of PGF_2α could have a long half-life time in the mammalian body and thus a long duration of its pharmacological actions.     

Conformational studies on poly(N-δ-trimethyl-l-ornithine)

$\text{Poly}\text{(N-δ-}\text{trimethyl-}\text{l}\text{-ornithine}$), (Me₃Orn)_n, is usually not able to attain the α-helical conformation in aqueous solution independent of its pH value; however, it becomes α-helical at low concentrations of sodium perchlorate over a wide pH range according to the circular dichorism (c.d.) spectra. Cl^?, SO₄^2? and H₂PO₄^? do not induce α-helix formation. One can conclude that a distinct topology of the anions bound by the side chains is responsible for the α-helix-inducing effect of some water-structure-breaking anions such as perchlorate. This means that the anions are inserted between the ?N⁺ of the side groups shielding the positive charges repelling one another. The insertion of the anions requires that the water molecules surrounding the ions can be stripped off, which is easily possible if they are water-structure-breaking ones. At higher perchlorate concentrations, the c.d. spectrum changes. It is characterized by a negative shoulder near 208 nm and a pronounced minimum at ≈ 226 nm. With increasing temperature, the c.d. spectrum of the α-helix occurs. Finally the α-helix undergoes a conformational change to the random coil. The apparent transition enthalpy ΔH_vH is remarkably lower than that of the homologue (Me₃Lys)_n, obviously due to a lower cooperativity of the transition. In contrast to poly(l-ornithine), (Orn)_n, the c.d. spectrum of (Me₃Orn)_n remains almost unchanged after adding anionic surfactants such as sodium octyl sulphate (SOS) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In organic solvents like methanol or isopropanol, in contrast to (Orn)_a and (Lys)_n, no α-helix formation occurs. However, in mixtures of these alcohols or dioxane with water, α-helix formation is induced by perchlorate, as in pure water. The thermal stability of the α-helix in these systems is increased.     

Dissimilatory nitrate uptake in Paracoccus denitrificans via a Δ\̃gmH+-dependent system and a nitrate-nitrite antiport system

Respiration-driven proton translocation has been studied with the oxidant pulse method for cells of denitrifying Paracoccus denitrificans oxidizing H₂ during reduction of O₂, NO^?₃, NO^?₂ or N₂O. A simplified scheme of anaerobic electron transport and associated proton translocation is shown that is consistent with the measured $\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{oxidant ratios}$. Furthermore, the kinetics and energetics of NO^?₃ uptake in whole cells of P. denitrificans were studied. For this purpose, we measured H₂ consumption or N₂O production after addition of NO^?₃ to a cell suspension, which indirectly gave information about uptake (and reduction) of NO^?₃. It was found that a lag phase in H₂ consumption or N₂O production appeared whenever the membrane potential was dissipated by addition of thiocyanate, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone or triphenyl-methylphosphonium bromide. However, these lag phases were not observed when NO^?₂ was present at the moment of introduction of NO^?₃. On the basis of these findings we conclude that there are two uptake systems for NO^?₃. One system is dependent on the proton-motive force and is probably used for initiation of NO^?₃ uptake. The other is an $\text{NO}{}^{\mathrm{?}}{}_3\text{NO}{}^{\mathrm{?}}{}_2$ antiport and its function is to take over NO^?₃ uptake from the first system.     

Determination of H+e− ratios in chloroplasts with flashing light

Using a rapid pH electrode, measurements were made of the flash-induced proton transport in isolated spinach chloroplasts. To calibrate the system, we assumed that in the presence of ferricyanide and in steady-state flashing light, each flash liberates from water one proton per reaction chain. We concluded that with both ferricyanide and methylviologen as acceptors two protons per electron are translocated by the electron transport chain connecting Photosystem II and I. With methyl viologen but not with ferricyanide as an acceptor, two additional protons per electron are taken up due to Photosystem I activity. One of these latter protons is translocated to the inside of the thylakoid while the other is taken up in H₂O₂ formation. Assuming that the proton released during water splitting remains inside the thylakoid, we compute $\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{e}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ ratios of 3 and 4 for ferricyanide and methyl viologen, respectively.In continuous light of low intensity, we obtained the same $\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{e}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ ratios. However, with higher intensities where electron transport becomes rate limited by the internal pH, the $\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{e}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ ratio approached 2 as a limit for both acceptors.A working model is presented which includes two sites of proton translocation, one between the photoacts, the other connected to Photosystem I, each of which translocates two protons per electron. Each site presents a ≈ 30 ms diffusion barrier to proton passage which can be lowered by uncouplers to 6–10 ms.     

