极小种群植物水松群落系统发育多样性分析

极小种群植物水松（Glyptostrobus pensilis（Staunton ex D.Don）K.Koch）是著名的孑遗植物,被列为我国Ⅰ级重点保护和极小种群野生植物,在IUCN红色名录中被评估为"极危"等级,且种群数量仍在继续减少。水松主要分布于我国华南和东南地区以及越南和老挝。本研究对我国42个水松种群周边植被、种群健康状况、群落干扰类型、外来植物入侵状况等进行了调查,采用系统发育多样性相关指数对该物种所在群落进行了研究。结果显示,系统发育多样性指数对水松种群状况具有一定的指示性,人为干扰对所在群落的影响越严重,种群的健康状况愈差;具有较高系统发育多样性水平（PD值）的群落内水松种群状况良好;入侵物种的存在会使群落系统发育结构聚集,系统发育多样性水平降低。因此,在对水松种群进行保护时,要尽量减少群落中人为恶性干扰因素和外来植物的入侵威胁,以增强水松种群和个体的健康水平,维持群落系统发育的多样性,从而提高水松种群抵抗力和恢复力的稳定性。     

传粉昆虫物种多样性监测、评估和保护概述

欧洲和北美等国相继建立起传粉昆虫物种多样性监测和评估体系。基于传粉昆虫的监测资料,能够对欧美部分区域和某些传粉昆虫类群的现状、下降程度以及影响因素进行研究。欧洲和北美等地已开展部分传粉昆虫保护措施和项目,如欧洲部分国家实施的＂农田环境计划＂项目（Agri-Environmental Schemes）能够保护农田生态系统中传粉昆虫的栖境,恢复和提高传粉昆虫物种多样性。我国传粉昆虫物种多样性十分丰富,但目前还没有一个以监测和评估传粉昆虫物种多样性为主的平台,也未对某区域或某类群传粉昆虫多样性的变化进行评估,传粉昆虫多样性的保护也未引起足够重视。为了解我国传粉昆虫物种多样性现状及变化情况,作者建议在我国建立传粉昆虫物种多样性监测和评估体系,以提高我们在该领域的认识水平,并为开展相应的保护工作提供理论基础。     

中国关键地区两栖爬行动物多样性监测与研究

两栖爬行动物是良好的环境指示物种,是环境变化的早期预警系统之一,目前正经历着全球范围的种群快速下降和物种灭绝。为了观测和研究物种及种群下降或灭绝的态势和机制,亟需对我国两栖爬行动物多样性开展长期监测和研究。在中国,对两栖爬行动物的监测研究始于1997年对若尔盖湿地两栖动物的监测。此后,两栖爬行动物监测率先在西南山地、台湾等生物多样性丰富地区开展起来。2011年,在借鉴美国和英国的两栖爬行动物监测计划的基础上,环境保护部启动了"两栖类示范观测项目",初步实现了由点到面、由定性到定量、由静态向动态的突破。因为单一类群的监测仅代表生态系统的基本组成,而从生态系统角度考量,必须深入研究生态系统的结构(食物网中各类群的捕食、竞争、共生等种间关系)和动态(各类群的生长、繁殖、种群波动和致危因素等)。因此,作为中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(Sino BON)的重要组成部分,"中国关键地区两栖爬行动物监测与研究专项网"项目将在22个生物多样性关键地区对典型生态系统中的两栖爬行动物组成、种群动态和结构进行长期监测与研究,构建生态模型,探讨两栖爬行动物的种群现状、群落结构及其动态趋势和相关机制,制定和不断完善我国两栖爬行动物应对未来环境变化的保护和管理对策。     

浙江乌岩岭国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性及其森林环境健康评价

本文选取浙江乌岩岭为样地以网捕方法,对上述地区的蝶类种类及种群动态进行了系统研究,将所采集的蝶类种类及个体数,以微软的Excel列表、计算及作图,进行蝶类群落的种-多度曲线、多样性指数、均匀度与优势度等数据分析,并以此类昆虫作为指示性生物对其森林环境健康状况进行了评价.结果表明:乌岩岭有9科148种蝴蝶,3种中国保护种和11种中国特有种,多样性指数为1.7570,暗示该处生态地区的环境质量优越.     

