甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区有尾两栖动物资源现状及保护对策

2007年6月～2009年5月对甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区有尾两栖动物进行了为期两年的调查研究,了解白水江自然保护区现存有尾两栖动物西藏山溪鲵Batrachuperus tibetanus、大鲵Andrias davidianus和文县疣螈Tylototriton wenxianensis的分布状况和资源现状.分析了大鲵和文县疣螈栖息地环境存在问题的原因,针对原因从加强宣传教育、加强科学研究、严格执法、加强社区发展项目和合理开发5个方面提出了相应的对策.     

甘肃无尾两栖动物的资源与保护

甘肃无尾两栖类动物共有6科、16属、32种和亚种,在两栖动物中占绝对优势.随着经济的发展,人类活动直接威胁着无尾两栖类的生存环境,也造成其种群数量大幅度减少.本文在对甘肃无尾两栖类动物资源状况及存在的问题进行分析的基础上,提出了加强无尾两栖类动物生境和物种多样性保护,从而合理利用无尾两栖类动物资源的建议.     

激素对无尾两栖动物声学通讯影响的研究进展

声学通讯是动物对内外环境刺激的一种反应,对无尾两栖动物的配偶选择和成功繁殖起着关键作用。从声学通讯的类型和声谱特征等入手,综述了影响两栖动物声学通讯的3个主要因素:发声器、体内激素及体外激素水平。在此基础上,分析了激素调控无尾两栖动物声学通讯的作用机理,对无尾两栖动物声学通讯今后的研究方向进行了展望,并探讨了环境激素对其影响,以期为无尾两栖动物生殖生态环境的保护和恢复提供理论支撑。     

凹耳蛙及无尾两栖动物发声系统形态学研究进展

两栖动物是最早应用声讯进行雌雄识别、繁殖和防御的脊椎动物,其发声器官包括喉部器官和(或)声囊.近来的研究表明我国特有两栖动物--凹耳蛙不仅具有非常复杂的鸣叫特点,而且能发出超声音频.本文总结了有关凹耳蛙的生物学特点、无尾两栖动物发声器官的研究进展,指出凹耳蛙在无尾两栖动物发声器官的生态和进化形态学研究中的重要地位.     

中国两栖动物保护需求总述

通过对中国两栖动物物种生物多样性现状的全面分析, 与世界许多国家相比, 中国是一个重要的全球优先保护地区. 横断山区、南岭山区和武夷山区3个区域的两栖动物物种多样性特别丰富. 有尾两栖类物种较无尾类受胁程度更高. 几个物种数相对较少的铃蟾科、隐腮鲵科、小鲵科和蝾螈科显示出了高的受胁倾向. 像世界其它地方一样, 高海拔地区溪流繁殖的森林物种受胁程度更高. 对中国两栖动物而言, 生境丧失、污染和过度捕捉是最主要的致危因素. 过度捕捉虽然影响不如生境丧失深远, 但它更可能导致一个物种种群的快速衰落. 针对5个方面的保护挑战, 提出了优先研究领域和保护行动方面的建议.     

中国有尾两栖类特有种分布现状及保护建议

有尾类是两栖动物三大类群中一个重要而特殊的类群,其四肢较弱,运动能力不强,分布地域性明显,开展有尾类分布现状和受危状况研究,对探讨有尾类动物系统进化和促进资源保护均具有重要的意义.作者通过广泛查阅国内外重要文献发现,中国有尾目现已记录50种及3亚种,隶属于3科15属,其中有中国特有种42种及3亚种,占中国有尾类物种总数的84.9％.对中国有尾类特有种的区系组成、分布特点、保护现状和受危状况进行了分析,并探讨了有尾类特有种的分布特征;针对有尾类种群数量下降的原因,提出了相应的保护对策.     

保护珍稀两栖动物-文县疣螈

文县疣螈是中国特有的有尾两栖动物,发现于甘肃省文县,还分布于四川、重庆、贵州、湖南、安徽等地.它是目前世界上最稀少的两栖动物之一,生境的丧失和破碎化、环境质量的急剧恶化、遗传多样性丧失等诸多因素导致其种群数量迅速减少.它还是被关注和研究最少的濒危动物之一,人类的活动是其栖息地丧失和种群数量迅速减少的罪魁祸首.作为一种古老的有尾两栖动物,文县疣螈的进化潜力已经较小,对环境变迁的适应能力较差.以目前的种群数量来看,很可能会在短期内灭绝,对其进行有效的保护已迫在眉睫.     

甘肃两栖动物的保护研究

调查表明甘肃有两栖类动物24种,其中有尾目3科3属3种,无尾目6科21种.属于古北界的有5种和亚种,属东洋界的有14种,其余5种为两界兼有种.对引起甘肃省两栖类动物种群衰退、变异和灭绝的主要因素进行了初步分析,提出了若干针对甘肃两栖类动物的保护对策.     