Comparison of red cell and kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase at 0°C

Human red cell and guinea pig kidney $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ were phosphorylated at 0°C. Using concentrations of ATP ranging from 10^?6 to 10^?8 M, ATP-dependent regulation of reactivity is observed with red cell but not kidney $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ at 0°C. In particular, with the red cell enzyme only, the following are observed: (i) the ratio of enzyme-bound ATP (E·ATP, measured by the pulse-chase method of Post, R.L., Kume, S., Tobin, T., Orcutt, B. and Sen, A.K. (1969) J. Gen. Physiol. 54, 306s-326s) to steady-state level of total phosphoenzyme (EP) decreases with decrease in ATP concentration and (ii) the apparent turnover of phosphoenzyme (ratio of Na⁺-stimulated ATP hydrolysis to level of total EP at steady state) also varies as a function of ATP concentration. In addition, when EP is formed at very low ATP (0.02 μM), and then EDTA is added, rapid disappearance of a fraction of EP occurs, presumably due to ATP resynthesis, only with the red cell enzyme. These differences in behaviour of the red cell and kidney enzymes are explained on the basis of the observed predominance of K⁺-insensitive EP in red cell, but K⁺-sensitive EP in kidney $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ at 0°C.     

转录因子cpcR同源基因cpcR-c1和cpcR-t的功能鉴定

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt） LM1212菌株与典型的Bt菌株表型不同,可分化形成芽胞、形成细胞和晶体产生细胞。在LM1212菌株中,转录因子CpcR不仅参与了细胞分化过程,而且能够激活晶体蛋白基因cry35-like的启动子(P₃₅)。【目的】筛选cpcR同源基因,验证其生物学功能。【方法】本研究克隆了2个cpcR同源基因,来源于蜡样芽胞杆菌的cpcR-c1和来源于东洋芽胞杆菌的cpcR-t,将cpcR及其同源基因分别构建在pHT304-P₃₅-gfp、pHT304-P₃₅-lacZ报告载体上,获得的重组质粒转入无cpcR基因且无晶体蛋白基因的Bt HD73^–菌株中。利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察重组菌HD^–(cpcR-c1-P₃₅-gfp)和HD^–(cpcR-t-P₃₅-gfp)的细胞表型并进行芽胞计数实验。测定HD^–(cpcR-c1-P_35<...     

Characterization of a β-actinin-like protein in purified non-muscle cell membranes. Its activity on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase

Treatment by EDTA of purified plasma membranes from MF₂S cells (a variant of the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 173) solubilized proteins and increased by a 1000-fold the sensitivity of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ to ouabain. When added back with Ca²⁺ to treated plasma membranes, these EDTA-solubilized proteins restored the initial sensitivity of the enzyme to its inhibitor. We report the purification of a protein of $\text{M}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>r</mtext>}}$ 32 000, isolated from the EDTA-treated membrane supernatant. This protein was purified by a one-step procedure involving a preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without detergent. In the presence of Ca²⁺ it was able to restore the original sensitivity to ouabain of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from EDTA-treated membrane. This protein was shown to be similar to the β-actinin described by Maruyama by the following criteria: (1) molecular weight and amino acid composition; (2) cross-reactivity with their respective antisera; (3) in the presence of Ca²⁺ the same quantitative biological activity on ouabain sensitivity of the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. A possible interaction between β-actinin, calmodulin and membrane-bound $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ is discussed.     