中国森林冠层生物多样性监测

林冠作为森林与外界环境相互作用最直接和最活跃的关键生态界面,承载了森林生物多样性的主体,在生物多样性的形成与维持以及生态系统功能过程中发挥着重要的作用,被称为地球的"第八大洲"。同时,林冠对气候变化和人为干扰高度敏感,在人类活动和全球气候变化加剧的背景下,森林生态系统正面临着严重的威胁,首当其冲的就是森林冠层。气候变化下的林冠生物多样性保护与可持续利用已成为现代生态学研究的热点问题,受到森林生态学、气候学、环境科学等研究领域的学者越来越多的关注。据此,中国生物多样性监测与研究网络以网络内拥有森林冠层塔吊的生物多样性监测样地为平台,建立了林冠生物多样性监测专项网。该专项网将参照国际标准,统一监测指标,规范监测标准,通过大尺度地带性森林冠层内植物(包括附生种子植物和附生孢子植物)多样性、动物多样性、微生物多样性及其动态变化的长期监测,结合林冠小气候环境特征监测,建立林冠小环境特征、植物多样性、节肢动物多样性和微生物多样性等4个动态更新的数据库,以阐明我国典型森林林冠生物多样性变化的规律,揭示其对森林生态系统功能过程的影响和对全球变化的响应。     

长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段的昆虫多样性

昆虫多样性变化对生态系统健康有重要的指示作用, 为研究昆虫群落变化与生境演替之间的关系, 本研究采用网捕、灯诱和诱捕法系统调查了长白山针阔混交林不同演替阶段（次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始阔叶红松林）昆虫群落的组成和多样性, 分析了昆虫在森林演替过程中的规律及与植被群落之间的关系。系统调查共采集昆虫标本8 183头, 隶属于14个目699种, 其中鳞翅目和鞘翅目是主要优势类群。次生针阔混交林昆虫的个体数量最多, 原始阔叶红松林中物种数最多。不同演替阶段昆虫群落的物种数和个体数差异不显著, 但次生针阔混交林、原始阔叶红松林的Fisher’s α指数显著高于次生白桦林。目水平上的昆虫多样性未表现出显著性差异. 昆虫多样性在森林演替过程中和草本植物多样性的变化趋势相同;由于食性和生境选择的不同, 森林演替过程中鳞翅目昆虫多样性逐渐升高, 而鞘翅目多样性逐渐降低。     

基于植物多样性的生态系统恢复动力学原理

生态系统恢复动力学是生态学的重要问题.本研究利用岛屿生物地理学、植物群落演替、生物多样性维持机制及生态系统功能等有关理论,推导了生态系统恢复动力学模型,并用半湿润常绿阔叶林次生演替阶段数据作了初步验证.基于动力学模型讨论了动力学原理.结果表明,生态系统恢复的动力学过程决定于生态系统恢复力F1、干扰力F2和环境阻力F3的综合作用.植物多样性恢复速度的变率与植物种丰富度呈反比,与生态系统恢复总动力F呈正比.生态系统恢复力F1和环境阻力F3是初始物种丰富度s0、特定地理区域资源环境状况的函数.干扰力是干扰强度系数b和物种丰富度s的函数.当生态系统存在有害干扰的条件下,物种丰富度不能达到生态系统最高物种丰富度sm.动力学模型显示,初始物种丰富度s0越小,生态系统恢复过程越具有逻辑斯蒂性.建立了生态系统恢复力、环境阻力和干扰力的计算模型和植物多样性、干扰对生态系统恢复的作用模型.生态系统恢复动力模型显示,植物多样性能增加生态系统恢复力,促进生态系统稳定性.     

青城山森林公园兽类和鸟类资源初步调查: 基于红外相机数据

<正>陆生脊椎动物是生物多样性保护和管理评价的重要指示类群(Morrison et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2013)。全球多数生态系统中,许多大中型脊椎动物的种群数量在急剧下降,不少物种甚至遭遇灭顶之灾。而人类活动影响(如猎杀、森林砍伐、外来物种侵入、栖息地破坏和片断化等)是引起这些野生动物种群和群落变化的直接或间接原因(Morrison et al.,2007)。同时,野生动物种群和群落变化对生态系统其他物种也产生了严重的生态后果,如食果动物的     

