西南喀斯特木本植物区系成分的纬度变异格局

本研究选取3个极具代表性的喀斯特原生植被区域,即北热带的广西弄岗自然保护区、南亚热带的广西龙虎山自然保护区和中亚热带的贵州茂兰自然保护区为研究对象,通过野外实地调查及查阅文献,整理出3个区域的木本植物名录,比较分析木本植物种类组成和区系成分的纬度变异格局。结果显示,弄岗、龙虎山和茂兰3个不同气候区域内的木本植物分别有104科425属936种、99科363属636种和100科352属995种。木本植物区系均以热带亚热带成分为主,其优势科热带性质随纬度升高逐步降低。热带区系成分与温带区系成分的比值(R/T)反映出,弄岗和龙虎山自然保护区的木本植物区系属的热带性质明显,而茂兰自然保护区植物属的热带性质较弱,温带性质属的比重随纬度升高而增加。科、属、种相似性系数表明,弄岗和龙虎山间的木本植物亲缘关系较密切,弄岗和茂兰间次之,而龙虎山和茂兰间亲缘关系较远。     

31种木本植物开花物候与系统发育的关系

植物物候通常被认为是由环境因素,如降水、温度和日照长度所决定,然而环境因素是否是物候唯一的决定因素仍然存在很大争议。谱系结构表征了植物在进化上的顺序,该发育时序是否对物候产生影响,当前仍然未知。在调查2016年春季新疆乌鲁木齐市最常见的31种木本植物的初始开花时间、败花时间和开花持续时间的基础上,通过分析植物开花物候的分布特征、开花物候在乔灌木间的差别、以及植物谱系距离与开花物候距离间的关系,试图揭示植物的开花物候和物种谱系(进化)顺序间的关系。结果表明:(1)新疆乌鲁木齐市31种木本植物的初始开花时间为4月18日±9d、败花时间为5月5日±12d、开花持续时间为(16±8)d;(2)乔木的初始开花时间和败花时间的标准差分别均低于灌木,乔木开花物候相对灌木更稳定;(3)乔木的初始开花和败花时间均显著早于灌木(P0.05),但开花持续时间在两者间未有显著性差异(P0.05);(3)31种木本植物间的初始开花时间距离、败花时间距离和开花持续时间距离均与物种谱系距离存在显著线性回归关系(P0.05)。综上可知:乔灌木在垂直空间上的分化使得木本植物的开花物候在植物生活型间存在不同。对植物的开花物候,除已被证明的降水、温度和日照长度等环境因素的影响外,物种进化顺序也可能造成了它在植物种间、时间和空间上的变异。     

植物区系平衡点及其生物地理意义

了解植物区系平衡点及其牛物地理意义对于理解植物区系的起源、分化以及生物多样性空间格局的形成等方面均具有重要意义.本研究利用野外考察数据、相关的研究案例以及不同地区的种子植物物种名录,探讨了区系平衡点的海拔高度与纬度的关系及其生物地理意义.以药山自然保护区为例的区系平衡点计算结果表明,该区域的区系平衡点海拔在2050m左右;各区域区系平衡点海拔随着纬度的升高呈单调下降格局;各研究区域区系平衡点的年平均温度具有高度的一致性,在12.96±O.28℃左右,表明区系平衡点的出现反映了一定的热量意义,在该温度以下,植物区系成分以热带、亚热带成分为主,而在该温度以上,占主导地位的则足温带区系成分;根据区系平衡点海拔与纬度的关系,我国东部地区植被南北分界线的理论分界线在36°N左右;根据区系平衡点年均温以及我国东部地区等温线的地理分布,我国东部地区植被的南北分界线在34～35°N之间,位于秦岭北坡,这与过去相关研究比较一致.     