口蹄疫病毒O/QYYS/s/06株感染性克隆的构建

本研究在完成FMDVO/QYYS/s/06株全基因组序列测定的基础上,分3段对全基因组进行克隆,其后将各片段克隆到载体P43中,从而获得携带O/QYYS/s/06株基因组全长cDNA的重组质粒P43C。将重组质粒P43C与表达RNA聚合酶的质粒T7共转染BHK-21细胞,48h后收获培养液接种2~3d乳鼠,取经乳鼠传代后的第4代病毒液,经反向间接血凝、中和试验和测序等方法证明拯救的病毒为O型FMDV。以上结果表明,O/QYYS/s/06株全长cDNA分子克隆的构建成功。     

SA/CS-CaCl2/PMCG微胶囊的生物相容性研究

介绍了一种新型多组份生物微胶囊体系——SA/CS-CaCl₂/PMCG微胶囊。考察了PMCG和SA/CS-CaCl²/PMCG微胶囊体系对大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母生长的影响,并用SA/CS－CaCl²/PMCG生物微胶囊进行了固定化培养大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的研究。结果表明,与其它合成聚阳离子类似,PMCG组分对细胞生长有明显的抑制作用,但是在制胶囊过程中以及在用SA/CS-CaCl²/PMCG微胶囊对大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母培养过程中,都显示了良好的生物相容性,因此作为整个体系来说,该微胶囊可用于微生物细胞的固定化培养。       

长江三角洲地区雨水中NH4+-N/NO3--N和δ15NH4+值的变化

2003年6月至2005年7月,利用自行设计的雨水收集器对位于长江三角洲地区的常熟、南京和杭州3个观测点进行了全年性雨水观测,分析了雨水中NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N和铵态氮自然丰度(δ¹⁵NH₄⁺)值的变化.结果表明：研究区3个观测点雨水中NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N和δ¹⁵NH₄⁺值均呈相似的季节性变化规律,两者的规律性变化在以田间农事耕作为主的常熟观测点尤其明显,而位于市区的南京观测点和位于城乡结合部的杭州观测点的规律性次之;雨水中NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N的峰值出现在6月下旬到8月上旬,然后逐渐下降,冬季降到最低;雨水中δ¹⁵NH₄⁺值在6月下旬到8月中旬为负值,在8月下旬到11月中下旬为正值,12月至翌年3月又变为负值,5至6月中旬又转变为正值.雨水中NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N和δ¹⁵NH₄⁺值的季节变化与不同作物生育期间氮肥的施用、当地气候的季节性变化以及其他NH3释放源的NH3挥发有关（人和动物排泄物、氮污染水体及有机氮源中的氨挥发）,其对大气湿沉降中NH₄⁺的来源、形态组成及陆地不同NH₃排放源的强度具有明显的指示意义.     

Net CI− flux in short-circuited skin of Rana pipiens: Ouabain sensitivity and Na+ + K+ dependence

Skin of Rana pipiens, like many other species, is considered to actively trassport only Na⁺ when bathed in Ringer's solution on both sides. However, net CI^? influx was previously described by us in short-circuited skin of Rana pipiens, in the summer season. The skins were of low PD (5–30 mV) and high CI^? conductance. Comparison of these findings with other series indicated inverse seasonal variation between PD and CI^? conductance. It was postulated that active CI^? transport exists at all CI^?-conductance levels but at higher PD is too small to be be easily detected. This report evaluates CI^? transport across skins of higher PD (and lower conductance) in winter and further characterizes the system. Net CI^? influx was demonstrated over a wide PD range under short-circuit conditions and was inversely related to the magnitude of the open-circuit PD. It was inhibited by ouabain and dependent upon Na⁺ in the outside medium and K⁺ in the inside medium. It is concluded that this is the same system present in skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus and may not be unique to these two species. It appears to be distinctly different from the acetazolamide-sensitive influx system seen in “low-CI^?” solutions in skins of numerous species. The findings are discussed in terms of (1) parallel Na⁺ and CI^? active transport mechanisms and (2) a neutral NaCI-pump model, recently proposed by Rehm.     

