认知负荷对色词Stroop干扰效应的影响

目的:依据负荷理论,认知负荷会导致选择性注意任务中干扰刺激干扰效应的增加.本研究目的在于检验两种类型的认知负荷对色词Stroop干扰效应的影响.方法:实验一通过比较色词Stroop任务与言语工作记忆任务同时进行的双任务区组(高负荷条件)与单任务区组(低负荷条件)来检验认知负荷对构成Stroop干扰效应的语义冲突及反应冲突产生的影响.实验二则通过比较色词Stroop任务与言语工作记忆任务相协调的双任务区组(高负荷条件)与单任务区组(低负荷条件)来操纵认知负荷.结果:实验一的结果显示工作记忆负荷变化对语义冲突及反应冲突均不产生影响.实验二发现虽然在反应时指标上认知负荷与一致性之间未产生显著交互作用,但在错误率指标上两者交互作用达到显著,说明在高认知负荷条件下反应冲突显著增加了.结论:认知负荷对选择性注意任务中干扰刺激干扰效应的影响取决于认知负荷类型及冲突所发生的水平.     

认知负荷对色词Stroop干扰效应的影响

目的:依据负荷理论,认知负荷会导致选择性注意任务中干扰刺激干扰效应的增加。本研究目的在于检验两种类型的认知负荷对色词Stroop干扰效应的影响。方法:实验一通过比较色词Stroop任务与言语工作记忆任务同时进行的双任务区组(高负荷条件)与单任务区组(低负荷条件)来检验认知负荷对构成Stroop干扰效应的语义冲突及反应冲突产生的影响。实验二则通过比较色词Stroop任务与言语工作记忆任务相协调的双任务区组(高负荷条件)与单任务区组(低负荷条件)来操纵认知负荷。结果:实验一的结果显示工作记忆负荷变化对语义冲突及反应冲突均不产生影响。实验二发现虽然在反应时指标上认知负荷与一致性之间未产生显著交互作用,但在错误率指标上两者交互作用达到显著,说明在高认知负荷条件下反应冲突显著增加了。结论:认知负荷对选择性注意任务中干扰刺激干扰效应的影响取决于认知负荷类型及冲突所发生的水平     

PTSD症状与人格特征的关联及性别差异

目的:探究在中国人群中使用气质性格问卷(TCI)评测出的人格特质和PTSD的症状之间的关联,并在此基础上验证两者之间的关联是否也存在性别差异.方法:应用气质性格问卷中文版(TCI-144)及事件影响量表(IES-R)评估个体的人格和PTSD症状,以303名经历过5·12地震的大学生为调查对象,通过对两个调查量表的得分进行PTSD和人格的相关性分析.结果:①被调查者中有13.2％为PTSD可疑者,其中女性为35人(占女生总数的15.8％)男性为5人(占男生总数的7.8％).②在女性样本中,除了合作性因子与回避症状两者之间无关联外,性格维度的三因子与PTSD三症状均有相关;对于气质维度,追求刺激因子显示出了与闯入或过度警觉两个症状间有正相关;而回避损害和坚持性因子都只显示出了与过度警觉症状有正相关.③在男性样本中,除了性格维度的自我超越因子与PTSD三症状都显示了正相关之外,只有气质维度上的坚持性因子与回避症状之间存在正相关.结论:人格特质与PTSD存在显著关联,但是男女两性表现的是各自不同的相关关系.     

HBK-SPF鸭主要解剖数据的测定

目的分别测定7日龄和56日龄的HBK-SPF鸭的解剖学数据,并分析比较性别之间的差异。方法采用常规方法测定7日龄和56日龄的雌、雄HBK-SPF鸭的解剖数据,并对雌雄差异进行了统计学分析。结果在所测定的解剖数据中,不同日龄、性别之间表现差异显著性的项目不同,其中7日龄时,左肾、右肾存在性别差异,达到极显著（P〈0.01）,胫围和盲肠2存在显著性别差异（P〈0.05）;56日龄时,只有胸腺存在极显著性别差异（P〈0.01）,盲肠1和直肠差异显著（P〈0.05）,其它解剖数据在雌雄之间差异不显著。结论不同日龄的HBK-SPF鸭的解剖数据和脏器参数存在性别差异。     

大学毕业生压力应对的性别差异研究

采用"压力应对方式问卷"对陕西师范大学148名大四毕业生进行调查,结果发现:(1)大学毕业生面临压力时以积极应对方式为主;(2)大学毕业生在消极应对因素上存在显著的性别差异,女生高于男生;在积极应对因素上不存在性别差异;(3)大学毕业生在解决问题、求助取向、自责、幻想、合理化这5个应对因子上不存在性别差异,而在退避这一应对因子上存在显著的性别差异,女生高于男生。     