森林经营对群落α多样性影响的定量研究进展

生物多样性是一定地域内的基因、物种、生态系统和生态过程的总和[1]。对森林生物多样性的最大威胁是不可持续的森林经营和森林收获[2]。美国在其国家森林经营法中,授权美国林务局把生物多样性纳入森林经营规划,必须监测和评价实施森林经营规划对生物多样性的影响[3];1993年的瑞典林业法中,木材生产和生物多样性也给予同等重要的地位[4]。在日益关注生物多样性保护、森林退化和可持续林业背景下,迫切需要评估不同经营技术对森林结构和功能的影响[5],研究森林经营对生物多样性的影响也是森林生态系统经营的要求[6]。因为森林经营也有改善生物…     

辽宁黄椅山森林公园寄蝇多样性研究

【目的】探明辽宁宽甸黄椅山森林公园寄蝇的种类及其动态规律,筛选出反映森林状况和动态的指示性昆虫。【方法】2017-2018年5-9月采用网捕法监测了黄椅山森林公园的寄蝇种群,并分析了寄蝇群落的种-多度曲线、多样性指数、个体数、物种丰富度、均匀度与多样性的关系。【结果】黄椅山森林公园寄蝇已知4亚科23族162种,以追寄蝇亚科的种类为多。寄蝇群落的种-多度关系符合生态位优先占领模型,多样性指数与均匀度不相一致,而与物种丰富度一致。【结论】黄椅山森林公园寄蝇种类丰富,其中寄蝇常见种和优势种种类极少,而少见种种类集中,即黄椅山森林公园寄蝇赖以生存的生态环境不稳定。筛选出怒寄蝇Tachina (s. str.) nupta (Rondani)作为指示性昆虫监测森林的生态环境状况;提出了合理保护和利用森林资源的建议。     

树种多样性对土壤微生物群落结构和元素生物地球化学循环的影响研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其巨大的生产力和生态服务功能对人类的生存和发展至关重要。森林树种多样性增加能够显著提高森林生产力,关于树种多样性如何影响地下生物多样性及生态功能逐渐受到国内外学者的广泛关注。从土壤微生物及其介导的元素生物地球化学循环这一视角出发,综述了树种多样性对土壤细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构及功能的影响,提出需要进一步深入研究的方向。总体来说,树种多样性有利于增加土壤细菌生物量和多样性,是预测病原性真菌和菌根真菌多样性及群落结构的重要生物因子。树种多样性能增加土壤有机碳储量,增强森林土壤的甲烷氧化能力,并提高土壤磷周转速率及有效磷含量。关于树种多样性对森林土壤氮循环的影响需考虑多样性假说和质量比假说的相对贡献。今后应加强树种多样性对多个营养级之间相互作用的研究;关注树种多样性对生态系统多功能的影响;加强学科交叉,引入微生物种群动态模型和气候模型等模型预测方法,研究树种多样性对全球气候变化的应对机制,以期促进地上植物多样性与地下生态系统功能关系的研究,增强森林生态系统应对未来全球环境变化的能力。     

The composite insect trap: an innovative combination trap for biologically diverse sampling

Documentation of insect diversity is an important component of the study of biodiversity, community dynamics, and global change. Accurate identification of insects usually requires catching individuals for close inspection. However, because insects are so diverse, most trapping methods are specifically tailored to a particular taxonomic group. For scientists interested in the broadest possible spectrum of insect taxa, whether for long term monitoring of an ecosystem or for a species inventory, the use of several different trapping methods is usually necessary. We describe a novel composite method for capturing a diverse spectrum of insect taxa. The Composite Insect Trap incorporates elements from four different existing trapping methods: the cone trap, malaise trap, pan trap, and flight intercept trap. It is affordable, resistant, easy to assemble and disassemble, and collects a wide variety of insect taxa. Here we describe the design, construction, and effectiveness of the Composite Insect Trap tested during a study of insect diversity. The trap catches a broad array of insects and can eliminate the need to use multiple trap types in biodiversity studies. We propose that the Composite Insect Trap is a useful addition to the trapping methods currently available to ecologists and will be extremely effective for monitoring community level dynamics, biodiversity assessment, and conservation and restoration work. In addition, the Composite Insect Trap will be of use to other insect specialists, such as taxonomists, that are interested in describing the insect taxa in a given area.     