"三江并流"自然遗产地澜沧江流域居民区蚊类多样性的空间分布格局

为探索我国西南山地居民区蚊类多样性空间分布规律与区系分异,作者于2005年7-9月应用紫外灯诱捕法对滇西北"三江并流"自然遗产地中的澜沧江流域6个纬度梯度带(24°-30°N)和5个海拔梯度带(1,000-3,500 m)山地居民区的蚊类进行了调查取样.共捕获蚊类76,458只,分属于2亚科5属36种.统计分析结果显示:(1)物种丰富度随纬度的升高呈下降趋势,随海拔的升高呈先增高后降低的单峰型分布格局;(2)α多样性随纬度的升高呈先降低而后略有升高的分布格局,最高峰位于Ⅰ带(24°-25°N),而随海拔的升高呈波浪状变化,峰值分别出现在C(2,000-2,500 m)和E(3,000-3,500 m)带;(3)β多样性(Cody指数)随纬度和海拔的升高先减少后增加,基本形成两端高中间低的格局.两端高峰的具体地理位置分别处于南亚热带向中亚热带气候和暖温带向寒温带气候的过渡地带.说明蚊类β多样性空间分布格局、区系及物种的组成与地理环境和气候条件的变化有关;(4)从种群组成相似性聚类分析的结果来看,不同纬度、海拔梯度带问蚊类都被分为3个地域区系类型,即东洋区系、东洋与古北区系的过渡区和古北区系;(5)典范对应分析(CCA)的排序结果显示:气温和降水均影响当地蚊类多样性的空间分布格局,降水起主导作用.     

中国"三江并流"纵谷地蚤类丰富度与区系沿纬度梯度的水平分布格局

为探讨横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系沿纬度梯度变化的基本规律以及影响它们分布的主要生态因子,作者就云南西部横断山区21o-28oN的8个纬度梯度带目前所知分布的9科45属153种(亚种)蚤类的水平分布资料进行了综合整理和统计分析。结果表明:(1)这一区域蚤类科、属、种丰富度,特有种丰富度和特有度,以及东洋界和古北界区系成分物种丰富度沿纬度梯度的变化,都呈现了随纬度增加先增高后降低的单峰分布格局,最大峰值出现在25o-27oN之间,研究认为,形成物种密度高峰的主要因素是两大区系分界线和交错区的边缘效应;(2)东洋和古北两大区系成分构成比的水平分布格局截然不同,前者随纬度的增加递减,后者则随纬度的增加呈递增的趋势,两区系成分过渡或交错区的跨度在23o-29oN之间,并在25o-27oN形成交汇和分异的中心;(3)聚类分析结果表明,横断山8个纬度梯度带的蚤类总体上归为3个主要地域区系类型,反映出纬度、地理气候环境等因素对蚤类区系及物种分布的影响,以及蚤类区系和物种组成沿纬度梯度的水平分布格局与地理和气候环境的统一性;(4)蚤类的属、种β多样性沿纬度梯度的水平分布基本呈现双峰格局,峰值反映出蚤类的组成及分布在不同纬度梯度、气候带之间的过渡与转变,说明β多样性的水平分布格局与纬度梯度的气候、环境变化程度的关系密切,以及过渡区的边缘效应对两区系物种丰富度高峰的形成具有重要影响;(5)横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的水平分布与垂直分布的规律和格局基本相同,显示了具有同源性的水平地带性与垂直地带性对蚤类空间分布格局所产生的类似影响,证实了横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的水平分布格局理应出现近似于它们垂直分布的一般规律与格局的推论;(6)横断山25o-27oN的区域形成了两大区系物种交汇和分异的中心,由于边缘效应和复杂的地理景观,这里蚤类科、属、种、特有种都具有较高多样性,据此作者推断,这里可能是我国横断山区多物种保存、分布和分化的核心区。     

浙江古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林开花物候:气候因素、系统发育关系和功能性状的影响