结肠癌中NGX6抑制EGFR/K-ras/JNK/c-Jun/cyclin D1信号通路的研究

候选抑瘤基因NGX6具有抑制结肠癌增殖和转移的作用,研究表明其为表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)的负性调控因子,并可下调JNK通路中重要分子MADD (MAP-kinase activating death domain)的表达,其抑瘤机制是否与抑制EGFR介导的JNK信号通路的活性有关?在已建立的转染NGX6的细胞模型基础上,借助蛋白质印迹(Western blot)和免疫组化方法在细胞和组织水平检测NGX6转染前后EGFR/K-ras/JNK/c-Jun/cyclin D1信号通路中重要蛋白质的表达.结果表明,NGX6转染后结肠癌细胞HT-29在裸鼠体内成瘤明显受抑,差异有统计学意义.Western blot结果显示,在结肠癌细胞中NGX6可明显下调EGFR、K-ras、p-JNK、c-Jun和cyclin D1的表达;进一步采用Western blot和免疫组化法验证NGX6在体内对上述关键分子表达的影响,发现NGX6可抑制裸鼠移植瘤组织中EGFR、K-ras、p-JNK、c-Jun和cyclin D1的表达,与体外结果一致.上述研究表明,NGX6在结肠癌中主要通过抑制EGFR介导的JNK通路的活性而发挥其抑瘤作用,该研究为深入探讨NGX6的机制提供了重要的实验依据.     

伪狂犬病病毒上海株gE-/gI-/GFP+缺失株的生物学特性初步研究

在构建了伪狂犬病病毒上海株的缺失载体pgEI-GFP基础上,将pgEI-GFP转染感染了PRV-SH株的BHK-21细胞,待出现80%以上的细胞病变时收获病毒,并以绿色荧光蛋白为标志,通过蚀斑法得到纯化重组病毒gE-/gI-/GFP+缺失株.研究了该缺失株的的安全性、在细胞上的生长特性以及对断奶仔猪的安全性、免疫原性等生物学特性.试验结果显示,缺失了gE-和gI-后,不影响其在RK细胞上的生长状况和病毒的滴度.该疫苗株对小鼠的半数致死量比亲本毒低且对家兔的致死性的时间延长了,这表明该疫苗的毒力比亲本毒有所下降.该缺失株对断奶仔猪安全,无不良接种反应,接种断奶仔猪能抵御高剂量PRV-SH株强毒的感染,攻毒后试验猪的发热期、散毒天数均低于对照组.该缺失株接种仔猪后在试验期间一直维持较高水平的中和抗体.     

不同NH4+/NO3-比例的氮素营养对棉花氮素代谢的影响

The influence of different NH₄⁺/NO₃^- ratios on nitrogen metabolism of cotton was studied under controlled hydroponics.The results showed that compared with single nitrate nutrition,solutions with 25/75,50/50,75/25 and 100/0 of NH₄⁺/NO₃^- significantly increased the soluble protein accumulation in leaves and roots of cotton,and the maximum content of soluble protein in leaves and roots appeared respectively in the solution with 50/50 and 75/25 of NH₄⁺/NO₃^-.The soluble protein content in roots was increased with the increase of NH₄⁺ percentage,but was slightly less in the solution of 100/0 than 75/25,which was probably related to the excess NH₄⁺ limiting boot metabolism.With the increase of NH₄⁺ percentage,the nitrate content in petiole and the nitrate reductase activity in functional blade declined,but ammoniac nitrogen content increased in every organ of cotton.These results showed that foreign nitrogen affected the nitrogen metabolism of cotton in a different way,and the nitrogen absorption by cotton was probably related to different forms of foreign nitrogen.     

Trx/TXNIP在脑卒中的研究进展

脑卒中是导致中老年人群死亡最主要原因之一,其具有较高的致死率和致残率,且每年的发病率呈逐年上升的趋势,严重危害人类的生命和健康,因此寻找有效的诊断及治疗脑卒中的靶点具有重要意义。硫氧还蛋白(Trx)是细胞内主要的硫醇还原剂,通过调节细胞内氧化还原状态,参与细胞内多种信号通路转导过程,具有二硫化物还原酶活性,通过抗氧化效应,减轻脑卒中后神经元氧化应激损伤。硫氧还原蛋白相互作蛋白(TXNIP)是Trx的内源性抑制剂,通过绑定/抑制Trx的活性,破坏细胞内氧化还原平衡,促进氧化应激,而抑制或敲除TXNIP具有明显的神经保护作用。最新研究表明Trx/TXNIP可经多种途径参与脑卒中病理生理过程。本文通过分析Trx和TXNIP的研究现状,以及探讨Trx系统在中枢神经系统中的定位和Trx系统在缺血性脑卒中的研究进展,展望Trx/TXNIP参与脑卒中的病理生理过程的信号途径,拟对Trx/TXNIP在脑卒中的作用机制进行综述,为脑卒中的治疗提供新思路。