视觉系统中的性别差异

大脑性别差异一直是神经科学领域中的一个热门话题.以前的性别差异研究往往关注与高级认知相关的脑区结构和功能差异,而对低级感知觉系统中的性别差异没有足够的重视.近年来,越来越多的研究结果表明,男性和女性在视知觉功能上也存在着明显的差异.本文首先回顾和梳理了视觉系统中存在性别差异的行为学和神经生物学证据,然后对视觉系统中性别差异的来源提出了两种可能的解释,接着讨论了视知觉功能存在性别差异的进化学意义,最后强调了在感知觉研究中把性别作为一个实验变量的的重要性,并对后续的性别差异研究提出了一些具体的建议.     

大学毕业生压力应对的性别差异研究

采用＂压力应对方式问卷＂对陕西师范大学148名大四毕业生进行调查,结果发现：（1）大学毕业生面临压力时以积极应对方式为主;（2）大学毕业生在消极应对因素上存在显著的性别差异,女生高于男生;在积极应对因素上不存在性别差异;（3）大学毕业生在解决问题、求助取向、自责、幻想、合理化这5个应对因子上不存在性别差异,而在退避这一应对因子上存在显著的性别差异,女生高于男生。     

大鼠肾近曲小管、远曲小管和集合管壁厚的性别差异

运用光学显微镜对雌、雄大鼠的近曲小管、远曲小管和集合管的壁厚分别进行了测量,结果发现:雌、雄大鼠的近曲小管和集合管存在明显的性别差异(P<0.05);而远曲小管差异不明显(P>0.05).研究结果提示:雌、雄大鼠近曲小管和集合管的功能可能存在显著的性别差异.     

初中学生人格类型对心理旋转能力性别差异的影响

目的:考察初中学生心理旋转能力性别差异、典型A型和B型人格被试心理旋转能力状况,及人格类型与心理旋转能力性别差异的关系。方法:采用标准心理旋转能力测验和A型人格问卷调查了260名初中一年级至三年级被试,并对人格类型对心理旋转性别差异的影响进行方差分析。结果:心理旋转能力性别差异具有跨年级(初一至初三)的一致性(初一:男4.618±0.504,女3.400±0.536;初二:男7.389±0.400,女5.30±0.416;初三:男6.207±0.546,女4.286±0.534;F=12.586,P=0.000);(2)A型人格被试心理旋转能力高于B型人格被试(6.09±0.42/4.71±0.425;F=5.320,P=0.023);(3)A型人格被试性别差异显著(男7.259±0.583,女4.920±0.606;F=7.77,P=0.006),而B型人格被试性别差异不显著(男5.269±0.553,女4.255±0.646;F=2.26;P=0.136),人格类型是影响心理旋转能力性别差异因素之一。结论:尽管心理旋转能力存在显著的性别差异,但这种差异受众多因素影响。     

阿尔茨海默病性别差异机制的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病是(Alzheimer's disease,AD)一种中枢神经系统退行性疾病,以认知、记忆障碍为主要临床症状,老年斑和神经纤维缠结为主要病理特征。AD发病率、临床表现和病理改变具有显著的性别差异,本文从大脑结构与功能、性激素类型、基因表达以及社会行为习惯等方面综述AD性别差异机制的研究进展。     