植物的开花物候受气候因素、植物系统发育关系和功能性状的影响。然而当前植物开花物候研究中未见同时考虑这3个因素的报道。为了解它们相互之间的影响, 本研究利用中国东部地区浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林24 ha大样地(GTS; 118°03′50′′-118°11′12.2′′ E, 29°10′19′′-29°17′41′′ N)设置的130个种子雨收集器5年的开花数据检验这3个因素对开花的影响。结果表明, 古田山植物的开花高峰期集中在5月, 群落开花格局明显受温度和降雨的影响。利用植物DNA条形码数据研究发现, 植物间系统发育关系对古田山植物开花时间有显著影响, 亲缘关系近的物种开花时间更相近。植物的平均开花时间受最大树高的影响, 但不受传粉方式、花色、种子质量和扩散方式的影响。该研究结果说明气候因素、植物系统发育关系和功能性状都可能影响植物开花物候格局, 同时考虑这3个因素能够帮助我们更好地理解开花物候格局。     

云南横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的垂直分布格局

为探讨横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系垂直分布格局的基本规律以及影响它们分布的主要生态因子,本文以云南西部横断山区18个山峰为主体,对海拔高度在1000–5000m之间已知分布的9科43属142种(亚种)蚤类的垂直分布资料进行综合整理和统计分析。结果显示:(1)蚤类的属丰富度、物种丰富度、特有种丰富度和特有度以及不同区系成分物种丰富度的垂直分布都呈现随海拔先增高后降低的单峰分布格局,最大峰值出现在中山海拔2500–3800m之间;(2)东洋和古北两区系成分物种构成比的垂直分布格局截然不同,前者随着海拔梯度的升高基本递减,后者则随着海拔的升高递增,垂直分布格局反映了它们沿纬度梯度分布的一般规律;(3)聚类分析将横断山9个不同海拔带的蚤类归为6个生态类型,反映出海拔高度、气候环境和森林植被等重要因素对蚤类分布的影响以及蚤类群落的组成、分布沿海拔梯度变化的一般规律,表达了蚤类分布与环境条件的统一性;(4)β多样性沿海拔梯度呈现为双峰形分布格局,两高峰值都反映出蚤类的组成和分布在不同气候环境和植被带之间的过渡与转变,说明β多样性垂直分布格局与海拔梯度上的气候和生境的变化程度有关。研究认为,中山地段物种丰富度高峰的形成主要是由于两大动、植物区系过渡区的边缘效应和山地水湿条件的影响。影响该区域蚤类垂直分布格局的综合因素有山体海拔高度、动植物区系过渡区的边缘效应、山地雨量分配特征、气候环境条件以及人们的生产活动等。     

植物生长型显著影响三峡大老岭地区木本植物种子质量的海拔格局

植物种子质量(大小)是植物的关键生态功能性状,种子质量的海拔格局研究有助于理解物种分布的环境约束以及植物功能性状之间的相互联系。该研究通过野外收集长江三峡大老岭国家自然保护区内主要木本植物59科87属201种的成熟种子,并测量其种子质量和长度、厚度值,分析该地区木本植物种子大小的海拔格局及植物生长型之间的差别。结果表明:1)大老岭地区常见木本植物种子质量、长度和厚度值均服从对数正态分布,质量值变异性最大(跨5个数量级)。种子质量、长度和厚度值之间均显著正相关。2)乔木和小乔木的种子质量显著大于灌木和木质藤本的种子质量;常绿阔叶种的种子质量显著大于落叶阔叶和针叶种。全部物种的种子质量随海拔上升而有较小但统计显著的减小趋势。3)不同生长型和叶性状的木本植物种子质量的海拔格局不一致。群落不同结构组分(按生长型和叶性状分)的木本植物种子质量(大小)海拔梯度格局差异意味着局域群落结构是理解宏观生态格局变异的一个重要方面。     

4种常绿杜鹃亚属杜鹃物候观测及播种繁殖研究

对栽培在庐山植物园数量较多、观赏价值较高、适应性较强的4种杜鹃开展了为期3 a的研究。以开花期与展叶期物候、花部形态特征、花器官、果实、种子数量性状和种子发芽率及绿苗率为主要指标,绿苗系数为辅助指标,初步揭示了引种驯化杜鹃适应性及可育性特征。结果表明:(1)开花、展叶最早与最晚均分别为短脉杜鹃和耳叶杜鹃;单朵花、一个花序及整株开花持续时间分别为7～9 d,12～19 d及16～24 d;物候发生时间随年度不同而有波动,2016年的开花展叶均比2015年和2017年早些,但物候发生次序和开花期与展叶期规律未见随年份而变化。(2)花朵、子房、果实及叶片大小均呈显著正相关性;果实大小与蒴果平均种子数及种子大小之间均有关联,与种子千粒重无相关性。(3)通过对种子的发芽率、绿苗率和绿苗系数进行比较,绿苗率与发芽率呈正相关,与绿苗系数无显著相关性,三个指标均能不同程度地反映可育性的差异情况。     

