α—鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定

α-鹅膏毒（环）肽和二羟鬼笔毒（环）肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素,由于α-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐渐增加,为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高,本方法对其它毒菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

我国鹅膏菌新发现种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)的肽类毒素分析

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对在广州发现的鹅膏菌新种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)不同组织部位的肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)的含量进行了分析,结果表明,致命鹅膏是一种剧毒蘑菇,其毒素含量相当高,子实体中组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,达8152.6μg/g干重,菌柄的毒素含量次之,为3742.3μg/g干重,菌托中的毒素含量最低,只有1142.5μg/g干重;在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鹅膏毒肽为主,尤其以αamanitin的相对含量最高,但从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽尤其是Phallacidin的相对含量依次增加。     

四种剧毒鹅膏菌肽类毒素的HPLC分离与鉴定

利用反相市郊和液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）、紫外吸收光谱、擀谱分析了灰花纹鹅膏Ａｍａｎｉｔａ ｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ,白毒鹅膏Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ,鳞柄白毒鹅膏Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ,豹斑鹅膏Ａ．ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ等四种剧毒鹅膏菌的肽类毒素,结果表明：Ａ．ｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ、Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ含有九种标样毒素中的七种,Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ含有九种标样毒素中的七种,Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ含有标样中的五种;Ａ．ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ含有标样     

四种剧毒鹅膏菌肽类毒素的HPLC分离与鉴定

利用反相高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）、紫外吸收光谱、质谱分析了灰花纹鹅膏Ａｍａｎｉｔａｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ,白毒鹅膏Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ,鳞柄白毒鹅膏Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ,豹斑鹅膏Ａ．ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ等四种剧毒鹅膏菌的肽类毒素,结果表明：Ａ．ｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ、Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ含有九种标样毒素中的七种。Ａ．ｖｉｒｏｓａ含有标样中的五种;Ａ．ｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ含有标样中的四种毒素。Ａ．ｆｕｌｉｇｉｎｅａ的毒素含量最高,其中最重要的ａ－ａｍａｎｉｔｉｎ含量高达６７８８．２(ｇ／ｇ干子实体,是Ａ．ｖｅｒｎａ的４倍,β－ａｍａｎｉｔｉｎ含量（２６３３．８μｇ／ｇ干子实体）是Ａｖｅｒｎａ的６倍。     

云南楚雄致命鹅膏中环肽毒素的检测与分析

采用反相高效液相色谱法对采自云南楚雄双柏县的致命鹅膏在3个不同生长期中不同部位的6种环肽毒素含量进行了检测和分析。结果表明,致命鹅膏含有α-, β-鹅膏毒肽、羧基三羟鬼笔毒肽和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽,未检出γ-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽。生长期毒素总量最高（9.3mg/g）、从成熟期（7.5mg/g）到衰老期（6.5mg/g）逐渐降低,但鬼笔毒肽的相对含量随着年龄增长而逐渐增加,鹅膏毒肽与鬼笔毒肽比值从生长期、成熟期到衰老期分别为2.6、1.4和0.9。在3个不同发育阶段中,4种毒素含量从菌盖、菌柄到菌托逐渐降低,而鬼笔毒肽的相对含量逐渐增加。α-鹅膏毒肽和β-鹅膏毒肽在生长期菌盖中含量最高,分别为7.4mg/g和3.1mg/g,而羧基三羟鬼笔毒肽和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽在衰老期的菌盖中含量最高,分别为2.8mg/g和2.1mg/g。     

大孔吸附树脂联合葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH20分离制备鹅膏肽类毒素的研究

鹅膏菌肽类毒素是蘑菇中毒导致死亡的最主要因素,同时也是生物学研究领域的一种重要工具试剂,但由于其结构相似,分离制备单体化合物比较困难。通过4种大孔吸附树脂对致命鹅膏Amanita exitialis子实体中主要肽类毒素组分的静态吸附与解吸附性能比较,结果表明XAD16的吸附能力最强,同时也有较强的解吸附能力,但XAD16柱层析梯度洗脱时对毒素分离效果差,表明XAD16只具有吸附富集鹅膏肽类毒素的特性但不适于分离。经XAD16柱层析富集的毒素成分,通过葡聚糖凝胶sephadex LH20柱层析分离,结果表明sephadex LH20柱层析对鹅膏肽类毒素具有较好的分离效果,经过2次sephadex LH20柱层析,获得了5个纯度达50%–80%的鹅膏肽类毒素单体化合物,进一步利用半制备高效液相色谱系统(HPLC)纯化,分离得到了7个纯度达95%以上的鹅膏肽类毒素单体,其中5个经质谱分析鉴定为:α‐鹅膏毒肽(α‐amanitin)、β‐鹅膏毒肽(β‐amanitin)、脱氧二羟毒伞素(desoxoviroidin)、羧基三羟鬼笔毒肽(phallisacin)和羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽(phallacidin)。     