Sexual Cannibalism as a Manifestation of Sexual Conflict

Sexual cannibalism is a well-known example for sexual conflict and has many facets that determine the costs and benefits for the cannibal and the victim. Here, I focus on species in which sexual cannibalism is a general component of a mating system in which males invest maximally in mating with a single (monogyny) or two (bigyny) females. Sexual cannibalism can be a male strategy to maximize paternity and a female strategy to prevent paternity monopolization by any or a particular male. Considerable variation exists between species (1) in the potential of males to monopolize females, and (2) in the success of females in preventing monopolization by males. This opens up exciting future possibilities to investigate sexually antagonistic coevolution in a largely unstudied mating system.Sexual cannibalism, the killing and consumption of potential or actual mating partners in a mating context, has been termed a “pinnacle of sexual conflict” because of the dramatic ending of the act for one mating partner, mostly the male (Elgar and Schneider 2004). This contradiction of traditional sex roles may be one reason why the phenomenon of sexual cannibalism has intrigued naturalists for a long time. In the context of sexual conflict, sexually cannibalistic behavior of females is a harmful trait, and antagonistic traits are expected to evolve in males, which can be considered the reverse of most other examples in which females respond to male harm (see Perry and Rowe 2014). I will discuss potential antagonistic traits to sexual cannibalism in males but will also show that the above view is too simplistic when it comes to spider mating systems characterized by very low male mating rates.It is important to note that there are different kinds of sexual cannibalism based on very different evolutionary scenarios (Elgar and Schneider 2004; Prenter et al. 2006; Wilder et al. 2009). The most extreme divide exists between cannibalism before sperm transfer, which can only benefit the cannibal, and sexual cannibalism during or after sperm transfer (from here on termed postinsemination sexual cannibalism), which can benefit the cannibal and the victim (Elgar and Schneider 2004). Despite a longer history of research on preinsemination sexual cannibalism, the evolutionary causes and consequences of postinsemination sexual cannibalism are generally less debated.There are reports (often anecdotal) on the occurrence of sexual cannibalism from diverse invertebrate taxa (Elgar 1992) and it may well occur in all predatory invertebrates that are potentially cannibalistic (Polis 1981). It is beyond the scope of this brief review to list and evaluate all reported occurrences. Rather, I will start with a brief account of the generally discussed causes and consequences of sexual cannibalism and will then concentrate on the conflicting interests of the sexes regarding postinsemination sexual cannibalism in mating systems that are characterized by very low male mating rates.Studies that investigate sexual cannibalism experimentally are mostly concerned with (1) nutritional aspects, (2) the importance of sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection, and, increasingly, (3) behavioral syndromes. The aggressive spillover hypothesis suggests that preinsemination sexual cannibalism is part of a behavioral syndrome in which aggression against mating partners spills over from a foraging context (Arnqvist and Henriksson 1997). There is mixed support for this idea in the few species that have been looked at. In several spider species, females consistently differ in their aggressiveness and these differences affect sexual cannibalism (for a recent debate about the evidence for this hypothesis, see Johnson 2013; Kralj-Fišer et al. 2013b; Pruitt and Keiser 2013).A majority of studies have taken a unilateral view and have been concerned with the “motivation” of the cannibal; because sexual cannibalism generally occurs in predators, hunger is a well-supported motivation (Wilder et al. 2009). Many predators are food-limited, and, assuming a trade-off between foraging and mating, the balance may tilt toward foraging under particular circumstances (modeled by Newman and Elgar 1991). Food and mate availability will influence the costs and benefits of sexual cannibalism for females and have been one focus of a recent review on sexual cannibalism (Wilder et al. 2009).In all predatory and cannibalistic animals, mating partners impose selection on each other’s abilities to avoid or resist aggression. This selection pressure is asymmetrical if one sex is physically dominant. Indeed, the differences in size between females and males often determine the frequency of sexual cannibalism, perhaps because the potential to resist a cannibalistic attack is size-dependent (Elgar 1992; Wilder and Rypstra 2008). Usually, males are the victims and females are the cannibals. Yet, reversed sexual cannibalism has also been reported and appears to be associated with the reversed pattern in sexual size dimorphism. Examples are the water spider, Arygoneta aquatica (Schutz and Taborsky 2005, 2011) and role-reversed wolf spiders (Aisenberg et al. 2011). In the gnaphosid spider, Micaria sociabilis, large, young males cannibalize old and relatively smaller females (Sentenska and Pekar 2013). These examples further support the notion that the relative size differences of a mating pair play a part in determining the likelihood of sexual cannibalism. Patterns can be found both on a between-species comparative scale and on a within-species scale (Wilder and Rypstra 2008; Wilder et al. 2009), and they are also reported as an underlying pattern in cannibalism outside a mating context (Bleakley et al. 2013). Furthermore, there is anecdotal evidence for the same pattern in hermaphrodites (e.g., Goto and Yoshida 1985; Michiels et al. 2003), which may constitute a particularly interesting case to study, as the power asymmetries are less obviously related to the male or female role.In asymmetric encounters, the costs and risks of aggressive behavior toward potential mating partners are low for the dominant partner. Toward smaller males, females could use aggressiveness as a means of partner choice. Indeed, many studies suggest that sexual selection in addition to gaining a meal may be the adaptive value of sexual cannibalism (Prenter et al. 2006). From the female perspective, aggressive behavior directed toward males may serve as a general screening of partner quality, a mechanism often described as indirect mate choice (Elgar and Nash 1988; Prenter et al. 2006; Kralj-Fišer et al. 2012). A screening method implies that females attack every male, and suitors that cannot withstand and persist an attack will be killed and consumed; alternatively, females may differentiate between males and attack and consume only those males that do not meet certain quality criteria (reviewed in Prenter et al. 2006). The latter has been found in wolf spiders (Wilgers and Hebets 2012). The latter mechanism of direct choice is more complex than the indirect one as it requires perception and assessment of quality cues, and large enough benefits of choosiness are expected to match the costs. Mate rejection via sexual cannibalism is considered a particularly extreme case of sexual conflict mostly because rejection can lead to death. Although this may be true for the individual male that loses all future reproductive success, frequencies of preinsemination sexual cannibalism might be rather low (Kralj-Fišer et al. 2013b). Please note that in almost every species, a certain proportion of individuals will be excluded from the mating market and will have no mating success. The claim that prevention of mating success via sexual cannibalism results in more intense sexual conflict than exclusion from mating with less drastic measures has, to my knowledge, never been tested. Because of the scarcity of data on natural frequencies of preinsemination cannibalism, a meta-analysis would not reveal a realistic picture at this stage. Hence, to date, it is not feasible to compare the relative strength of selection imposed by a cannibalistic mate choice strategy against a strategy with less drastic consequences of mate rejection. More studies are needed to unravel the exact nature of sexual selection under the threat of ending as a meal. Below, I will briefly sketch possible responses to selection imposed by sexually cannibalistic females before or during insemination.     