云南西部纵向岭谷区种子植物区系过渡性的地理分布格局及其生物地理意义

利用野外考察资料和相关文献信息,对云南西部纵向岭谷区种子植物区系过渡性的地理分布格局进行分析,以探讨植物区系的起源、迁移及其分布的生物地理意义.结果表明:(1)随着纬度或海拔的升高,温带区系成分所占比重均呈递增趋势,而热带区系成分的比重呈递减格局.(2)在热量梯度上,温带区系成分所占比重随着年平均温度的增加呈递减趋势,而热带区系成分呈递增趋势;区系过渡性随年平均温度的增加呈先增强后减弱的偏峰分布格局.当年平均温度在12.4℃左右时,区系过渡性达到峰值,出现区系平衡点;当年均温低于2.9℃时,温带区系成分所占比重达到100%,相应的植被类型为温性针叶林,是温性针叶林分布的热量上限;当年均温高于21.8℃时,热带区系成分所占比重达到100%,相应的植被类型为热带雨林,是热带雨林分布的热量下限.(3)区系过渡性较强的区域主要分布在海拔1 500～2 500 m的无量山和哀牢山等地区;区系过渡性较弱的地区主要分布在南部海拔较低(1 500 m以下)、热量较为丰富的河谷地带,同时也见于海拔3 000 m以上、气候相对温凉的北部高海拔地区.     

Inter and intraspecific variation on reproductive phenology of the Brazilian Atlantic forest Rubiaceae: ecology and phylogenetic constraints

The reproductive phenology of seven species of Rubiaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest was compared to evaluate the occurrence of phylogenetic constraints on flowering and fruiting phenologies. Since phenological patterns can be affected by phylogenetic constraints, we expected that reproductive phenology would be similar among plants within a family or genus, occurring during the same time (or season) of the year. Observations on flowering and fruiting phenology were carried out monthly, from December 1996 to January 1998, at Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, S?o Paulo State, Brazil. Nine phenological variables were calculated to characterize, quantify and compare the reproductive phenology of the Rubiaceae species. The flowering patterns were different among the seven species studied, and the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences in flowering duration first flowering, peak flowering and flowering synchrony. The peaks and patterns of fruiting intensity were different among the Rubiaceae species studied and they differed significantly from conspecifics in the phenological variables fruiting duration, fruiting peak date, and fruiting synchrony (Kruskal-Wallis test). Therefore, we found no evidence supporting the phylogenetic hypotheses, and climate does not seem to constrain flowering and fruiting patterns of the Rubiaceae species in the understory of the Atlantic forest.     

REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGIES IN LOBELIA INFLATA (LOBELIACEAE) AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

Flowering and fruiting phenologies of individual plants and flowers of Lobelia inflata, a North American summer annual, were studied in the field and greenhouse to determine whether onset of flowering and fruit maturation were correlated, and the degree to which these reproductive phenologies were influenced by the environment. Within each of two field populations, larger plants flowered earlier and produced more flowers than smaller plants. Onset of flowering was positively correlated with onset of fruit maturation but not perfectly so. Two factors decreased the intensity of this correlation. First, at the flower level, the earlier a flower bloomed, the longer the resulting fruit took to develop. Second, fruit development times varied significantly among individual plants. In the greenhouse, individuals watered more frequently attained greater size and flowered earlier than individuals watered less frequently. Nutrient additions did not affect plant size or onset of flowering. These results indicate that for the summer annual Lobelia inflata, reproductive phenologies are phenotypically correlated, and that timing of reproduction is resource and size dependent, as it is for other monocarpic plant species.     