我国鹅膏菌新发现种--致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)的肽类毒素分析

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对在广州发现的鹅膏菌新种——致命鹅膏(Amanita exitialis)不同组织部位的肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)的含量进行了分析,结果表明,致命鹅膏是一种剧毒蘑菇,其毒素含量相当高,子实体中组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,达8152．6μg／g干重,菌柄的毒素含量次之,为3742．3μg／g干重,菌托中的毒素含量最低,只有1142．5μg／g干重;在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鹅膏毒肽为主,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高,但从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽尤其是Phallacidin的相对含量依次增加。     

长白山鹅膏菌肽类毒素的HPLC分析

采用HPLC法对长白山地区分布的10种鹅膏菌中的α-鹅膏毒肽（α-amanitin)、β鹅膏毒肽（β-amanitin)和鬼笔毒肽（phalloidin)3种毒素的含量进行了测定。结果表明：白鹅膏（A.verna)和磷柄白鹅膏（A.virsa)中含有α-amanitin和β－amanitin两种毒素,二者β－amanitin的含量分别为1861．85μg/g和2477.02μg/g,均高于欧洲产毒鹅膏（A.phalloides)中的含量（1607μg/g）而接近灰花纹鹅膏Amanita fuliginea中的量（2633.80μg/g)。毒鹅膏A.phalloides中含有3种毒素,并且菌蕾中的含量高于成熟子实体,尤其菌蕾中Phalloidin的含量（1113.35μg/g)是灰花纹鹅膏成熟子实体中（432．5μg/g）的3倍。     

我国28种鹅膏菌主要肽类毒素的检测分析

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对产于我国的28种鹅膏菌的主要肽类毒素(鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽)进行了检测分析,并和采于欧洲(德国)的毒鹅膏。Amanita phalloides作对照,结果表明,3种东亚所特有的鹅膏菌(灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种)和欧洲毒鹅膏所含毒素种类多、含量高,其子实体菌盖部位主要毒素总量分别达到12583．7μg／g、8152．6μg／g、1058．2μg／g、7456．2μg／g干重子实体,这4种鹅膏菌可称之为剧毒鹅膏菌。其它25种鹅膏菌中有10种检测出含有微量鹅膏毒肽,含量在19．5μg／g—151．2μg/g之间。在4种剧毒鹅膏菌中,子实体组织部位不同,毒素含量以及鹅膏毒肽和鬼笔毒肽在其中的分布也不一样,菌盖中的毒素含量最高,菌柄的毒素含量次之,菌托中的毒素含量最低;对于灰花纹鹅膏、致命鹅膏和黄盖鹅膏白色变种,无论在菌盖、菌柄和菌托中,鹅膏毒肽类毒素的含量都高于鬼笔毒肽类毒素,尤其以α-amanitin的相对含量最高;而在欧洲毒鹅膏中,菌盖、菌柄和菌托中都以鬼笔毒肽为主,尤其以phallacidin的相对含量最高,并且从菌盖至菌柄到菌托,鬼笔毒肽的相对含量依次增加。     

a-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的制备和鉴定(英文)

-鹅膏毒(环)肽和二羟鬼笔毒(环)肽是剧毒的鹅膏菌和其它几种致死毒菌中由一些修饰氨基酸组成的环肽毒素。由于-鹅膏毒肽对真核生物的mRNA合成的专一性抑制和和二羟鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白的专一性束缚,因而它们在分子生物学和细胞学研究中具有重要应用,对其需求逐步增加。为此,作者使用了一种改良的毒素提取方法,以制备高效液相色谱从灰花纹鹅膏菌中分离制备-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽,并通过紫外吸收光谱和质谱进行鉴定,表明-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离效果好,纯度高。本方法对其它毒菌中的-鹅膏毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽的分离制备具有同样的应用价值。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.