白木香种子脱水耐性的发育变化及贮藏特性

研究白木香种子发育进程中种子性状、萌发能力和脱水耐性的变化,以及不同光温条件对种子萌发的影响和种子的贮藏特性。结果表明：白木香种子在花后78d获得最大干重,进入生理成熟期,此时萌发率接近最大值;胚在花后57～85d,脱水耐性逐渐增强,并在花后85d获得最大脱水耐性。种子萌发的适宜温度范围为25℃-35℃,光照对种子萌发有一定的抑制作用。新鲜自木香种子（含水量27．45％）在4℃低温条件下贮藏1个月后萌发率仅为30％左右,而含水量7．38％的干燥种子在4℃低温条件下贮藏120d,萌发率仍有53．33％,因此,4℃低温和适度脱水有利于种子短期贮藏。白木香种子能忍耐一定程度的脱水,但干燥至含水量7．50％以下时种子会发生损伤,因此推测白木香种子是一种中间性种子。     

小芸木胚发育过程中脱水耐性的变化

对热带植物小芸木的种子和胚在整个发育阶段的形态学特征、含水量、萌发率和电导率进行了研究。结果显示:(1)小芸木种子在发育过程中形态学特征、电导率、萌发率和胚的脱水耐性有明显的变化;(2)在55~80 d种子鲜重和干重逐渐增加,随后又稍微降低,整个发育过程未经历明显的成熟脱水阶段;种子萌发率从55~85 d逐渐达到最大,随后又稍微降低;(3)胚的脱水耐性从55~90 d逐渐增加,于85~90 d达到最大,在95~103 d时又有所下降。表明小芸木胚的最大脱水耐性的获得时间与种子干物质积累达到最大的时间一致。     

九里香种子脱水耐性和萌发生理的研究

九里香种子自花后 42～ 77d,含水量和电导率逐渐降低 ,种子干重、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数逐渐增加。硅胶脱水 1～ 6d后 ,种子含水量下降 1 0 %～ 3 5 % ,发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均有不同程度的降低 ,不同发育时期九里香种子的脱水耐性有别 ,花后 42～ 70d不断增强 ,77d有所减弱。花后 70d的种子含水量降至 1 0 % ,种子发芽率无明显降低 ;含水量为 9%的种子在 4°C和 2 0°C的低温条件贮存 3 0d和 42d ,多数种子仍能萌发 ,这表明九里香种子是一种正常型种子。光照能促进种子的萌发 ;在 2 0～ 3 0°C、室温和 2 0 /3 0°C变温条件下种子萌发较好 ;光照和温度对种子萌发有单独影响 ,但又相互作用 ,同时光照对萌发的影响还与种子含水量有关。     

顽拗性竹柏种子的贮藏特性

文章对竹柏(Podocarpus nagi)种子的脱水耐性和贮藏特性进行了研究,结果表明:竹柏种子成熟时初始含水量约为(35±0.7)%,种子对脱水敏感,其最低安全含水量约为(16.86±0.73)%,具有顽拗性种子的典型特征;湿藏和半干藏都可以作为短期保存竹柏种子的方法,且以4℃保存优于15℃保存,但不管种子含水量如何,零下低温保存对竹柏种子都是致命的;半干藏法保存实验中,未进行脱水处理的种子(对照)在4℃贮藏6个月,种子萌发率没有发生明显下降,但贮藏期延长到9个月时,临界含水量的种子萌发力保存最高;不管贮藏介质的含水量高低,也无论贮藏在4℃还是15℃,湿藏种子在9个月的贮藏期内萌发率均没有明显的降低,但当贮藏到12个月时,15℃湿藏种子的萌发率显著高于4℃贮藏的种子,但15℃湿藏的种子在贮藏到3个月时即发现种子在贮藏期间萌发,且随着贮藏介质含水量的升高和贮藏期的延长,萌发的种子增多;竹柏的离体胚经过2 h硅胶快速脱水至含水量7%后再冷冻即可获得90%以上的融后存活率,且超低温保存1年的离体胚解冻后,与只保存1周的存活率没有明显差异,表明超低温长期保存竹柏种子是可行的。本研究可以为进一步探究顽拗性种子的短期贮藏和长期保存提供理论基础和基础资料。     

顽拗性竹柏种子的贮藏特性?

文章对竹柏( Podocarpus nagi)种子的脱水耐性和贮藏特性进行了研究,结果表明：竹柏种子成熟时初始含水量约为(35±0?7)％,种子对脱水敏感,其最低安全含水量约为(16?86±0?73)％,具有顽拗性种子的典型特征;湿藏和半干藏都可以作为短期保存竹柏种子的方法,且以4℃保存优于15℃保存,但不管种子含水量如何,零下低温保存对竹柏种子都是致命的;半干藏法保存实验中,未进行脱水处理的种子(对照)在4℃贮藏6个月,种子萌发率没有发生明显下降,但贮藏期延长到9个月时,临界含水量的种子萌发力保存最高;不管贮藏介质的含水量高低,也无论贮藏在4℃还是15℃,湿藏种子在9个月的贮藏期内萌发率均没有明显的降低,但当贮藏到12个月时,15℃湿藏种子的萌发率显著高于4℃贮藏的种子,但15℃湿藏的种子在贮藏到3个月时即发现种子在贮藏期间萌发,且随着贮藏介质含水量的升高和贮藏期的延长,萌发的种子增多;竹柏的离体胚经过2h硅胶快速脱水至含水量7％后再冷冻即可获得90％以上的融后存活率,且超低温保存1年的离体胚解冻后,与只保存1周的存活率没有明显差异,表明超低温长期保存竹柏种子是可行的。本研究可以为进一步探究顽拗性种子的短期贮藏和长期保存提供理论基础和基础资料。     