Global patterns in fruiting seasons

Aim   To identify geographical and climatic correlates of the timing of fruit production in fleshy fruited plant communities.
Location   Global.
Methods   We searched the literature for studies documenting monthly variation in the number of fleshy fruited species bearing ripe fruits in plant communities (i.e. fruit phenologies). From these data, we used circular vector algebra to characterize seasonal peaks in fruit production (mean date, as an angle) and the length of fruiting seasons (as a circular standard deviation). Generalized linear models and circular correlations were used to assess whether latitudinal patterns in fruit phenologies could be explained by variation in temperature, precipitation and actual evapotranspiration (AET).
Results   Dates of peak fruit production and the length of fruiting seasons showed consistent differences with latitude. Annual peaks in fruit production occurred 1 to 3 months after the summer solstice at high-latitude sites in both hemispheres. Fruiting seasonality increased with latitude, indicating that fruiting seasons were longer in the tropics and shorter toward the poles. AET was the best climatic predictor of fruit phenologies. Annual peaks in fruit production were positively associated with annual peaks in AET and temperature, while fruiting seasons were shorter in areas with pronounced annual variation in AET.
Main conclusions   Global patterns in fruiting seasons are associated with global variation in climate. Across the globe, fleshy fruits are produced after annual periods of elevated water–energy availability. Fruiting seasonality is also more pronounced in areas with strongly seasonal water–energy inputs. Therefore, the timing of reproduction in fleshy fruited plant communities appears to be determined, at least in part, by spatial and temporal variation in energy supplies needed to subsidise plant reproduction.     

Phytogeographical analysis of seed plant genera in China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A central goal of biogeography and ecology is to uncover and understand distributional patterns of organisms. China has long been a focus of attention because of its rich biota, especially with respect to plants. Using 290 floras from across China, this paper quantitatively characterizes the composition of floristic elements at multiple scales (i.e. national, provincial and local), and explores the extent to which climatic and geographical factors associated with each flora can jointly and independently explain the variation in floristic elements in local floras. METHODS: A study was made of 261 local floras, 28 province-level floras and one national-level flora across China. Genera of seed plants in each flora were assigned to 14 floristic elements according to their worldwide geographical distributions. The composition of floristic elements was related to climatic and geographical factors. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Variations in percentages of cosmopolitan, tropical and temperate genera among local floras tend to be greater at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes. Latitude is strongly correlated with the proportions of 13 of the 14 floristic elements. Correlations of the proportions of floristic elements with longitude are much weaker than those with latitude. Climate represented by the first principal component of a principal component analysis was strongly correlated with the proportions of floristic elements in local floras (|r| = 0.75 +/- 0.18). Geographical coordinates independently explained about four times as much variation in floristic elements as did climate. Further research is necessary to examine the roles of water-energy dynamics, geology, soils, biotic interactions, and historical factors such as land connections between continents in the past and at present in creating observed floristic patterns.     

Artificial selection shifts flowering phenology and other correlated traits in an autotetraploid herb

There is mounting evidence that plants are responding to anthropogenic climate change with shifts in flowering phenologies. We conducted a three-generation artificial selection experiment on flowering time in Campanulastrum americanum, an autotetraploid herb, to determine the potential for adaptive evolution of this trait as well as possible costs associated with enhanced or delayed flowering. Divergent selection for earlier and later flowering resulted in a 25-day difference in flowering time. Experiment-wide heritability was 0.31 and 0.23 for the initiation of flowering in early and late lines, respectively. Selection for earlier flowering resulted in significant correlated responses in other traits including smaller size, fewer branches, smaller floral displays, longer fruit maturation times, fewer seeds per fruit and slower seed germination. Results suggest that although flowering time shows the potential to adapt to a changing climate, phenological shifts may be associated with reduced plant fitness possibly hindering evolutionary change.     

Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants

Summary We investigated inter-specific variation in fruit characteristics — fruit size, seed number per fruit, seed weight, nutritional content, fruit persistence, and fruit synchronization — in relation to flowering and fruiting phenology in 34 species of fleshy fruited plants. Except for aspects of fruit synchrony and persistence, the results in general were inconsistent with previous suggestions about adaptive variation in phenologically related fruit traits. The main results were as follows: (1) Late flowering, late fruiting, lengthy development time from flower to fruit, and highly persistent fruits constitute a complex of correlated characteristics among the species. (2) Synchronization of fruiting within individuals increased from early ripening fruits to late ripening fruits. Fruiting synchrony was more pronounced in species with a small crop size than in species with a large fruit crop, whereas synchrony was not significantly related to flowering synchronization, nor to life form. (3) Nitrogen and carbohydrate content of fruit pulp did not vary in relation to phenology, whereas lipid content decreased from early to late ripening fruits. (4) No seasonal trends were found for variation in seed size or seed number per fruit. (5) Interactions with flowering phenology and developmental constraints are important in phenological fruiting patterns. Temporal variation in start of fruiting was partly (36%) explained by variation in flowering time. Seed weight variation explained 17% of variation in development time from flower to fruit. (6) Despite constraints from flowering and seed development, some adaptive adjustment in fruiting phenology is likely to be allowed for among the investigated species. Such an adaptive variation in fruiting phenology was suggested by intra-generic comparisons of Prunus and Vaccinium species.     

Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology suggests that early flowering plants are favoured

Flowering times of plants are important life-history components and it has previously been hypothesized that flowering phenologies may be currently subject to natural selection or be selectively neutral. In this study we reviewed the evidence for phenotypic selection acting on flowering phenology using ordinary and phylogenetic meta-analysis. Phenotypic selection exists when a phenotypic trait co-varies with fitness; therefore, we looked for studies reporting an association between two components of flowering phenology (flowering time or flowering synchrony) with fitness. Data sets comprising 87 and 18 plant species were then used to assess the incidence and strength of phenotypic selection on flowering time and flowering synchrony, respectively. The influence of dependence on pollinators, the duration of the reproductive event, latitude and plant longevity as moderators of selection were also explored. Our results suggest that selection favours early flowering plants, but the strength of selection is influenced by latitude, with selection being stronger in temperate environments. However, there is no consistent pattern of selection on flowering synchrony. Our study demonstrates that phenotypic selection on flowering time is consistent and relatively strong, in contrast to previous hypotheses of selective neutrality, and has implications for the evolution of temperate floras under global climate change.     

Broad-scale reciprocity in an avian seed dispersal mutualism

Aim Coevolved relationships between individual species of birds and plants rarely occur in seed dispersal mutualisms. This study evaluates whether reciprocal relationships may occur between assemblages of bird and plant species. Location Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (48°50′‐N, 125°22′‐W). Methods The distribution and fruiting phenologies of seven shrub species were compared to seasonal changes in habitat selection and seed dispersal by six fruit‐eating bird species. Results Shrub species inhabiting forest understorey habitat had earlier fruiting phenologies than shrub species inhabiting forest edge habitat along lake and bog margins. Birds showed a parallel pattern in habitat selection, being more abundant in the forest understorey early in the fruiting season, and more abundant in the forest edge later in the season. Rates of seed deposition covaried with avian habitat selection, in such a way that birds directed seed dispersal into habitats preferred by shrubs. Conclusions These results depict a broad‐scale pattern in the abundance of birds and fruits indicative of reciprocal interactions. Seasonal changes in seed dispersal to each habitat appear to reinforce the relationship between shrub habitat affinities and fruiting phenologies. Phenological differences between habitats may also reinforce seasonal changes in avian habitat selection. Therefore, although reciprocal interactions between pairs of bird and plant species are rare, broad‐scale reciprocal relationships may occur between assemblages of bird and plant species.     