应用人工掩蔽物法监测两栖动物种群动态

人工掩蔽物法是一种取法自然而加以人工改造的两栖动物监测方法。该法利用两栖动物昼伏夜出的习性,在其栖息环境中按照一定的方式布设人工掩蔽物来吸引两栖动物栖居,从而达到白昼监测其种类和种群数量的目的。该方法主要用于监测草地、湿地、灌丛、滩涂、松林等自然掩蔽物较少的生境,作者的监测实践和有关报道的监测工作证实,此方法对于习居于这类生境中的陆生有尾类和无尾类两栖动物具有较好的监测效果。     

中国两栖动物染色体研究名录

根据20余年资料,对中国无足、有尾和无尾类两栖动物的染色体研究进行了整理总结。     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查及保护对策

2006年7～8月对甘肃白水江两栖爬行动物资源进行了野外调查。本次调查共采得两栖爬行动物标本49种,隶属于13科4目。结合文献资料,该保护区现已知有两栖爬行动物65种,其中两栖动物28种,隶属于8科2目;爬行动物37种,隶属于11科3目。其区系组成东洋界种类明显占优势,占总物种数的79．63％,古北界成分占14．28％。特有种所占比例较高。根据资源特点,提出了保护区两栖爬行动物可持续保护的对策。     

重庆四面山两栖动物物种多样性研究

2005年至2007年对重庆四面山的两栖动物进行了野外调查采集,共有两栖动物1目5科11属18种,其中无尾目弧胸类(蟾类)2种、固胸类(蛙类) 16种.建议加强对该地区两栖动物物种多样性及其生境的保护.     

Amphibians as metrics of critical biological thresholds in forested headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.

1. Amphibians are recognized both for their sensitivity to environmental perturbations and for their usefulness as cost-effective biometrics of ecosystem integrity (=system health).
2. Twenty-three years of research in headwater streams in the Klamath-Siskiyou and North Coast Bioregions of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A., showed distinct patterns in the distribution of amphibians to variations in water temperature, % fine sediments and the amount of large woody debris (LWD).
3. Here, we review seven studies that demonstrate connections between species presence and abundance and these three in-stream variables. These data were then used to calculate realized niches for three species, the southern torrent salamander, the larval coastal tailed frog and the larval coastal giant salamander, relative to two of these environmental stressors (water temperature and % fine sediments). Moreover, multivariate generalized additive models were used to predict the presence of these three amphibians when these three stressors act in concert.
4. Stream-dwelling amphibians are shown to be extremely sensitive to changes in water temperature, amounts of fine sediment and LWD, and specific thresholds and ranges for a spectrum of animal responses can be used to manage for headwater tributary ecosystem integrity.
5. Consequently, amphibians can provide a direct metric of stream ecosystem integrity acting as surrogates for the ability of a stream network to support other stream-associated biota, such as salmonids, and their related ecological services.     

澜沧江漫湾电站水库地区两栖动物的考察研究

漫湾电站地区共有两栖类２ 目８ 科１８ 属３８ 种。区系特点是： （１） 物种很丰富, 占中国两栖类种数１３－６２ ％ , 超过２０ 个省区, 超过云南红河州, 而与西双版纳相等, 是中国两栖类最丰富的地区之一, 也是云南种类最多的地区;（２） 全部属东洋界种类; （３） 西南区种类占绝对优势, 有２６ 种, 占６８－４２％ ; （４） 华中区及华中华南种类很少, 共３ 种; （５） 锄足蟾科种类特多, 有１２ 种; （６） 特有种很多, 有漫湾特有７ 种, 云南特有１６ 种,中国特有１３ 种以上。垂直分布可分为河谷低山带, 海拔８００ － １ ５００ｍ ; 中山带, 海拔１ ５００ － ２ ２００ｍ ; 高山带,２ ２００ －２ ８００ｍ ;２ ８００３ ２９１ｍ 的山顶带。泽蛙、双团棘胸蛙及云南小狭口蛙为本地区优势种。稀有种多, 应加强保护; 红瘰疣螈为国家Ⅱ级保护动物。     

Amphibian Anomalies as a Source of Information on the Adaptive and Evolutionary Potential

Long-term data on the morphological anomalies of four anuran species (family Ranidae) and two tailed amphibian species (families Hynobiidae and Salamandridae), inhabiting forest and urbanized areas in the eastern slope of the Middle Urals, have been studied. The morphological deviations of amphibians were investigated in terms of the module principle, which predetermines the similarity of evolutionary transformations in different taxa and limit the number of possible directions of diversification in morphogenesis. The definitive spectra and frequencies of morphological anomalies in juvenile and adult individuals are compared in the urbanization gradient. Original methodological and methodical approaches to using the potential and implemented spectra of deviation are proposed for assessing the role of the ecological component in their formation. The possibility of using deviant forms of variability for assessing the evolutionary and adaptive potentials of the species is discussed.     

Species with a chemical defence,but not chemical offence,live longer

Evolutionary hypotheses for ageing generally predict that delayed senescence should evolve in organisms that experience lower extrinsic mortality. Thus, one might expect species that are highly toxic or venomous (i.e. chemically protected) will have longer lifespans than related species that are not likewise protected. This remarkable relationship has been suggested to occur in amphibians and snakes. First, we show that chemical protection is highly conserved in several lineages of amphibians and snakes. Therefore, accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation is critical when conservatively testing evolutionary hypotheses because species may possess similar longevities and defensive attributes simply through shared ancestry. Herein, we compare maximum longevity of chemically protected and nonprotected species, controlling for potential nonindependence of traits among species using recently available phylogenies. Our analyses confirm that longevity is positively correlated with body size in both groups which is consistent with life‐history theory. We also show that maximum lifespan was positively associated with chemical protection in amphibian species but not in snakes. Chemical protection is defensive in amphibians, but primarily offensive (involved in prey capture) in snakes. Thus, we find that although chemical defence in amphibians favours long life, there is no evidence that chemical offence in snakes does the same.