辽东栎种子的顽拗性——脱水和低温敏感性

该文采用硅胶(快速脱水)和35℃电子恒温干燥箱中脱水(缓慢脱水)、冷藏(4℃)和冻藏(-4℃)的方法,研究了辽东栎种子的脱水和低温敏感性及其对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:辽东栎种子成熟散落时具有较高的含水量(96.0%)和萌发率(78.9%),无论是快速脱水还是缓慢脱水,萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均随着脱水时间的延长和含水量的降低呈现减小的趋势,至脱水96 h后(快速和缓慢脱水种子含水量分别为66.0%和69.8%),种子全部失去活力。辽东栎种子活力与含水量呈显著的正相关关系,但轻度脱水可促进种子萌发,快速脱水种子比缓慢脱水种子具有更高的脱水耐性。辽东栎种子不能耐受低温贮藏,萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数在4℃下冷藏30 d或-4℃下冻藏6 h后均显著降低,冷藏90 d或冻藏48 h后种子全部丧失活力。     

玉米胚发育过程中脱水耐性的变化

对离体玉米胚脱水耐性的变化以及不同脱水速率对其脱水耐性的影响进行了研究。授粉后16d的玉米胚能耐轻微脱水,含水量从1.45降低到0.28gH2Og-1DW时胚的萌发率为100%,但含水量低于0.1gH2Og-1DW时胚死亡。胚的脱水耐性随着发育逐渐加强,表现为电解质渗漏速率逐渐降低,萌发率和幼苗干重逐渐增加。授粉后20d胚内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性较高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较低;授粉后24d,这些酶的活性与授粉后20d的正好相反。脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)在种子发育过程中呈下降趋势。不同脱水速率明显地影响胚的脱水耐性:在慢速脱水到含水量0.1~0.18gH2Og-1DW时,胚的萌发率和幼苗干重比快速脱水高,电解质渗漏速率比快速脱水低;在快速脱水条件下胚中的SOD、APX活性和MDA含量也比慢速脱水高;CAT活性的变化不明显。     

脱水速率对非洲柚种子脱水耐性的影响

通过脱水速率对不同发育阶段的非洲柚种子脱水耐性影响的研究,其结果表明:花后130 d,190 d,245 d和275 d的非洲柚种子在慢速脱水的条件下具有比快速脱水更强的脱水耐性,而且差异显著(P0.05)。但对于花后155 d和220 d的非洲柚种子,快速脱水和慢速脱水条件下脱水耐性差别变小,未达到显著性水平;脱水速率对非洲柚种子脱水耐性的影响与种子的发育阶段有关。这样的结果与前人以正常性大豆种子和玉米胚为材料得到的结果相类似。研究认为,脱水速率对中间型非洲柚种子脱水耐性的影响,可能主要在于慢速脱水能够诱导某些与脱水耐性相关的蛋白的表达和积累。慢速脱水诱导脱水耐性必需以种子具有相应的遗传基础为前提,而且需要选择合适的时机。     

不同发育时期水曲柳种子的形态生理变化及其层积处理后的萌发效应

探讨不同发育时期水曲柳种子的外部形态和生理变化及其层积处理后的萌发效应结果表明：水曲柳开花120d后为成熟脱水阶段,开花110d后种子的胚长和胚乳干重趋于稳定,花后110～120d期间种子胚干重趋于稳定;花后70～100d采集的种子不耐层积,层积处理后逐渐死亡,花后110d采集的种子经层积处理后可以萌发;110d后采集的水曲柳种子经暖温（20℃）16周＋低温（5℃）12周的层积处理后,其休眠破除的效果较好,适当延长暖温层积时间有利于提高种子萌发率。     

毛决明种子不同发育时期发芽力和脱水耐性的初步研究

毛决明种子发芽力在花后39d后逐渐上升,发芽率和发芽指数在花后53d,活力指数在花的67d最大值,而后有所降低,花后39-74d,含水量逐渐下降,但下降速度不等,花后67d种子干重达到最大值,花后67-74d含水量显著下降,花后39-74d,含水量逐渐下降,但下降速度不等,花后67d种子干重达到最大值,花后67-74d含水量显著下降。种子存在明显的成熟脱水阶段。种子的脱水耐性在花后46-60d逐渐增强,60d达到最大值,后有所下降,轻微脱水可显著提高花后46d和67d的种子的发芽率,花后60-67d的种子能忍耐10%含水量,毛决明种子极可能是正常性种子。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various