性反转

性反转(sex reversal)是指生物个体从一种性别特征转变为另一种相反的性别特征的性别转变现象。性反转只有雌雄异体的生物才会出现的现象,雌雄同体的生物并没有此类现象发生。性反转有2种类型：1)获得性性反转：此类性反     

Sexual selection

Competition over mates takes many forms and has far-reaching consequences for many organisms. Recent work suggests that relative reproductive rates of males and females, sperm competition and quality variation among mates affect the strength of sexual selection. Song, other display, body size, visual ornaments and material resource offerings are often sexually selected. There is much empirical evidence of mate choice, and its evolution is clarified by mathematical models. Recent advances in theory also consider costs of choice, effects of deleterious mutations, fast and slow evolution of preferences and preferred traits, and simultaneous preferences for several traits. Contests over mates are important; so is sperm competition, scrambles, endurance rivalry, and coercion. The latter mechanisms have received less attention than mate choice. Sexual selection may explain puzzling aspects of plant pollination biology.     

The Relationship between Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict

Evolutionary conflicts of interest arise whenever genetically different individuals interact and their routes to fitness maximization differ. Sexual selection favors traits that increase an individual’s competitiveness to acquire mates and fertilizations. Sexual conflict occurs if an individual of sex A’s relative fitness would increase if it had a “tool” that could alter what an individual of sex B does (including the parental genes transferred), at a cost to B’s fitness. This definition clarifies several issues: Conflict is very common and, although it extends outside traits under sexual selection, sexual selection is a ready source of sexual conflict. Sexual conflict and sexual selection should not be presented as alternative explanations for trait evolution. Conflict is closely linked to the concept of a lag load, which is context-dependent and sex-specific. This makes it possible to ask if one sex can “win.” We expect higher population fitness if females win.Many published studies ask if sexual selection or sexual conflict drives the evolution of key reproductive traits (e.g., mate choice). Here we argue that this is an inappropriate question. By analogy, G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1965) coined the phrase “the ecological theatre and the evolutionary play” to capture how factors that influence the birth, death, and reproduction of individuals (studied by ecologists) determine which individuals reproduce, and “sets the stage” for the selective forces that drive evolutionary trajectories (studied by evolutionary biologists). The more modern concept of “eco-evolutionary feedback” (Schoener 2011) emphasizes that selection changes the character of the actors over time, altering their ecological interactions. No one would sensibly ask whether one or the other shapes the natural world, when obviously both interact to determine the outcome.So why have sexual conflict and sexual selection sometimes been elevated to alternate explanations? This approach is often associated with an assumption that sexual conflict affects traits under direct selection, favoring traits that alter the likelihood of a potential mate agreeing or refusing to mate because it affects the bearer’s immediate reproductive output, whereas “traditional” sexual selection is assumed to favor traits that are under indirect selection because they increase offspring fitness. These “traditional” models are sometimes described as “mutualistic” (e.g., Pizzari and Snook 2003; Rice et al. 2006), although this term appears to be used only when contrasting them with sexual conflict models. The investigators of the original models never describe them as “mutualistic,” which is hardly surprising given that some males are rejected by females.In this review, we first define sexual conflict and sexual selection. We then describe how the notion of a “lag load” can reveal which sex currently has greater “power” in a sexual conflict over a specific resource. Next, we discuss why sexual conflict and sexual selection are sometimes implicitly (or explicitly) presented as alternative explanations for sexual traits (usually female mate choice/resistance). To illustrate the problems with the assumptions made to take this stance, we present a “toy model” of snake mating behavior based on a study by Shine et al. (2005). We show that empirical predictions about the mating behavior that will be observed if females seek to minimize direct cost of mating or to obtain indirect genetic benefits were overly simplistic. This allows us to make the wider point that whom a female is willing to mate with and how often she mates are often related questions. Finally, we discuss the effect of sexual conflict on population fitness.