Assessment of higher insect taxa as bioindicators for different logging-disturbance regimes in lowland tropical rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia

One of the serious environmental problems since the 1980s has been the conflict between the high rate of deforestation and maintenance of healthy ecosystem services and biological values in tropical forests. There is an urgent demand for setting up an appropriate environmental assessment to keep healthy ecosystem functions and biodiversity along with sustainable forest use based on ecology. In this study, we tried to assess logging-disturbance effects on the abundances of several flying insect groups (higher-taxon approach) in lowland tropical rain forest (Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia), while considering seasonal changes and vertical forest stratification. The season was the most important factor affecting the abundances of all the insect groups. Effects of logging disturbance were prominent in the understorey but obscure in the canopy. Changes in physical conditions caused by logging—possibly an increased evaporation due to solar radiation—may have decreased the abundance of desiccation-sensitive insects, especially in the understorey. There are also two probable reasons for the difference between events in the understorey and those in the canopy: (1) noise effects of various physical, environmental factors may have obscured insect responses to logging disturbance in the canopy; (2) higher spatio-temporal variation in quality and quantity of living food resources—such as leaves, flowers and fruits—provided in the canopy may have affected the abundance of their consumer insects independently of logging disturbance. Thus, this study suggests that the abundance of some insect groups at higher-taxon level, especially in the understorey, can be used as bioindicators for assessing effects of logging disturbance on the forest ecosystem.     

转基因植物对农业生物多样性的影响

论述了近年来转基因植物对农业生态系统生物多样性影响的研究进展．主要在遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性3个层次上予以评述．包括转基因植物对作物遗传多样性的影响;转基因植物的外源基因向杂草和近缘野生种转移;转基因抗虫植物对目标害虫的影响。抗除草剂转基因植物对作物和杂草的影响,抗病毒转基因植物对病毒的影响;转基因植物对非目标生物的影响,对土壤生态系统的影响等．     

Biodiversity,conservation and inventory: why insects matter

Western culture views insects and arachnids as pests and vermin that need to be controlled. They usually are not considered as something to be preserved. Accordingly, arthropods and other small organisms have not been taken seriously for conservation by policy makers and the conservation community at large. Having existed for more than 400 million years and after surviving the Permian and Cretaceous mass extinctions, arthropods have been the most successful of all living things and along with other invertebrates constitute more than three-quarters of today's global biodiversity. Arthropods are major components of diverse ecosystems and are the major players in functioning of ecosystem processes. Nevertheless, arthropods, which are the least known and, along with other plants and animals, are relentlessly vanishing before our eyes. Thus, aside from anthropocentric perception and societal prejudice, arthropods certainly are not pests in an ecological or evolutionary context and have an inherent biological right to exist in an evolutionary context, with ecological and instrumental values. They must be preserved because of their inherent values but also because we need them for human survival. Thus, arthropods must become an important and necessary part of the conservation strategy at all levels of environmental organization, from populations and species to ecosystems and landscapes.Insect conservation aims at saving both endangered species and ecosystem processes with a multitude of approaches targeted at different scales. Conservation efforts for arthropods are daunting because all the odds are against them: whereas species diversity, population size and biomass are so large, taxonomy and faunal information are inadequate; whereas the need for taxonomic and biodiversity information increases greatly, the shortage of taxonomic expertise worsens.Basic issues of biodiversity and the loss of species are reviewed. The goals and strategies for insect conservation are discussed with a focus on inventory and monitoring. Taxonomic and environmental surveys are compared, and the needs for biodiversity monitoring are discussed as ecological monitoring process based on inventory data. This monitoring focuses on the health of nested biodiversity (composition, structure and process) and the state of species, differing from other contemporary monitoring efforts.     