Diversity of climbing seed plants and their reproductive habit in a karst seasonal rain forest in Nonggang,Guangxi, China

Aims Diversity of climbing seed plants and their reproductive habits and characteristics are central for the understanding of community structure and dynamics of forests and hence are important for forest protection. However, little is known about the climbing seed plants in northern tropical karst seasonal rain forests. Here, using the data of the species diversity and reproductive habits of climbing seed plants in Nonggang, Guangxi, China, we aim to 1) explore the species diversity and distribution of climbing seed plants in northern tropical karst seasonal rain forests, 2) study the flowering and fruiting phenology and 3) the associations of reproductive characteristics to the environment. Methods Species composition, preferred habitat, flowering time, fruiting time and fruit types of climbing seed plants were surveyed. The seasonality of flowering and fruiting were analyzed by concentration ratio and circular distribution. Climbing seed plants were divided into three groups according to their growth forms and places in spatial forest structure: bush ropes, herbaceous vines and lianas. Monthly flowering ratios, fruiting ratios, fruit types and their ratios in different groups were determined. These relationships of flowering ratio, fruiting ratio, fruit type and its ratio to meteorological factors were investigated using Pearson correlation analysis. Important findings There were a total of 333 species of climbing seed plants in Nonggang karst seasonal rain forest, belonging to 145 genera and 56 families. Bush ropes, herbaceous vines and lianas contained 119, 88 and 126 species, respectively. At species level, herbaceous vines were more abundance in valleys, while bush ropes and lianas were more abundance on slopes. Flowering and fruiting of climbing seed plants occurred seasonally, with flowering peaking in April to September, while fruiting peaking in July to December. The seasonality of flowering and fruiting in bush ropes was weaker than in herbaceous vines and lianas. Flowering ratio was significantly positively correlated with rainfall and air temperature, which suggest that flowering peaks in monsoon season. Peak time for fruiting was about three months later than the peak time of flowering, around the end of monsoon season. The ratio of samara species to all fruiting species in lianas was significantly positively correlated with wind speed, but negatively correlated with rainfall and air temperature. It showed that samara in lianas tended to occur in dry season with high wind speed. In conclusion, species diversity and the seasonal features of reproduction of climbing seed plants in Nonggang karst seasonal rain forest were closely related to the spatial and temporal variations of habitat resources.     

不同分布区文冠果物候期的差异及其与地理-气候因子和结实性状的相关性

为明确文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)物候期的地理变异规律,在文冠果的主要分布区(内蒙古自治区、河北省和河南省)选择6个样地,采用定株观测方法,于2012年对文冠果的物候期进行观测,并分析了物候期与经度和纬度、气候因子和结实性状间的相关性.结果表明:在供试6个样地中,文冠果的芽萌动期、初花期、盛花期、末花期、展叶期、果速生期、果熟期、落果期、落叶期及总生长期均存在明显差异;其中,盛花期相差天数最多(40 d),果速生期相差天数最少(26 d).产自河南省三门峡市陕县(分布区南缘)的文冠果落叶期最晚,但其他各物候期均最早,总生长期最长(199 d);而产自内蒙古自治区赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗坤都镇(分布区北缘)的文冠果落叶期最早,但其他各物候期均最晚,总生长期最短(148 d).从结实性状看,6个样地文冠果的座果率和单位投影面积种子质量差异均较大,而种子含油率差异不明显;其中,产自河南省三门峡市陕县的文冠果座果率和单位投影面积种子质量均最低.相关性和回归分析结果表明:文冠果的大多数物候期间呈正相关,仅落叶期与其他物候期呈负相关;其中,除盛花期与果速生期无显著相关性外,花期的各物候期(初花期、盛花期和末花期)与果期的各物候期(果速生期、果熟期和落果期)均呈显著或极显著正相关.多数物候期与经度和纬度呈显著或极显著正相关,仅落叶期与经度和纬度分别呈显著和极显著负相关.总体上看,除落叶期外,文冠果各物候期与年均日照时数呈正相关,与其他气候因子多数呈负相关;其中,除果速生期和落果期外,其他物候期与年均温呈显著或极显著负相关.此外,仅总生长期与文冠果的座果率呈显著负相关,其他物候期与结实性状则无显著相关性.综合分析结果表明:文冠果的物候期呈现明显的地理变异规律,且气温是影响其物候期的主要气候因子.