The effect of local land use and loss of forests on bats and nocturnal insects

Land‐use intensification at local and landscape level poses a serious threat to biodiversity and affects species interactions and ecosystem function. It is thus important to understand how interrelated taxa respond to land‐use intensification and to consider the importance of different spatial scales. We investigated whether and how local land‐use intensity and landscape features affect the predator–prey interaction of bats and insects. Bats and nocturnal insects were assessed on 50 grassland sites in the Schorfheide‐Chorin. We analyzed the effect of local land use and distance to forested areas as a proxy for site accessibility on bats and insects and their biological interaction measured in bat's feeding activity. Insect abundance increased with higher land‐use intensity, while size and diversity of insects decreased. In contrast, bat activity, diversity, and species composition were determined by the distance to forested areas and only slightly by land‐use intensity. Feeding attempts of bats increased with higher insect abundance and diversity but decreased with insect size and distance to forested areas. Finally, our results revealed that near forested areas, the number of feeding attempts was much lower on grassland sites with high, compared to those with low land‐use intensity. In contrast, far from forests, the feeding attempts did not differ significantly between intensively and extensively managed grassland sites. We conclude that the two interrelated taxa, bats and insects, respond to land‐use intensification on very different scales. While insects respond to local land use, bats are rather influenced by surrounding landscape matrix. Hereby, proximity to forests reveals to be a prerequisite for higher bat species diversity and a higher rate of feeding attempts within the area. However, proximity to forest is not sufficient to compensate local high land‐use intensity. Thus, local land‐use intensification in combination with a loss of forest remnants weakens the interaction of bats and insects.     

不同渍水时间对苗期和花期大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响

以大豆品种南农99.6为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苗期和花期渍水对大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响.结果表明: 渍水显著抑制了大豆的生长,植株生物量、叶面积、叶片色素含量和光合速率均显著下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高;随着渍水时间的延长,各生理指标的变化幅度增大;渍水胁迫解除后有一定的恢复,渍水10 d处理后恢复能力较渍水20 d处理强.可溶性碳、氮物质及关键酶对渍水反应不同,可溶性糖含量以及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和蔗糖合成酶的活性上升,而可溶性蛋白含量下降.渍水对苗期大豆植株生物量、叶面积和MDA含量的影响比花期小.苗期和花期渍水时间越短,大豆受到的伤害越小,其恢复能力也越强.渍水时间在10 d内,大豆植株能够通过自身的调节逐渐恢复.     

Canopy Herbivory and Insect Herbivore Diversity in a Dry Forest–Savanna Transition in Brazil

This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap-sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest–cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly.
Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp .     

How to choose a biodiversity indicator – Redundancy and complementarity of biodiversity metrics in a freshwater ecosystem

A range of biodiversity metrics are available to assess the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. However, performance varies considerably among different types of metrics and provides different information regarding ecosystem conditions, thus making difficult the selection of appropriate metrics for biomonitoring. The present study evaluated the robustness of six biodiversity metrics to assess environmental change and determine their utility as relevant indicators of ecosystem biodiversity and functionality. Traditional metrics such as species richness and Shannon diversity were considered along with alternative metrics such as functional diversity, size diversity and taxonomic distinctness. To that end, invertebrate assemblages in a river floodplain were used as a case study to evaluate the performance of metrics using Generalized Additive Models (GAM). GAM explained between eight and 49% of the variability in biodiversity. The regression models exhibited differences in the response of biodiversity indicators to environmental factors, suggesting that intermediate levels of turbidity and low salinity are conditions favouring increased biodiversity in the study area. Based on correlations among metrics and responses to primary environmental factors, it is concluded that Shannon and functional diversity, and rarefied species richness generated similar information regarding ecosystem conditions (i.e., the metrics were redundant); while size diversity and distinctness provided useful additional data characterizing ecosystem quality (i.e., the metrics were complementary). Functional diversity indicated not only number and dominance of species, but also each species functional role in the community, and was therefore the most informative biodiversity metric. Nevertheless, the use of a combination of metrics, for example functional and size diversity, and variation in taxonomic distinctness, provides complementary data that will serve to achieve a more thorough understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and response to primary environmental influences.     

土壤原生动物对环境污染的生物指示作用

土壤原生动物具有丰富的种类和巨大的生物量,在土壤生态系统中具有十分重要的地位．作为指示生物,土壤原生动物具有与其他土壤动物相比更独特的优势．研究它们的群落结构、数量及多样性动态变化,可以很好地评价和监测自然环境变化及人类活动带来的环境污染．本文根据国内外相关文献,简要概述了土壤原生动物在生态系统中的作用．对原生动物的生物指示物优势、土壤原生动物对环境因子响应和污染指示作用及对大气CO2浓度变化的响应等进行了论述,并对土壤原生动物在生态毒理诊断中的应用前景进行了展望．